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CHAPTER II
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LANCASHIRE
FURNESS: WHALLEY
THE precise date of the introduction of Christianity into Lancashire is not known, but it is an established historical fact that the Christians3 in Britain were persecuted4 at the beginning of the 4th century by the Emperor Diocletian and that the death of the first recorded martyr5, St Alban, took place in 304 near the city which now bears his name. In 311 Constantine the Great was converted to Christianity and this illustrious Emperor exercised a powerful influence over the spiritual affairs of Lancashire. In 627, Edwin, King of Northumbria, became converted through the agency of his wife Ethelburga. This conversion6 led to war between Edwin and the King of Mercia, when the King of Northumbria was killed at the battle of Hatfield. By the end of the 7th century, Northumbria had become a Christian2 and powerful kingdom and the “literary centre of the Christian world in Western Europe. The whole learning of the age seemed to be summed up in a Northumbrian scholar—Baeda, the Venerable Bede later time styled him.”—Green’s History of the English People.
Between the 7th and 9th centuries several monasteries7 are believed to have been established in Lancashire. The invasion of the Danes during the 8th and 9th centuries disturbed the existing order of things, and for many years before and after the event the ecclesiastical history of the kingdom is almost a blank. The new occupiers of Northumbria were mostly{28} from Denmark—a great point of difference between the conquered and the conquerors8 being that, whilst the settlers in Britain had to a great extent adopted the new religion and devoted9 themselves to peaceful pursuits, the Danes continued to worship Odin and other kindred gods, and were still a lawless set of pirates,
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1
alley
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| n.小巷,胡同;小径,小路 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的;n.基督教徒 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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persecuted
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| (尤指宗教或政治信仰的)迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 ); 烦扰,困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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martyr
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| n.烈士,殉难者;vt.杀害,折磨,牺牲 | |
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conversion
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| n.转化,转换,转变 | |
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monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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conquerors
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| 征服者,占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的,忠实的,热心的,献身于...的 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的,杰出的,著名的 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶,憎恨,仇恨 | |
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persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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annihilated
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| v.(彻底)消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 );使无效;废止;彻底击溃 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教,(国际象棋)象 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地 | |
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monastery
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| n.修道院,僧院,寺院 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的;拥有的,占有的 | |
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jurisdiction
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| n.司法权,审判权,管辖权,控制权 | |
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monks
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| n.修道士,僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的,粗糙的,粗壮的,强健的 | |
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gaol
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| n.(jail)监狱;(不加冠词)监禁;vt.使…坐牢 | |
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pretext
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| n.借口,托词 | |
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entailed
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| 使…成为必要( entail的过去式和过去分词 ); 需要; 限定继承; 使必需 | |
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retinue
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| n.侍从;随员 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 ); 用户; 契据的附面; 从动件 | |
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vassals
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| n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 );(封建时代)诸侯;从属者;下属 | |
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feudal
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| adj.封建的,封地的,领地的 | |
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benefactors
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| n.捐助者,施主( benefactor的名词复数 );恩人 | |
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bestowed
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| 赠给,授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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canopied
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| adj. 遮有天篷的 | |
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tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 );佃户;占用者;占有者 | |
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barter
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| n.物物交换,以货易货,实物交易 | |
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calves
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| n.(calf的复数)笨拙的男子,腓;腿肚子( calf的名词复数 );牛犊;腓;小腿肚v.生小牛( calve的第三人称单数 );(冰川)崩解;生(小牛等),产(犊);使(冰川)崩解 | |
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barley
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| n.大麦,大麦粒 | |
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alleging
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| 断言,宣称,辩解( allege的现在分词 ) | |
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bounties
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| (由政府提供的)奖金( bounty的名词复数 ); 赏金; 慷慨; 大方 | |
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benevolence
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| n.慈悲,捐助 | |
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estuary
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| n.河口,江口 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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foliage
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| n.叶子,树叶,簇叶 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的,竖立的,笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立,建立 | |
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nave
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| n.教堂的中部;本堂 | |
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aisle
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| n.(教堂、教室、戏院等里的)过道,通道 | |
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aisles
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| n. (席位间的)通道, 侧廊 | |
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crookedly
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| adv. 弯曲地,不诚实地 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂,殡仪馆 | |
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chapels
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| n.小教堂, (医院、监狱等的)附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 );(在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的)礼拜仪式 | |
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choir
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| n.唱诗班,唱诗班的席位,合唱团,舞蹈团;v.合唱 | |
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edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿,教室) | |
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cloisters
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| n.(学院、修道院、教堂等建筑的)走廊( cloister的名词复数 );回廊;修道院的生活;隐居v.隐退,使与世隔绝( cloister的第三人称单数 ) | |
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cloister
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| n.修道院;v.隐退,使与世隔绝 | |
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compartments
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| n.间隔( compartment的名词复数 );(列车车厢的)隔间;(家具或设备等的)分隔间;隔层 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前,以前 | |
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standing
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| n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地;严厉地;非常恶劣地 | |
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emanated
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| v.从…处传出,传出( emanate的过去式和过去分词 );产生,表现,显示 | |
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monetary
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| adj.货币的,钱的;通货的;金融的;财政的 | |
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constable
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| n.(英国)警察,警官 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的,(语言)生动的,绘声绘色的 | |
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antiquities
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| n.古老( antiquity的名词复数 );古迹;古人们;古代的风俗习惯 | |
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conversant
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| adj.亲近的,有交情的,熟悉的 | |
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gateways
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| n.网关( gateway的名词复数 );门径;方法;大门口 | |
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gateway
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| n.大门口,出入口,途径,方法 | |
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perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的,直立的;n.垂直线,垂直的位置 | |
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statute
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| n.成文法,法令,法规;章程,规则,条例 | |
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trench
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| n./v.(挖)沟,(挖)战壕 | |
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clumps
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| n.(树、灌木、植物等的)丛、簇( clump的名词复数 );(土、泥等)团;块;笨重的脚步声v.(树、灌木、植物等的)丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 );(土、泥等)团;块;笨重的脚步声 | |
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lavish
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| adj.无节制的;浪费的;vt.慷慨地给予,挥霍 | |
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paternally
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| adv.父亲似地;父亲一般地 | |
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domains
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| n.范围( domain的名词复数 );领域;版图;地产 | |
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complement
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| n.补足物,船上的定员;补语;vt.补充,补足 | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次,每年 | |
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tragic
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| adj.悲剧的,悲剧性的,悲惨的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的 | |
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gallows
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| n.绞刑架,绞台 | |
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CHAPTER III
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