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CHAPTER II.
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FIRST BOOK OF THE WAR IN GAUL.—C?SAR DRIVES FIRST THE SWISS AND THEN THE GERMANS OUT OF GAUL.—B.C. 58.
It has been remarked in the preceding chapter that C?sar does not appear to have received any commission for the subjugation1 of Gaul when he took military charge of his three provinces. The Gauls were still feared in Rome, and it was his duty to see that they did not make their way over the Alps into the Roman territory. It was also his duty to protect from invasion, and also from rebellion, that portion of Gaul which had already been constituted a Roman province, but in which the sympathies of the people were still rather with their old brethren than with their new masters. The experience, however, which we have of great and encroaching empires tells us how probable it is that the protection of that which the strong already holds should lead to the grasping of more, till at last all has been grasped. It is thus that our own empire in India has grown. It was thus that the Spanish empire grew in America. It is thus that the empire of the United States is now growing. It was thus that Prussia, driven, as we all remember, by{29} the necessity of self-preservation, took Nassau the other day, and Hanover and Holstein and Hesse. It was thus that the wolf claimed all the river, not being able to endure the encroaching lamb. The humane2 reader of history execrates3, as he reads, the cruel, all-absorbing, ravenous4 wolf. But the philosophical5 reader perceives that in this way, and in no other, is civilisation6 carried into distant lands. The wolf, though he be a ravenous wolf, brings with him energy and knowledge.
What may have been C?sar’s own aspirations7 in regard to Gaul, when the government of the provinces was confided8 to him, we have no means of knowing. We may surmise,—indeed we feel that we know,—that he had a project in hand much greater to him, in his view of its result, than could be the adding of any new province to the Republic, let the territory added be as wide as all Gaul. He had seen enough of Roman politics to know that real power in Rome could only belong to a master of legions. Both Marius and Sulla had prevailed in the city by means of the armies which they had
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1
subjugation
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n.镇压,平息,征服 | |
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humane
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adj.人道的,富有同情心的 | |
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execrates
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v.憎恶( execrate的第三人称单数 );厌恶;诅咒;咒骂 | |
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ravenous
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adj.极饿的,贪婪的 | |
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philosophical
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adj.哲学家的,哲学上的,达观的 | |
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civilisation
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n.文明,文化,开化,教化 | |
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aspirations
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强烈的愿望( aspiration的名词复数 ); 志向; 发送气音; 发 h 音 | |
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confided
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v.吐露(秘密,心事等)( confide的过去式和过去分词 );(向某人)吐露(隐私、秘密等) | |
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levied
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征(兵)( levy的过去式和过去分词 ); 索取; 发动(战争); 征税 | |
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lieutenants
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n.陆军中尉( lieutenant的名词复数 );副职官员;空军;仅低于…官阶的官员 | |
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narrative
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n.叙述,故事;adj.叙事的,故事体的 | |
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motive
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n.动机,目的;adv.发动的,运动的 | |
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motives
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n.动机,目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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memoirs
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n.回忆录;回忆录传( mem,自oir的名词复数) | |
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slaughtering
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v.屠杀,杀戮,屠宰( slaughter的现在分词 ) | |
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slaughter
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n.屠杀,屠宰;vt.屠杀,宰杀 | |
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intentionally
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ad.故意地,有意地 | |
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humility
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n.谦逊,谦恭 | |
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centurions
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n.百人队长,百夫长(古罗马的军官,指挥百人)( centurion的名词复数 ) | |
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harassing
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v.侵扰,骚扰( harass的现在分词 );不断攻击(敌人) | |
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amity
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n.友好关系 | |
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bruised
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[医]青肿的,瘀紫的 | |
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dexterous
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adj.灵敏的;灵巧的 | |
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prolixity
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n.冗长,罗嗦 | |
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distinguished
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adj.卓越的,杰出的,著名的 | |
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epithet
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n.(用于褒贬人物等的)表述形容词,修饰语 | |
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prudence
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n.谨慎,精明,节俭 | |
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folly
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n.愚笨,愚蠢,蠢事,蠢行,傻话 | |
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cowardice
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n.胆小,怯懦 | |
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apparently
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adv.显然地;表面上,似乎 | |
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vassals
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n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 );(封建时代)诸侯;从属者;下属 | |
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providence
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n.深谋远虑,天道,天意;远见;节约;上帝 | |
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simplicity
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n.简单,简易;朴素;直率,单纯 | |
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futile
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adj.无效的,无用的,无希望的 | |
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awe
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n.敬畏,惊惧;vt.使敬畏,使惊惧 | |
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obedience
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n.服从,顺从 | |
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nil
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n.无,全无,零 | |
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inflicted
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把…强加给,使承受,遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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desolate
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adj.荒凉的,荒芜的;孤独的,凄凉的;v.使荒芜,使孤寂 | |
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deigns
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v.屈尊,俯就( deign的第三人称单数 ) | |
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cleft
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n.裂缝;adj.裂开的 | |
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fugitive
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adj.逃亡的,易逝的;n.逃犯,逃亡者 | |
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accomplices
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从犯,帮凶,同谋( accomplice的名词复数 ) | |
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majestic
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adj.雄伟的,壮丽的,庄严的,威严的,崇高的 | |
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considerably
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adv.极大地;相当大地;在很大程度上 | |
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rout
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n.溃退,溃败;v.击溃,打垮 | |
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vengeance
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n.报复,报仇,复仇 | |
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geographical
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adj.地理的;地区(性)的 | |
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eastward
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adv.向东;adj.向东的;n.东方,东部 | |
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emigrants
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n.(从本国移往他国的)移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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promising
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adj.有希望的,有前途的 | |
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tempt
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vt.引诱,勾引,吸引,引起…的兴趣 | |
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fickle
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adj.(爱情或友谊上)易变的,不坚定的 | |
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wretches
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n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 );可怜的人;恶棍;坏蛋 | |
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utterly
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adv.完全地,绝对地 | |
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avenged
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v.为…复仇,报…之仇( avenge的过去式和过去分词 );为…报复 | |
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remarkable
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adj.显著的,异常的,非凡的,值得注意的 | |
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forth
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adv.向前;向外,往外 | |
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warriors
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武士,勇士,战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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devastated
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v.彻底破坏( devastate的过去式和过去分词);摧毁;毁灭;在感情上(精神上、财务上等)压垮adj.毁坏的;极为震惊的 | |
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slain
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杀死,宰杀,杀戮( slay的过去分词 ); (slay的过去分词) | |
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thoroughly
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adv.完全地,彻底地,十足地 | |
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implores
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恳求或乞求(某人)( implore的第三人称单数 ) | |
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horrid
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adj.可怕的;令人惊恐的;恐怖的;极讨厌的 | |
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dominion
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n.统治,管辖,支配权;领土,版图 | |
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undertaking
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n.保证,许诺,事业 | |
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arrogant
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adj.傲慢的,自大的 | |
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barbarian
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n.野蛮人;adj.野蛮(人)的;未开化的 | |
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logic
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n.逻辑(学);逻辑性 | |
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hardy
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adj.勇敢的,果断的,吃苦的;耐寒的 | |
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harassed
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adj. 疲倦的,厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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possessed
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adj.疯狂的;拥有的,占有的 | |
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westward
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n.西方,西部;adj.西方的,向西的;adv.向西 | |
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despatch
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n./v.(dispatch)派遣;发送;n.急件;新闻报道 | |
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fortress
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n.堡垒,防御工事 | |
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destined
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adj.命中注定的;(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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hirsute
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adj.多毛的 | |
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prone
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adj.(to)易于…的,很可能…的;俯卧的 | |
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persuasion
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n.劝说;说服;持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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regiments
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(军队的)团( regiment的名词复数 ); 大量的人或物 | |
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virtues
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美德( virtue的名词复数 ); 德行; 优点; 长处 | |
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cavalry
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n.骑兵;轻装甲部队 | |
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infantry
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n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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calamity
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n.灾害,祸患,不幸事件 | |
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decided
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adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的 | |
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acting
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n.演戏,行为,假装;adj.代理的,临时的,演出用的 | |
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CHAPTER III.
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