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X. CHINESE.
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AUTHORITIES:
The Biots, Kaeuffer, Gutzlaff, etc.
China belongs to the present and to the remotest past of the Asiatic world. The historical existence of China and her civilization are at least coeval1 with that of Egypt and of Assyria, perhaps older than that of the Aryas.
Some geological investigators2 affirm that the table-land inclosed between the northern slopes of the Himalayas, the Kuenlun, the desert of Gobi—which is said to be older than the formation of the Himalayas—the Heavenly or Blue mountains, and the Alta?, was the first land which rose from the waters, and that therefore it was the first, and perhaps the only place in the north, where man appeared. This admitted, the probability is, that from that first human family issued a race bearing to-day various appellations3, as the Yellow, the Alta?c, Turanian, Scythic, Finnic, Mongolian and Tartar—which is the last general denomination4 adopted by science, at least for the branches occupying central Asia, and reaching to the frontiers of Europe and the descendants of the Aryas. The first immigrants to China from the Kuenlun probably followed the current of the Yellow[Pg 90] river; and it seems that the aborigines retired5 before the invaders6, or perhaps the new yellow settlers mixed with the primitive7 occupants. In the southern parts of China, in the mountains of the interior, are still found tribes of dark-colored men resembling the negroes or the Pacific islanders, and using notched8 characters similar to those used by the Malays.
Agriculture seems to have been the sacred occupation of these yellow-hued settlers along the banks of the Yellow river—as it was in the valley of the Nile, of the Euphrates, and on the plains of Iran. Everywhere the origin of agriculture is lost in the night of time, and Quain or Cain—that is, the
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1
coeval
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adj.同时代的;n.同时代的人或事物 | |
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2
investigators
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n.调查者,审查者( investigator的名词复数 ) | |
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3
appellations
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n.名称,称号( appellation的名词复数 ) | |
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4
denomination
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n.命名,取名,(度量衡、货币等的)单位 | |
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5
retired
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adj.隐退的,退休的,退役的 | |
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6
invaders
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入侵者,侵略者,侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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7
primitive
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adj.原始的;简单的;n.原(始)人,原始事物 | |
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8
notched
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a.有凹口的,有缺口的 | |
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kernel
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n.(果实的)核,仁;(问题)的中心,核心 | |
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10
clan
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n.氏族,部落,宗族,家族,宗派 | |
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11
desecrated
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毁坏或亵渎( desecrate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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12
labor
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n.劳动,努力,工作,劳工;分娩;vi.劳动,努力,苦干;vt.详细分析;麻烦 | |
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varied
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adj.多样的,多变化的 | |
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faculty
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n.才能;学院,系;(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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condemned
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adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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labors
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v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 );苦干;详细分析;(指引擎)缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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enumerated
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v.列举,枚举,数( enumerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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paupers
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n.穷人( pauper的名词复数 );贫民;贫穷 | |
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internecine
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adj.两败俱伤的 | |
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epoch
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n.(新)时代;历元 | |
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impoverished
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adj.穷困的,无力的,用尽了的v.使(某人)贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 );使(某物)贫瘠或恶化 | |
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chattels
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n.动产,奴隶( chattel的名词复数 ) | |
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chattel
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n.动产;奴隶 | |
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usurped
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篡夺,霸占( usurp的过去式和过去分词 ); 盗用; 篡夺,篡权 | |
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reigning
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adj.统治的,起支配作用的 | |
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hereditary
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adj.遗传的,遗传性的,可继承的,世袭的 | |
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miseries
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n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 );痛苦的事;穷困;常发牢骚的人 | |
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misery
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n.痛苦,苦恼,苦难;悲惨的境遇,贫苦 | |
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indenture
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n.契约;合同 | |
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infamies
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n.声名狼藉( infamy的名词复数 );臭名;丑恶;恶行 | |
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degradation
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n.降级;低落;退化;陵削;降解;衰变 | |
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Christian
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adj.基督教徒的;n.基督教徒 | |
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inefficiency
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n.无效率,无能;无效率事例 | |
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presumption
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n.推测,可能性,冒昧,放肆,[法律]推定 | |
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detailed
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adj.详细的,详尽的,极注意细节的,完全的 | |
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statistical
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adj.统计的,统计学的 | |
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geographical
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adj.地理的;地区(性)的 | |
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subdued
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adj. 屈服的,柔和的,减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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antiquity
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n.古老;高龄;古物,古迹 | |
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refinements
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n.(生活)风雅;精炼( refinement的名词复数 );改良品;细微的改良;优雅或高贵的动作 | |
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countless
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adj.无数的,多得不计其数的 | |
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savages
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未开化的人,野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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wilderness
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n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等,荒漠 | |
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administrative
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adj.行政的,管理的 | |
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mechanism
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n.机械装置;机构,结构 | |
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supreme
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adj.极度的,最重要的;至高的,最高的 | |
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perfectly
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adv.完美地,无可非议地,彻底地 | |
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subdivided
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再分,细分( subdivide的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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functionaries
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n.公职人员,官员( functionary的名词复数 ) | |
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maturity
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n.成熟;完成;(支票、债券等)到期 | |
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51
decrepitude
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n.衰老;破旧 | |
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crumbles
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酥皮水果甜点( crumble的名词复数 ) | |
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crooked
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adj.弯曲的;不诚实的,狡猾的,不正当的 | |
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laborers
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n.体力劳动者,工人( laborer的名词复数 );(熟练工人的)辅助工 | |
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bondage
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n.奴役,束缚 | |
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oligarchic
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adj.寡头政治的,主张寡头政治的 | |
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persecution
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n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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assassination
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n.暗杀;暗杀事件 | |
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analogous
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adj.相似的;类似的 | |
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evoked
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[医]诱发的 | |
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61
manifestations
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n.表示,显示(manifestation的复数形式) | |
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rudiments
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n.基础知识,入门 | |
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utilized
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v.利用,使用( utilize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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trenches
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深沟,地沟( trench的名词复数 ); 战壕 | |
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irrigate
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vt.灌溉,修水利,冲洗伤口,使潮湿 | |
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parched
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adj.焦干的;极渴的;v.(使)焦干 | |
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67
toiled
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长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 ); 艰难缓慢地移动,跋涉 | |
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ERECTED
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adj. 直立的,竖立的,笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立,建立 | |
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edifices
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n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
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undoubtedly
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adv.确实地,无疑地 | |
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instructors
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指导者,教师( instructor的名词复数 ) | |
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72
vice
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n.坏事;恶习;[pl.]台钳,老虎钳;adj.副的 | |
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justify
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vt.证明…正当(或有理),为…辩护 | |
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emancipation
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n.(从束缚、支配下)解放 | |
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accomplished
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adj.有才艺的;有造诣的;达到了的 | |
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ridges
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n.脊( ridge的名词复数 );山脊;脊状突起;大气层的)高压脊 | |
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blessing
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n.祈神赐福;祷告;祝福,祝愿 | |
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calamities
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n.灾祸,灾难( calamity的名词复数 );不幸之事 | |
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massacres
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大屠杀( massacre的名词复数 ); 惨败 | |
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IX. ARYAS—HINDUS.
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XI. GREEKS.
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