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The Function of Criticism
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It is curious and interesting to find our younger men of letters actively1 concerned with the present condition of literary criticism. This is a novel preoccupation for them and one which is, we believe, symptomatic of a general hesitancy and expectation. In the world of letters everything is a little up in the air, volatile2 and uncrystallised. It is a world of rejections3 and velleities; in spite of outward similarities, a strangely different world from that of half a dozen years ago. Then one had a tolerable certainty that the new star, if the new star was to appear, would burst upon our vision in the shape of a novel. To-day we feel it might be anything. The cloud no bigger than a man's hand might even be, like Trigorin's in 'The Sea-gull,' like a piano; it has no predetermined form.
This sense of incalculability, which has been aroused by the prodigious5 literary efflorescence of late years, reacts upon its cause; and the reaction tends by many different paths to express itself finally in the ventilation of problems that hinge about criticism. There is a general feeling that the growth of the young plant has been too luxuriant; a desire to have it vigorously pruned6 by a capable gardener, in order that its strength may be gathered together to produce a more perfect fruit. There is also a sense that if the lusus natur?, the writer of genius, were to appear, there ought to be a person or an organisation7 capable of recognising him, however unexpected his scent8 or the shape of his leaves. Both these tasks fall upon criticism. The younger generation looks round a little apprehensively9 to see if there is a gardener whom it can trust, and decides, perhaps a little prematurely10
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收听单词发音  | 1
     actively   | |
| adv.积极地,勤奋地 | |
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     volatile   | |
| adj.反复无常的,挥发性的,稍纵即逝的,脾气火爆的;n.挥发性物质 | |
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     rejections   | |
| 拒绝( rejection的名词复数 ); 摒弃; 剔除物; 排斥 | |
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     determined   | |
| adj.坚定的;有决心的 | |
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     prodigious   | |
| adj.惊人的,奇妙的;异常的;巨大的;庞大的 | |
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     pruned   | |
| v.修剪(树木等)( prune的过去式和过去分词 );精简某事物,除去某事物多余的部分 | |
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     organisation   | |
| n.组织,安排,团体,有机休 | |
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     scent   | |
| n.气味,香味,香水,线索,嗅觉;v.嗅,发觉 | |
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     apprehensively   | |
| adv.担心地 | |
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     prematurely   | |
| adv.过早地,贸然地 | |
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     scotch   | |
| n.伤口,刻痕;苏格兰威士忌酒;v.粉碎,消灭,阻止;adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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     bards   | |
| n.诗人( bard的名词复数 ) | |
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     whetting   | |
| v.(在石头上)磨(刀、斧等)( whet的现在分词 );引起,刺激(食欲、欲望、兴趣等) | |
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     authoritative   | |
| adj.有权威的,可相信的;命令式的;官方的 | |
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     kindly   | |
| adj.和蔼的,温和的,爽快的;adv.温和地,亲切地 | |
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     frigidly   | |
| adv.寒冷地;冷漠地;冷淡地;呆板地 | |
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     philosophic   | |
| adj.哲学的,贤明的 | |
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     purely   | |
| adv.纯粹地,完全地 | |
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     poetic   | |
| adj.富有诗意的,有诗人气质的,善于抒情的 | |
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     par   | |
| n.标准,票面价值,平均数量;adj.票面的,平常的,标准的 | |
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     mingled   | |
| 混合,混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 ); 混进,与…交往[联系] | |
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     condemnation   | |
| n.谴责; 定罪 | |
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     implicit   | |
| a.暗示的,含蓄的,不明晰的,绝对的 | |
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     manifestation   | |
| n.表现形式;表明;现象 | |
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     evolutionary   | |
| adj.进化的;演化的,演变的;[生]进化论的 | |
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     essentially   | |
| adv.本质上,实质上,基本上 | |
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     excellence   | |
| n.优秀,杰出,(pl.)优点,美德 | |
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     judgments   | |
| 判断( judgment的名词复数 ); 鉴定; 评价; 审判 | |
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     judgment   | |
| n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见 | |
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     endorsed   | |
| vt.& vi.endorse的过去式或过去分词形式v.赞同( endorse的过去式和过去分词 );在(尤指支票的)背面签字;在(文件的)背面写评论;在广告上说本人使用并赞同某产品 | |
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     deliberately   | |
| adv.审慎地;蓄意地;故意地 | |
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     culmination   | |
| n.顶点;最高潮 | |
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     isolation   | |
| n.隔离,孤立,分解,分离 | |
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     isolate   | |
| vt.使孤立,隔离 | |
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     philosophical   | |
| adj.哲学家的,哲学上的,达观的 | |
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     manifestations   | |
| n.表示,显示(manifestation的复数形式) | |
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     derived   | |
| vi.起源;由来;衍生;导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 );(从…中)得到获得;源于;(从…中)提取 | |
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     rein   | |
| n.疆绳,统治,支配;vt.以僵绳控制,统治 | |
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     isolated   | |
| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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     thoroughly   | |
| adv.完全地,彻底地,十足地 | |
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     ascending   | |
| adj.上升的,向上的 | |
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     possessed   | |
| adj.疯狂的;拥有的,占有的 | |
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     faculties   | |
| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 );全体教职员;技巧;院 | |
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     marrow   | |
| n.骨髓;精华;活力 | |
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     persistent   | |
| adj.坚持不懈的,执意的;持续的 | |
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     tragic   | |
| adj.悲剧的,悲剧性的,悲惨的 | |
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     permanently   | |
| adv.永恒地,永久地,固定不变地 | |
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     valid   | |
| adj.有确实根据的;有效的;正当的,合法的 | |
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     graft   | |
| n.移植,嫁接,艰苦工作,贪污;v.移植,嫁接 | |
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     pervades   | |
| v.遍及,弥漫( pervade的第三人称单数 ) | |
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     exquisite   | |
| adj.精美的;敏锐的;剧烈的,感觉强烈的 | |
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     mere   | |
| adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过 | |
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     unities   | |
| n.统一体( unity的名词复数 );(艺术等) 完整;(文学、戏剧) (情节、时间和地点的)统一性;团结一致 | |
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     chafed   | |
| v.擦热(尤指皮肤)( chafe的过去式 );擦痛;发怒;惹怒 | |
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     supple   | |
| adj.柔软的,易弯的,逢迎的,顺从的,灵活的;vt.使柔软,使柔顺,使顺从;vi.变柔软,变柔顺 | |
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     lasting   | |
| adj.永久的,永恒的;vbl.持续,维持 | |
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     arduous   | |
| adj.艰苦的,费力的,陡峭的 | |
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     precisely   | |
| adv.恰好,正好,精确地,细致地 | |
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     relegated   | |
| v.使降级( relegate的过去式和过去分词 );使降职;转移;把…归类 | |
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     inquiries   | |
| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 );疑问;探究;打听 | |
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     modulated   | |
| 已调整[制]的,被调的 | |
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     investigator   | |
| n.研究者,调查者,审查者 | |
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     deluded   | |
| v.欺骗,哄骗( delude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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     authentic   | |
| a.真的,真正的;可靠的,可信的,有根据的 | |
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     extravagantly   | |
| adv.挥霍无度地 | |
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     opposition   | |
| n.反对,敌对 | |
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     cogency   | |
| n.说服力;adj.有说服力的 | |
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     decided   | |
| adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的 | |
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     momentous   | |
| adj.重要的,重大的 | |
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     coherence   | |
| n.紧凑;连贯;一致性 | |
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     inevitably   | |
| adv.不可避免地;必然发生地 | |
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     instinctively   | |
| adv.本能地 | |
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     citizenship   | |
| n.市民权,公民权,国民的义务(身份) | |
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     axiomatic   | |
| adj.不需证明的,不言自明的 | |
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     metaphor   | |
| n.隐喻,暗喻 | |
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     impelled   | |
| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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     artistic   | |
| adj.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的;善于艺术创作的 | |
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     platonic   | |
| adj.精神的;柏拉图(哲学)的 | |
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     everlasting   | |
| adj.永恒的,持久的,无止境的 | |
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     virtue   | |
| n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力 | |
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     divination   | |
| n.占卜,预测 | |
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     expressive   | |
| adj.表现的,表达…的,富于表情的 | |
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     machinery   | |
| n.(总称)机械,机器;机构 | |
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     lyrics   | |
| n.歌词 | |
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     implicitly   | |
| adv. 含蓄地, 暗中地, 毫不保留地 | |
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     explicitly   | |
| ad.明确地,显然地 | |
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     harmonious   | |
| adj.和睦的,调和的,和谐的,协调的 | |
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     smuggle   | |
| vt.私运;vi.走私 | |
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     anomalous   | |
| adj.反常的;不规则的 | |
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     profane   | |
| adj.亵神的,亵渎的;vt.亵渎,玷污 | |
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     humane   | |
| adj.人道的,富有同情心的 | |
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     sufficiently   | |
| adv.足够地,充分地 | |
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     inflict   | |
| vt.(on)把…强加给,使遭受,使承担 | |
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     autonomous   | |
| adj.自治的;独立的 | |
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     perfectly   | |
| adv.完美地,无可非议地,彻底地 | |
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     tune   | |
| n.调子;和谐,协调;v.调音,调节,调整 | |
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     envisage   | |
| v.想象,设想,展望,正视 | |
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     attainable   | |
| a.可达到的,可获得的 | |
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     applied   | |
| adj.应用的;v.应用,适用 | |
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     elucidate   | |
| v.阐明,说明 | |
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     immediate   | |
| adj.立即的;直接的,最接近的;紧靠的 | |
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     hierarchy   | |
| n.等级制度;统治集团,领导层 | |
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     steadily   | |
| adv.稳定地;不变地;持续地 | |
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     incessant   | |
| adj.不停的,连续的 | |
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     apprehension   | |
| n.理解,领悟;逮捕,拘捕;忧虑 | |
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     paradox   | |
| n.似乎矛盾却正确的说法;自相矛盾的人(物) | |
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     arrogated   | |
| v.冒称,妄取( arrogate的过去式和过去分词 );没来由地把…归属(于) | |
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     unity   | |
| n.团结,联合,统一;和睦,协调 | |
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