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CHAPTER VIII The Pragmatist Account of Truth and Its Misunderstanders
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The account of truth given in my volume entitled Pragmatism, continues to meet with such persistent1 misunderstanding that I am tempted2 to make a final brief reply. My ideas may well deserve refutation, but they can get none till they are conceived of in their proper shape. The fantastic character of the current misconceptions shows how unfamiliar3 is the concrete point of view which pragmatism assumes. Persons who are familiar with a conception move about so easily in it that they understand each other at a hint, and can converse4 without anxiously attending to their P’s and Q’s. I have to admit, in view of the results, that we have assumed too ready an intelligence, and consequently in many places used a language too slipshod. We should never have spoken elliptically. The critics have boggled at every word they could boggle at, and refused to take the spirit rather than the letter of our discourse6. This seems to show a genuine unfamiliarity7 in the whole point of view. It also shows, I think, that the second stage of opposition8, which has already begun to express itself in the stock phrase that ‘what is new is not true, and what is true not new,’ in pragmatism, is insincere. If we said nothing in any degree new, why was our meaning so desperately9 hard to catch? The blame cannot be laid wholly upon our obscurity of speech, for in other subjects we have attained10 to making ourselves understood. But recriminations are tasteless; and, as far as I personally am concerned, I am sure that some of the misconception I complain of is due to my doctrine
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1
persistent
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| adj.坚持不懈的,执意的;持续的 | |
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tempted
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| v.怂恿(某人)干不正当的事;冒…的险(tempt的过去分词) | |
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unfamiliar
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| adj.陌生的,不熟悉的 | |
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converse
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| vi.谈话,谈天,闲聊;adv.相反的,相反 | |
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spoke
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| n.(车轮的)辐条;轮辐;破坏某人的计划;阻挠某人的行动 v.讲,谈(speak的过去式);说;演说;从某种观点来说 | |
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discourse
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| n.论文,演说;谈话;话语;vi.讲述,著述 | |
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unfamiliarity
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opposition
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| n.反对,敌对 | |
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desperately
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| adv.极度渴望地,绝望地,孤注一掷地 | |
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attained
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| (通常经过努力)实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 ); 达到; 获得; 达到(某年龄、水平、状况) | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义;主义;学说 | |
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implicated
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| adj.密切关联的;牵涉其中的 | |
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explicit
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| adj.详述的,明确的;坦率的;显然的 | |
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par
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| n.标准,票面价值,平均数量;adj.票面的,平常的,标准的 | |
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doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 );教义;学说;(政府政策的)正式声明 | |
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inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的,难接近的 | |
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contented
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| adj.满意的,安心的,知足的 | |
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judgments
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| 判断( judgment的名词复数 ); 鉴定; 评价; 审判 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地,完全地 | |
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speculative
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| adj.思索性的,暝想性的,推理的 | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听,询问,调查,查问 | |
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synthetic
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| adj.合成的,人工的;综合的;n.人工制品 | |
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broached
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| v.谈起( broach的过去式和过去分词 );打开并开始用;用凿子扩大(或修光);(在桶上)钻孔取液体 | |
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apprehend
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| vt.理解,领悟,逮捕,拘捕,忧虑 | |
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incapable
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| adj.无能力的,不能做某事的 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的;直接的,最接近的;紧靠的 | |
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mediate
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| vi.调解,斡旋;vt.经调解解决;经斡旋促成 | |
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investigation
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| n.调查,调查研究 | |
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complemental
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| 补足的,补充的 | |
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license
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| n.执照,许可证,特许;v.许可,特许 | |
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originality
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| n.创造力,独创性;新颖 | |
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logic
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| n.逻辑(学);逻辑性 | |
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edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿,教室) | |
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motive
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| n.动机,目的;adv.发动的,运动的 | |
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postulate
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| n.假定,基本条件;vt.要求,假定 | |
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advantageous
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| adj.有利的;有帮助的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地 | |
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muddle
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| n.困惑,混浊状态;vt.使混乱,使糊涂,使惊呆;vi.胡乱应付,混乱 | |
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postulates
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| v.假定,假设( postulate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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postulated
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| v.假定,假设( postulate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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specification
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| n.详述;[常pl.]规格,说明书,规范 | |
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subjective
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| a.主观(上)的,个人的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的 | |
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severed
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| v.切断,断绝( sever的过去式和过去分词 );断,裂 | |
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parody
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| n.打油诗文,诙谐的改编诗文,拙劣的模仿;v.拙劣模仿,作模仿诗文 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地,断然,坚决地;实在,确实 | |
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interpretation
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| n.解释,说明,描述;艺术处理 | |
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posits
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| v.假定,设想,假设( posit的第三人称单数 ) | |
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plural
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| n.复数;复数形式;adj.复数的 | |
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consistency
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| n.一贯性,前后一致,稳定性;(液体的)浓度 | |
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likeness
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| n.相像,相似(之处) | |
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previously
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| adv.以前,先前(地) | |
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solely
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| adv.仅仅,唯一地 | |
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explicitness
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地,无可非议地,彻底地 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过 | |
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distinctively
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| adv.特殊地,区别地 | |
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humbug
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| n.花招,谎话,欺骗 | |
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constituent
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| n.选民;成分,组分;adj.组成的,构成的 | |
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insufficient
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| adj.(for,of)不足的,不够的 | |
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cognitive
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| adj.认知的,认识的,有感知的 | |
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lustre
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| n.光亮,光泽;荣誉 | |
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posited
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| v.假定,设想,假设( posit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证,许诺,事业 | |
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naive
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| adj.幼稚的,轻信的;天真的 | |
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discriminating
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| a.有辨别能力的 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地,充分地 | |
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swap
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| n.交换;vt.交换,用...作交易 | |
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extraneous
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| adj.体外的;外来的;外部的 | |
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cognitively
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的;拥有的,占有的 | |
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conspire
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| v.密谋,(事件等)巧合,共同导致 | |
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excellence
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| n.优秀,杰出,(pl.)优点,美德 | |
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tinge
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| vt.(较淡)着色于,染色;使带有…气息;n.淡淡色彩,些微的气息 | |
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odds
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| n.让步,机率,可能性,比率;胜败优劣之别 | |
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utterance
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| n.用言语表达,话语,言语 | |
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hoary
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| adj.古老的;鬓发斑白的 | |
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abate
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| vi.(风势,疼痛等)减弱,减轻,减退 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润;突然赚大钱,发大财 | |
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torpor
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| n.迟钝;麻木;(动物的)冬眠 | |
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obstinacy
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| n.顽固;(病痛等)难治 | |
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accurately
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| adv.准确地,精确地 | |
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gregarious
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| adj.群居的,喜好群居的 | |
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awaken
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| vi.醒,觉醒;vt.唤醒,使觉醒,唤起,激起 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前;向外,往外 | |
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simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地,同时进行地 | |
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illustrate
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| v.举例说明,阐明;图解,加插图 | |
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irreproachably
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| adv.不可非难地,无过失地 | |
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implicitly
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| adv. 含蓄地, 暗中地, 毫不保留地 | |
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asunder
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| adj.分离的,化为碎片 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的 | |
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versus
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| prep.以…为对手,对;与…相比之下 | |
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mediating
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| 调停,调解,斡旋( mediate的现在分词 ); 居间促成; 影响…的发生; 使…可能发生 | |
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truthfulness
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| n. 符合实际 | |
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embodied
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| v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 );象征;包括;包含 | |
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platonic
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| adj.精神的;柏拉图(哲学)的 | |
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rebus
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| n.谜,画谜 | |
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countless
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| adj.无数的,多得不计其数的 | |
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awakened
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| v.(使)醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 );(使)觉醒;弄醒;(使)意识到 | |
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compute
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| v./n.计算,估计 | |
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valid
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| adj.有确实根据的;有效的;正当的,合法的 | |
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naught
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| n.无,零 [=nought] | |
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relatively
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| adv.比较...地,相对地 | |
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spectral
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| adj.幽灵的,鬼魂的 | |
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energizes
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| v.给予…精力,能量( energize的第三人称单数 );使通电 | |
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perverse
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| adj.刚愎的;坚持错误的,行为反常的 | |
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pictorial
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| adj.绘画的;图片的;n.画报 | |
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chide
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| v.叱责;谴责 | |
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tributary
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| n.支流;纳贡国;adj.附庸的;辅助的;支流的 | |
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inverting
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| v.使倒置,使反转( invert的现在分词 ) | |
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slander
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| n./v.诽谤,污蔑 | |
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linguistic
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| adj.语言的,语言学的 | |
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affinities
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| n.密切关系( affinity的名词复数 );亲近;(生性)喜爱;类同 | |
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offhand
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| adj.临时,无准备的;随便,马虎的 | |
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generosity
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| n.大度,慷慨,慷慨的行为 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的;简单的;n.原(始)人,原始事物 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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momentary
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| adj.片刻的,瞬息的;短暂的 | |
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germane
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| adj.关系密切的,恰当的 | |
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implored
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| 恳求或乞求(某人)( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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pecuniary
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| adj.金钱的;金钱上的 | |
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expedient
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| adj.有用的,有利的;n.紧急的办法,权宜之计 | |
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rebuked
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| 责难或指责( rebuke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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penitentiaries
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| n.监狱( penitentiary的名词复数 ) | |
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habitually
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| ad.习惯地,通常地 | |
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inert
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| adj.无活动能力的,惰性的;迟钝的 | |
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remits
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| n.职权范围,控制范围,影响范围( remit的名词复数 )v.免除(债务),宽恕( remit的第三人称单数 );使某事缓和;寄回,传送 | |
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deduction
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| n.减除,扣除,减除额;推论,推理,演绎 | |
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idiotic
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| adj.白痴的 | |
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verity
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| n.真实性 | |
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leaven
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| v.使发酵;n.酵母;影响 | |
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persuasion
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| n.劝说;说服;持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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coalescence
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| n.合并,联合 | |
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intelligible
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| adj.可理解的,明白易懂的,清楚的 | |
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everlastingly
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| 永久地,持久地 | |
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137
affected
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| adj.不自然的,假装的 | |
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138
psyche
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| n.精神;灵魂 | |
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139
harmoniously
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| 和谐地,调和地 | |
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140
affinity
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| n.亲和力,密切关系 | |
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141
pomposity
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| n.浮华;虚夸;炫耀;自负 | |
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142
radical
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| n.激进份子,原子团,根号;adj.根本的,激进的,彻底的 | |
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143
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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