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The Lord’s Supper
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The Kingdom of God is not meat and drink, but righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost. — ROMANS XIV. 17.
In the history of the Church no subject has been more fruitful of controversy1 than the Lord’s Supper. There never has been any unanimity2 in the understanding of its nature, nor any uniformity in the mode of celebrating it. Without considering the frivolous3 questions which have been lately debated as to the posture4 in which men should partake of it; whether mixed or unmixed wine should be served; whether leavened5 or unleavened bread should be broken; the questions have been settled differently in every church, who should be admitted to the feast, and how often it should be prepared. In the Catholic Church, infants were at one time permitted and then forbidden to partake; and, since the ninth century, the laity7 receive the bread only, the cup being reserved to the priesthood. So, as to the time of the solemnity. In the fourth Lateran Council, it was decreed that any believer should communicate at least once in a year — at Easter. Afterwards it was determined8 that this Sacrament should be received three times in the year — at Easter, Whitsuntide, and Christmas. But more important controversies9 have arisen respecting its nature. The famous question of the Real Presence was the main controversy between the Church of England and the Church of Rome. The doctrine10 of the Consubstantiation taught by Luther was denied by Calvin. In the Church of England, Archbishops Laud12 and Wake maintained that the elements were an Eucharist or sacrifice of Thanksgiving to God; Cudworth and Warburton, that this was not a sacrifice, but a sacrificial feast; and
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1
controversy
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n.争论,辩论,争吵 | |
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2
unanimity
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n.全体一致,一致同意 | |
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3
frivolous
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adj.轻薄的;轻率的 | |
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4
posture
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n.姿势,姿态,心态,态度;v.作出某种姿势 | |
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5
leavened
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adj.加酵母的v.使(面团)发酵( leaven的过去式和过去分词 );在…中掺入改变的因素 | |
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leaven
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v.使发酵;n.酵母;影响 | |
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7
laity
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n.俗人;门外汉 | |
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8
determined
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adj.坚定的;有决心的 | |
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9
controversies
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争论 | |
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10
doctrine
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n.教义;主义;学说 | |
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bishop
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n.主教,(国际象棋)象 | |
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12
laud
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n.颂歌;v.赞美 | |
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rite
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n.典礼,惯例,习俗 | |
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allude
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v.提及,暗指 | |
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fully
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adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地 | |
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disciple
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n.信徒,门徒,追随者 | |
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disciples
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n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 );门徒;耶稣的信徒;(尤指)耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
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expedient
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adj.有用的,有利的;n.紧急的办法,权宜之计 | |
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commemorate
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vt.纪念,庆祝 | |
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commemorated
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v.纪念,庆祝( commemorate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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memorable
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adj.值得回忆的,难忘的,特别的,显著的 | |
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Christian
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adj.基督教徒的;n.基督教徒 | |
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commemorating
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v.纪念,庆祝( commemorate的现在分词 ) | |
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narrative
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n.叙述,故事;adj.叙事的,故事体的 | |
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impending
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a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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covenant
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n.盟约,契约;v.订盟约 | |
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subsisted
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v.(靠很少的钱或食物)维持生活,生存下去( subsist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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intercourse
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n.性交;交流,交往,交际 | |
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abolition
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n.废除,取消 | |
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scattering
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n.[物]散射;散乱,分散;在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的;分散在不同范围的;广泛扩散的;(选票)数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式);散布;驱散 | |
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precisely
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adv.恰好,正好,精确地,细致地 | |
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ordinance
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n.法令;条令;条例 | |
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virtue
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n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力 | |
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testament
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n.遗嘱;证明 | |
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hymn
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n.赞美诗,圣歌,颂歌 | |
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specifying
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v.指定( specify的现在分词 );详述;提出…的条件;使具有特性 | |
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emphatic
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adj.强调的,着重的;无可置疑的,明显的 | |
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parables
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n.(圣经中的)寓言故事( parable的名词复数 ) | |
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admonished
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v.劝告( admonish的过去式和过去分词 );训诫;(温和地)责备;轻责 | |
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symbolical
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a.象征性的 | |
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discourse
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n.论文,演说;谈话;话语;vi.讲述,著述 | |
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perpetuating
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perpetuate的现在进行式 | |
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explicitly
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ad.明确地,显然地 | |
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authorized
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a.委任的,许可的 | |
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mere
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adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过 | |
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Christians
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n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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humility
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n.谦逊,谦恭 | |
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esteem
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n.尊敬,尊重;vt.尊重,敬重;把…看作 | |
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peculiar
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adj.古怪的,异常的;特殊的,特有的 | |
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propriety
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n.正当行为;正当;适当 | |
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censures
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v.指责,非难,谴责( censure的第三人称单数 ) | |
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censure
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v./n.责备;非难;责难 | |
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conclusive
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adj.最后的,结论的;确凿的,消除怀疑的 | |
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enjoin
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v.命令;吩咐;禁止 | |
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enjoined
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v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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chide
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v.叱责;谴责 | |
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miraculous
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adj.像奇迹一样的,不可思议的 | |
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primitive
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adj.原始的;简单的;n.原(始)人,原始事物 | |
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dominion
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n.统治,管辖,支配权;领土,版图 | |
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secondly
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adv.第二,其次 | |
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61
derived
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vi.起源;由来;衍生;导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 );(从…中)得到获得;源于;(从…中)提取 | |
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ascertained
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v.弄清,确定,查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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esteemed
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adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 );敬重;认为;以为 | |
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inveterately
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adv.根深蒂固地,积习地 | |
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judgment
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n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见 | |
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expediency
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n.适宜;方便;合算;利己 | |
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gratitude
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adj.感激,感谢 | |
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veneration
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n.尊敬,崇拜 | |
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homage
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n.尊敬,敬意,崇敬 | |
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scripture
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n.经文,圣书,手稿;Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》,《圣经》中的一段 | |
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mediator
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n.调解人,中介人 | |
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mediate
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vi.调解,斡旋;vt.经调解解决;经斡旋促成 | |
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instructor
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n.指导者,教员,教练 | |
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exalted
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adj.(地位等)高的,崇高的;尊贵的,高尚的 | |
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exalt
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v.赞扬,歌颂,晋升,提升 | |
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apprehend
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vt.理解,领悟,逮捕,拘捕,忧虑 | |
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precepts
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n.规诫,戒律,箴言( precept的名词复数 ) | |
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contemplated
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adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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glorified
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美其名的,变荣耀的 | |
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discourses
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论文( discourse的名词复数 ); 演说; 讲道; 话语 | |
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provocation
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n.激怒,刺激,挑拨,挑衅的事物,激怒的原因 | |
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awaken
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vi.醒,觉醒;vt.唤醒,使觉醒,唤起,激起 | |
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worthy
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adj.(of)值得的,配得上的;有价值的 | |
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unreasonable
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adj.不讲道理的,不合情理的,过度的 | |
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enjoins
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v.命令( enjoin的第三人称单数 ) | |
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justification
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n.正当的理由;辩解的理由 | |
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doctrines
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n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 );教义;学说;(政府政策的)正式声明 | |
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condemns
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v.(通常因道义上的原因而)谴责( condemn的第三人称单数 );宣判;宣布…不能使用;迫使…陷于不幸的境地 | |
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ordinances
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n.条例,法令( ordinance的名词复数 ) | |
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binds
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v.约束( bind的第三人称单数 );装订;捆绑;(用长布条)缠绕 | |
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revere
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vt.尊崇,崇敬,敬畏 | |
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boundless
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adj.无限的;无边无际的;巨大的 | |
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providence
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n.深谋远虑,天道,天意;远见;节约;上帝 | |
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persuasion
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n.劝说;说服;持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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onward
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adj.向前的,前进的;adv.向前,前进,在先 | |
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labored
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adj.吃力的,谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 );苦干;详细分析;(指引擎)缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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animated
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adj.生气勃勃的,活跃的,愉快的 | |
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martyrs
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n.martyr的复数形式;烈士( martyr的名词复数 );殉道者;殉教者;乞怜者(向人诉苦以博取同情) | |
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redeem
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v.买回,赎回,挽回,恢复,履行(诺言等) | |
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well-being
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n.安康,安乐,幸福 | |
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idols
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偶像( idol的名词复数 ); 受崇拜的人或物; 受到热爱和崇拜的人或物; 神像 | |
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almighty
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adj.全能的,万能的;很大的,很强的 | |
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forth
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adv.向前;向外,往外 | |
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thoroughly
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adv.完全地,彻底地,十足地 | |
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abstain
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v.自制,戒绝,弃权,避免 | |
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candor
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n.坦白,率真 | |
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adherence
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n.信奉,依附,坚持,固着 | |
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108
hostility
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n.敌对,敌意;抵制[pl.]交战,战争 | |
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obtruded
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v.强行向前,强行,强迫( obtrude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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opposition
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n.反对,敌对 | |
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prevailing
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adj.盛行的;占优势的;主要的 | |
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confided
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v.吐露(秘密,心事等)( confide的过去式和过去分词 );(向某人)吐露(隐私、秘密等) | |
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qualified
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adj.合格的,有资格的,胜任的,有限制的 | |
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