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A PLAN, FOR ESTABLISHING A REGULAR SYSTEM OF POLITICAL GOVERNMENT IN INDIA.
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We have before observed, that the second cause why these restraining and impelling1 powers, which alone can prevent tyranny and anarchy2, have been altogether wanting in the Company’s system of government, appears to be the distance of situation, betwixt the sovereign residence and the country governed. And we shall here add that, if national government should adopt the same system, this 107distance would operate, under it, effects the same in nature as these under the Company; and nothing but the difference in other circumstances, betwixt the national government and Company, could prevent these effects from being likewise equal in degree. For it is evident that, if the executive government of the nation should, as the Directors have done, preserve to itself the charge and power of immediately superintending and controuling the execution of government in that Indian dominion4, the distance of situation would create to that government an equal impossibility of advising and directing measures, of enforcing the execution or observance of orders, and of preventing or restraining abuse: consequently, in the immediate3 execution of all measures, the national governors would possess the same unlimited5 power, as the Company’s governors have done. And the only advantage to that Indian government, from national governments assuming from the Company the charge of administering it, would arise from the following circumstances. First, the superior retrospective or ex post facto authority of national government, enabling it to judge and punish 108the maladministration, or disobedience of its ministers. Second, The superior inclination6 or disposition7 of national government (arising from its perpetual interest in the property) to exert itself in promoting proper measures. Third, The suppression of commercial despotism. And fourth, The existence of the Company as a middle state betwixt the natives and their foreign government. All which innovations, arising from national government’s taking upon itself the administration of this Indian government, though they are indispensably necessary and highly
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1
impelling
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| adj.迫使性的,强有力的v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的现在分词 ) | |
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anarchy
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| n.无政府状态;社会秩序混乱,无秩序 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的;直接的,最接近的;紧靠的 | |
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4
dominion
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| n.统治,管辖,支配权;领土,版图 | |
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5
unlimited
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| adj.无限的,不受控制的,无条件的 | |
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inclination
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| n.倾斜;点头;弯腰;斜坡;倾度;倾向;爱好 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情,性格;意向,倾向;排列,部署 | |
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conducive
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| adj.有益的,有助的 | |
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exertion
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| n.尽力,努力 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的,最重要的;至高的,最高的 | |
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radical
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| n.激进份子,原子团,根号;adj.根本的,激进的,彻底的 | |
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obstruct
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| v.阻隔,阻塞(道路、通道等);n.阻碍物,障碍物 | |
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obstructions
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| n.障碍物( obstruction的名词复数 );阻碍物;阻碍;阻挠 | |
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obstruction
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| n.阻塞,堵塞;障碍物 | |
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qualified
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| adj.合格的,有资格的,胜任的,有限制的 | |
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rending
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| v.撕碎( rend的现在分词 );分裂;(因愤怒、痛苦等而)揪扯(衣服或头发等);(声音等)刺破 | |
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defective
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| adj.有毛病的,有问题的,有瑕疵的 | |
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precedent
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| n.先例,前例;惯例;adj.在前的,在先的 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的,直截了当的 | |
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absurdity
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| n.荒谬,愚蠢;谬论 | |
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dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏,行为,假装;adj.代理的,临时的,演出用的 | |
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constraint
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| n.(on)约束,限制;限制(或约束)性的事物 | |
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supervisor
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| n.监督人,管理人,检查员,督学,主管,导师 | |
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disperses
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| v.(使)分散( disperse的第三人称单数 );疏散;驱散;散布 | |
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injustice
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| n.非正义,不公正,不公平,侵犯(别人的)权利 | |
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territorial
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| adj.领土的,领地的 | |
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dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 ); 领土; 疆土; 版图 | |
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incumbent
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| adj.成为责任的,有义务的;现任的,在职的 | |
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entrusted
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| v.委托,托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sundry
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| adj.各式各样的,种种的 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的;巨大的 | |
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delicacy
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| n.精致,细微,微妙,精良;美味,佳肴 | |
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motive
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| n.动机,目的;adv.发动的,运动的 | |
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wilfully
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| adv.任性固执地;蓄意地 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地 | |
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apprehend
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| vt.理解,领悟,逮捕,拘捕,忧虑 | |
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alteration
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| n.变更,改变;蚀变 | |
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enquire
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| v.打听,询问;调查,查问 | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉,干预;(with)妨碍,打扰 | |
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emoluments
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| n.报酬,薪水( emolument的名词复数 ) | |
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emolument
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| n.报酬,薪水 | |
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43
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的;拥有的,占有的 | |
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specified
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| adj.特定的 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动,进行,(pl.)会议录,学报 | |
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46
futile
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| adj.无效的,无用的,无希望的 | |
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47
standing
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| n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的 | |
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supervision
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| n.监督,管理 | |
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49
avowedly
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| adv.公然地 | |
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50
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的,处于某种境地的 | |
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51
nominal
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| adj.名义上的;(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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52
requisite
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| adj.需要的,必不可少的;n.必需品 | |
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53
pageant
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| n.壮观的游行;露天历史剧 | |
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54
mere
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| adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过 | |
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embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 ); 装载; 从事 | |
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56
reprobate
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| n.无赖汉;堕落的人 | |
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57
censure
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| v./n.责备;非难;责难 | |
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58
maritime
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| adj.海的,海事的,航海的,近海的,沿海的 | |
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59
reimburse
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| v.补偿,付还 | |
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60
naval
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| adj.海军的,军舰的,船的 | |
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advantageous
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| adj.有利的;有帮助的 | |
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62
detriment
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| n.损害;损害物,造成损害的根源 | |
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detrimental
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| adj.损害的,造成伤害的 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力 | |
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lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 );暂住;埋入;(权利、权威等)归属 | |
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rendering
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| n.表现,描写 | |
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67
surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 ); 克服(困难); 居于…之上; 在…顶上 | |
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68
remains
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| n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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69
fidelity
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| n.忠诚,忠实;精确 | |
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70
concur
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| v.同意,意见一致,互助,同时发生 | |
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71
transgressing
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| v.超越( transgress的现在分词 );越过;违反;违背 | |
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72
interfering
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| adj. 妨碍的 动词interfere的现在分词 | |
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indirectly
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| adv.间接地,不直接了当地 | |
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proxy
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| n.代理权,代表权;(对代理人的)委托书;代理人 | |
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75
usurp
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| vt.篡夺,霸占;vi.篡位 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的 | |
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77
usurpation
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| n.篡位;霸占 | |
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78
supervisors
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| n.监督者,管理者( supervisor的名词复数 ) | |
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amass
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| vt.积累,积聚 | |
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omnipotent
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| adj.全能的,万能的 | |
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81
thereby
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| adv.因此,从而 | |
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82
forfeit
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| vt.丧失;n.罚金,罚款,没收物 | |
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corrupt
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| v.贿赂,收买;adj.腐败的,贪污的 | |
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corruption
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| n.腐败,堕落,贪污 | |
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85
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地,充分地 | |
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precluded
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| v.阻止( preclude的过去式和过去分词 );排除;妨碍;使…行不通 | |
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usurping
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| 篡夺,霸占( usurp的现在分词 ); 盗用; 篡夺,篡权 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地,严格地;严密地 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的 | |
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circumscribed
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| adj.[医]局限的:受限制或限于有限空间的v.在…周围划线( circumscribe的过去式和过去分词 );划定…范围;限制;限定 | |
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91
dubious
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| adj.怀疑的,无把握的;有问题的,靠不住的 | |
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obviate
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| v.除去,排除,避免,预防 | |
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pretext
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| n.借口,托词 | |
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junction
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| n.连接,接合;交叉点,接合处,枢纽站 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的;有造诣的;达到了的 | |
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96
skilfully
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| adv. (美skillfully)熟练地 | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的,熟练的 | |
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98
judicial
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| adj.司法的,法庭的,审判的,明断的,公正的 | |
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judiciously
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| adv.明断地,明智而审慎地 | |
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judicious
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| adj.明智的,明断的,能作出明智决定的 | |
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101
perverting
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| v.滥用( pervert的现在分词 );腐蚀;败坏;使堕落 | |
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102
constituent
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| n.选民;成分,组分;adj.组成的,构成的 | |
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103
jurisdiction
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| n.司法权,审判权,管辖权,控制权 | |
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104
trespass
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| n./v.侵犯,闯入私人领地 | |
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propriety
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| n.正当行为;正当;适当 | |
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106
endued
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| v.授予,赋予(特性、才能等)( endue的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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107
dictate
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| v.口授;(使)听写;指令,指示,命令 | |
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108
corporate
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| adj.共同的,全体的;公司的,企业的 | |
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109
annexed
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| [法] 附加的,附属的 | |
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110
confirmation
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| n.证实,确认,批准 | |
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111
perversion
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| n.曲解;堕落;反常 | |
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112
redress
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| n.赔偿,救济,矫正;v.纠正,匡正,革除 | |
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113
considerably
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| adv.极大地;相当大地;在很大程度上 | |
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114
honourably
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| adv.可尊敬地,光荣地,体面地 | |
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115
undertaking
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| n.保证,许诺,事业 | |
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116
bestowed
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| 赠给,授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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117
adverting
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| 引起注意(advert的现在分词形式) | |
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118
monsoon
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| n.季雨,季风,大雨 | |
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119
subsist
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| vi.生存,存在,供养 | |
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120
subsisted
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| v.(靠很少的钱或食物)维持生活,生存下去( subsist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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121
regularity
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| n.规律性,规则性;匀称,整齐 | |
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attain
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| vt.达到,获得,完成 | |
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manoeuvre
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| n.策略,调动;v.用策略,调动 | |
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peculation
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| n.侵吞公款[公物] | |
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125
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的,痛苦的;可怜的,糟糕的 | |
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defrauded
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| v.诈取,骗取( defraud的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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enacted
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| 制定(法律),通过(法案)( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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conserve
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| vt.保存,保护,节约,节省,守恒,不灭 | |
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dispositions
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| 安排( disposition的名词复数 ); 倾向; (财产、金钱的)处置; 气质 | |
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130
consonant
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| n.辅音;adj.[音]符合的 | |
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131
approbation
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| n.称赞;认可 | |
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132
awe
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| n.敬畏,惊惧;vt.使敬畏,使惊惧 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景,前途;景色,视野 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地,彻底地,十足地 | |
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prosecuting
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| 检举、告发某人( prosecute的现在分词 ); 对某人提起公诉; 继续从事(某事物); 担任控方律师 | |
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vouched
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| v.保证( vouch的过去式和过去分词 );担保;确定;确定地说 | |
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appropriation
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| n.拨款,批准支出 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程,过程,议程;诉讼(程序);公报 | |
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attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的,经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 );证实;声称…属实;使宣誓 | |
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participation
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| n.参与,参加,分享 | |
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nay
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| adv.不;n.反对票,投反对票者 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地,无可非议地,彻底地 | |
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perspicuity
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| n.(文体的)明晰 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的,杰出的,有名的,优良的 | |
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chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 );(议会的)议院;卧室;会议厅 | |
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equity
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| n.公正,公平,(无固定利息的)股票 | |
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equitable
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| adj.公平的;公正的 | |
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subservient
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| adj.卑屈的,阿谀的 | |
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expeditiously
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| adv.迅速地,敏捷地 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的;简单的;n.原(始)人,原始事物 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟,壮丽,庄严,威严;最高权威,王权 | |
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infinitely
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| adv.无限地,无穷地 | |
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rapacious
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| adj.贪婪的,强夺的 | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次,每年 | |
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postpone
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| v.延期,推迟 | |
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defendant
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| n.被告;adj.处于被告地位的 | |
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distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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frivolous
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| adj.轻薄的;轻率的 | |
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adjourn
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| v.(使)休会,(使)休庭 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的 | |
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authenticity
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| n.真实性 | |
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dissenting
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| adj.不同意的 | |
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concurrence
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| n.同意;并发 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地 | |
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apprehended
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| 逮捕,拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 ); 理解 | |
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impartiality
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| n. 公平, 无私, 不偏 | |
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unanimity
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| n.全体一致,一致同意 | |
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dispensed
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| v.分配( dispense的过去式和过去分词 );施与;配(药) | |
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purporting
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| v.声称是…,(装得)像是…的样子( purport的现在分词 ) | |
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liberated
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| a.无拘束的,放纵的 | |
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dread
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| vt.担忧,忧虑;惧怕,不敢;n.担忧,畏惧 | |
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deference
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| n.尊重,顺从;敬意 | |
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divulged
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| v.吐露,泄露( divulge的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的,荒废的,无人的,被遗弃的 | |
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blessings
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| n.(上帝的)祝福( blessing的名词复数 );好事;福分;因祸得福 | |
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withdrawn
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| vt.收回;使退出;vi.撤退,退出 | |
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preponderating
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| v.超过,胜过( preponderate的现在分词 ) | |
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equilibrium
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| n.平衡,均衡,相称,均势,平静 | |
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motives
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| n.动机,目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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unlimitedly
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| 无限地,无例外地 | |
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confided
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| v.吐露(秘密,心事等)( confide的过去式和过去分词 );(向某人)吐露(隐私、秘密等) | |
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poise
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| vt./vi. 平衡,保持平衡;n.泰然自若,自信 | |
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deliberately
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| adv.审慎地;蓄意地;故意地 | |
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isle
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| n.小岛,岛 | |
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opposition
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| n.反对,敌对 | |
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abating
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| 减少( abate的现在分词 ); 减去; 降价; 撤消(诉讼) | |
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pegs
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| n.衣夹( peg的名词复数 );挂钉;系帐篷的桩;弦钮v.用夹子或钉子固定( peg的第三人称单数 );使固定在某水平 | |
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strings
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| n.弦 | |
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concord
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| n.和谐;协调 | |
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A PLAN, FOR ESTABLISHING A REGULAR SYSTEM OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT, AND OF SECURE DEFENCE, IN INDIA.
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