选择字号:【大】【中】【小】 | 关灯
护眼
|
Preface
关注小说网官方公众号(noveltingroom),原版名著免费领。
THE papers and addresses I have collected in this little book are submitted as contributions, however informal, to what is essentially1 a scientific research. But it is a research in a field to which scientific standing2 is not generally accorded and where peculiar3 methods have to be employed. It is in the field of constructive4 sociology, the science of social organisation5. This is a special sub-section of human ecology, which is a branch of general ecology, which again is a stem in the great and growing cluster of biological sciences. It stands with palaeontology at the opposite pole to experimental biology; hardly any verificatory experiment is possible and no controls. It is a science of pure observation, therefore, of analysis and of search for confirmatory instances. On the one hand it passes, without crossing any definite boundaries, into historical science proper, into the analysis of historical fact, that is, and on the other into the examination of such matters as geographical6 (and geological) conditions and the social consequences of industrial processes.
Human ecology surveys the species Homo sapiens as a whole in space and time; sociology is that part of the survey which concerns itself with the interaction and interdependence of human groups and individuals. It is hardly to be distinguished7 from social psychology8. There has been an enormous increase in the intensity9 and scope of human interaction and interdependence during the past half-million years or more. Communities and what one may call ranges of reaction, have enlarged and continue to enlarge more and more rapidly towards a planetary limit. The human intelligence is involved in this enlargement and it is too deeply concerned with its role in the process, to observe it with the detachment it can maintain towards the facts, for example, of astronomy or crystallography. Constructive sociology has to bring not only the study of conduct but an
点击
收听单词发音

1
essentially
![]() |
|
adv.本质上,实质上,基本上 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
2
standing
![]() |
|
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
3
peculiar
![]() |
|
adj.古怪的,异常的;特殊的,特有的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
4
constructive
![]() |
|
adj.建设的,建设性的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
5
organisation
![]() |
|
n.组织,安排,团体,有机休 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
6
geographical
![]() |
|
adj.地理的;地区(性)的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
7
distinguished
![]() |
|
adj.卓越的,杰出的,著名的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
8
psychology
![]() |
|
n.心理,心理学,心理状态 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
9
intensity
![]() |
|
n.强烈,剧烈;强度;烈度 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
10
gem
![]() |
|
n.宝石,珠宝;受爱戴的人 [同]jewel | |
参考例句: |
|
|
11
irresistible
![]() |
|
adj.非常诱人的,无法拒绝的,无法抗拒的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
12
swarm
![]() |
|
n.(昆虫)等一大群;vi.成群飞舞;蜂拥而入 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
13
mutual
![]() |
|
adj.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
14
cerebral
![]() |
|
adj.脑的,大脑的;有智力的,理智型的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
15
adaptability
![]() |
|
n.适应性 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
16
unprecedented
![]() |
|
adj.无前例的,新奇的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
17
relatively
![]() |
|
adv.比较...地,相对地 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
18
precept
![]() |
|
n.戒律;格言 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
19
genetic
![]() |
|
adj.遗传的,遗传学的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
20
adolescence
![]() |
|
n.青春期,青少年 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
21
inadequate
![]() |
|
adj.(for,to)不充足的,不适当的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
22
systematically
![]() |
|
adv.有系统地 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
23
nucleus
![]() |
|
n.核,核心,原子核 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
24
necessitates
![]() |
|
使…成为必要,需要( necessitate的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句: |
|
|
25
distinctive
![]() |
|
adj.特别的,有特色的,与众不同的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
26
imperative
![]() |
|
n.命令,需要;规则;祈使语气;adj.强制的;紧急的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
27
expenditure
![]() |
|
n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出;使用,消耗 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
28
metaphors
![]() |
|
隐喻( metaphor的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句: |
|
|
29
loyalties
![]() |
|
n.忠诚( loyalty的名词复数 );忠心;忠于…感情;要忠于…的强烈感情 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
30
hideous
![]() |
|
adj.丑陋的,可憎的,可怕的,恐怖的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
31
deliberately
![]() |
|
adv.审慎地;蓄意地;故意地 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
32
doctrines
![]() |
|
n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 );教义;学说;(政府政策的)正式声明 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
33
fully
![]() |
|
adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
34
subconsciously
![]() |
|
ad.下意识地,潜意识地 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
35
explicitly
![]() |
|
ad.明确地,显然地 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
36
penetrate
![]() |
|
v.透(渗)入;刺入,刺穿;洞察,了解 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
37
animated
![]() |
|
adj.生气勃勃的,活跃的,愉快的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
38
animating
![]() |
|
v.使有生气( animate的现在分词 );驱动;使栩栩如生地动作;赋予…以生命 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
39
mechanism
![]() |
|
n.机械装置;机构,结构 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
40
toil
![]() |
|
vi.辛劳工作,艰难地行动;n.苦工,难事 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
41
cynically
![]() |
|
adv.爱嘲笑地,冷笑地 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
42
ideological
![]() |
|
a.意识形态的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
43
steadily
![]() |
|
adv.稳定地;不变地;持续地 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
44
lamentably
![]() |
|
adv.哀伤地,拙劣地 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
45
sentimental
![]() |
|
adj.多愁善感的,感伤的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
46
gulf
![]() |
|
n.海湾;深渊,鸿沟;分歧,隔阂 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
47
forth
![]() |
|
adv.向前;向外,往外 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
48
economists
![]() |
|
n.经济学家,经济专家( economist的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句: |
|
|
49
speculative
![]() |
|
adj.思索性的,暝想性的,推理的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
50
texture
![]() |
|
n.(织物)质地;(材料)构造;结构;肌理 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
51
questionable
![]() |
|
adj.可疑的,有问题的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
52
experimentation
![]() |
|
n.实验,试验,实验法 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
53
attained
![]() |
|
(通常经过努力)实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 ); 达到; 获得; 达到(某年龄、水平、状况) | |
参考例句: |
|
|
54
aesthetic
![]() |
|
adj.美学的,审美的,有美感 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
55
ethical
![]() |
|
adj.伦理的,道德的,合乎道德的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
56
immediate
![]() |
|
adj.立即的;直接的,最接近的;紧靠的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
57
profess
![]() |
|
v.声称,冒称,以...为业,正式接受入教,表明信仰 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
58
undertaking
![]() |
|
n.保证,许诺,事业 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
59
vehement
![]() |
|
adj.感情强烈的;热烈的;(人)有强烈感情的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
60
sketches
![]() |
|
n.草图( sketch的名词复数 );素描;速写;梗概 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
61
socialists
![]() |
|
社会主义者( socialist的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句: |
|
|
62
Buddha
![]() |
|
n.佛;佛像;佛陀 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
63
apprehend
![]() |
|
vt.理解,领悟,逮捕,拘捕,忧虑 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
64
passionate
![]() |
|
adj.热情的,热烈的,激昂的,易动情的,易怒的,性情暴躁的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
65
disastrously
![]() |
|
ad.灾难性地 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
66
premature
![]() |
|
adj.比预期时间早的;不成熟的,仓促的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
67
reconstructions
![]() |
|
重建( reconstruction的名词复数 ); 再现; 重建物; 复原物 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
68
inevitable
![]() |
|
adj.不可避免的,必然发生的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
69
discrediting
![]() |
|
使不相信( discredit的现在分词 ); 使怀疑; 败坏…的名声; 拒绝相信 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
70
superseded
![]() |
|
[医]被代替的,废弃的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
71
embodied
![]() |
|
v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 );象征;包括;包含 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
72
discredited
![]() |
|
不足信的,不名誉的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
73
hysterical
![]() |
|
adj.情绪异常激动的,歇斯底里般的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
74
presumptuous
![]() |
|
adj.胆大妄为的,放肆的,冒昧的,冒失的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
75
craving
![]() |
|
n.渴望,热望 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
76
impatience
![]() |
|
n.不耐烦,急躁 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
77
adorned
![]() |
|
[计]被修饰的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
78
preposterous
![]() |
|
adj.荒谬的,可笑的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
79
remains
![]() |
|
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
80
gangster
![]() |
|
n.匪徒,歹徒,暴徒 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
81
precisely
![]() |
|
adv.恰好,正好,精确地,细致地 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
82
intermittently
![]() |
|
adv.间歇地;断断续续 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
83
inquiry
![]() |
|
n.打听,询问,调查,查问 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
84
taint
![]() |
|
n.污点;感染;腐坏;v.使感染;污染 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
85
administrator
![]() |
|
n.经营管理者,行政官员 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
86
paucity
![]() |
|
n.小量,缺乏 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
87
disinterested
![]() |
|
adj.不关心的,不感兴趣的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
88
speculation
![]() |
|
n.思索,沉思;猜测;投机 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
89
hampering
![]() |
|
妨碍,束缚,限制( hamper的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句: |
|
|
90
reconciliation
![]() |
|
n.和解,和谐,一致 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
91
unifying
![]() |
|
使联合( unify的现在分词 ); 使相同; 使一致; 统一 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
92
implementing
![]() |
|
v.实现( implement的现在分词 );执行;贯彻;使生效 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
93
dispersed
![]() |
|
adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
94
evocation
![]() |
|
n. 引起,唤起 n. <古> 召唤,招魂 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
95
oligarchic
![]() |
|
adj.寡头政治的,主张寡头政治的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
96
favourable
![]() |
|
adj.赞成的,称赞的,有利的,良好的,顺利的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
97
precedents
![]() |
|
引用单元; 范例( precedent的名词复数 ); 先前出现的事例; 前例; 先例 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
98
sketchy
![]() |
|
adj.写生的,写生风格的,概略的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
上一章:
没有了
©英文小说网 2005-2010