Meeting of Parliament—Lord Chatham's Amendment¹ to the Address—The News of Saratoga—Treaty between France and America—Washington in Valley Forge—Intrigues² against him—Violation³ of Burgoyne's Convention—Debates in Parliament—Attempt to bring Chatham into the Ministry⁴—Lord North's Conciliation⁵ Bills—The French Note—Patriotism of the Nation—The King refuses to send for Chatham—His last Speech and Death—Honours to his Memory—Burke's Measure of Irish Relief—Repeal⁶ of Laws against Roman Catholics—Explosion of Scottish Bigotry⁷—Turgot's Warnings—Naval⁸ Engagement off Ushant—Failure of Lafayette's Canadian Expedition—Clinton compelled to evacuate⁹ Philadelphia—Failure of Lord North's Commissioners¹⁰—D'Estaing and Sullivan attempt to take Rhode Island—Subsequent Proceedings¹³ of D'Estaing—Courts-martial of Keppel and Palliser—The Irish Volunteers—Spain declares War—Military Preparations—Junction¹⁶ of the French and Spanish Fleets—They retire from the Channel—D'Estaing in the West Indies—His Attempt on Savannah—Weakness of Lord North's Ministry—Meeting of Parliament—Lord North's Irish Bill—Richmond, Shelburne, and Burke attempt Economic Reforms—The Meeting at York petitions for Reform of Parliament—Burke's Economic Scheme—North's Man?uvre—Further Attempts at Reform—The Westminster Meeting—Dunning's Motion—Defeat of his later Resolutions—"No Popery" in Scotland—Lord George Gordon's Agitation—The Riots and their Progress—Their Suppression—Trial of the Prisoners—Rodney relieves Gibraltar—Destruction of English Merchantmen—Disputes with Holland—The Armed Neutrality of the North—Capture of Charleston—Declaration of South Carolina—Battle of Camden—Expedition into North Carolina—Arrival of the French Squadron—Rodney in the West Indies—Arnold's Treachery—Trial and Death of André—