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CHAPTER IX.
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FIRST BOOK OF THE CIVIL WAR.—C?SAR CROSSES THE RUBICON.—FOLLOWS POMPEY TO BRUNDUSIUM.—AND CONQUERS AFRANIUS IN SPAIN.—B.C. 49.
C?sar now gives us his history of that civil war in which he and Pompey contended for the mastery over Rome and the Republic. In his first Commentary he had recorded his campaigns in Gaul,—campaigns in which he reduced tribes which were, if not hostile, at any rate foreign, and by his success in which he carried on and maintained the potency1, traditions, and purport2 of the Roman Republic. It was the ambition of the Roman to be master of the known world. In his ideas no more of the world was really known than had become Roman, and any extension to the limits of this world could only be made by the addition of so-called barbarous tribes to the number of Roman subjects. In reducing Gaul, therefore, and in fighting with the Germans, and in going over to Britain, C?sar was doing that which all good Romans wished to see done, and was rivalling in the West the great deeds which Pompey had accomplished3 for the Republic in the East. In this second Commentary he is forced to deal with a subject which must have been less gratifying to Roman readers. He{117} relates to us the victories which he won with Roman legions over other legions equally Roman, and by which he succeeded in destroying the liberty of the Republic.
It must he acknowledged on C?sar’s behalf that in truth liberty had fallen in Rome before C?sar’s time. Power had produced wealth, and wealth had produced corruption4. The tribes of Rome were bought and sold at the various elections, and a few great oligarchs, either of this faction5 or of that, divided among themselves the places of trust and honour and power, and did so with hands ever open for the grasping of public wealth. An honest man with clean hands and a conscience, with scruples6 and a love of country, became unfitted for public employment. Cato in these days was simply ridiculous; and even Cicero, though he was a trimmer, was too honest for the times. Laws were
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potency
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n. 效力,潜能 | |
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purport
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n.意义,要旨,大要;v.意味著,做为...要旨,要领是... | |
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accomplished
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adj.有才艺的;有造诣的;达到了的 | |
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corruption
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n.腐败,堕落,贪污 | |
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faction
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n.宗派,小集团;派别;派系斗争 | |
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scruples
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n.良心上的不安( scruple的名词复数 );顾虑,顾忌v.感到于心不安,有顾忌( scruple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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wrested
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(用力)拧( wrest的过去式和过去分词 ); 费力取得; (从…)攫取; ( 从… ) 强行取去… | |
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tyrants
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专制统治者( tyrant的名词复数 ); 暴君似的人; (古希腊的)僭主; 严酷的事物 | |
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alluring
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adj.吸引人的,迷人的 | |
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joyous
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adj.充满快乐的;令人高兴的 | |
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thoroughly
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adv.完全地,彻底地,十足地 | |
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foul
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adj.污秽的;邪恶的;v.弄脏;妨害;犯规;n.犯规 | |
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conqueror
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n.征服者,胜利者 | |
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conquerors
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征服者,占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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inflict
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vt.(on)把…强加给,使遭受,使承担 | |
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shudder
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v.战粟,震动,剧烈地摇晃;n.战粟,抖动 | |
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remorse
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n.痛恨,悔恨,自责 | |
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undesirable
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adj.不受欢迎的,不良的,不合意的,讨厌的;n.不受欢迎的人,不良分子 | |
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slay
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v.杀死,宰杀,杀戮 | |
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immediate
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adj.立即的;直接的,最接近的;紧靠的 | |
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opposition
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n.反对,敌对 | |
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hesitation
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n.犹豫,踌躇 | |
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brink
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n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘,边沿 | |
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plunge
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v.跳入,(使)投入,(使)陷入;猛冲 | |
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martial
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adj.战争的,军事的,尚武的,威武的 | |
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fable
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n.寓言;童话;神话 | |
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allotted
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分配,拨给,摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bondage
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n.奴役,束缚 | |
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unnatural
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adj.不自然的;反常的 | |
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swarming
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密集( swarm的现在分词 ); 云集; 成群地移动; 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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Mediterranean
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adj.地中海的;地中海沿岸的 | |
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factions
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组织中的小派别,派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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consul
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n.领事;执政官 | |
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lavish
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adj.无节制的;浪费的;vt.慷慨地给予,挥霍 | |
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rapacious
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adj.贪婪的,强夺的 | |
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politic
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adj.有智虑的;精明的;v.从政 | |
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backbone
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n.脊骨,脊柱,骨干;刚毅,骨气 | |
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standing
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n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的 | |
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obedience
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n.服从,顺从 | |
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narrative
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n.叙述,故事;adj.叙事的,故事体的 | |
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unwilling
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adj.不情愿的 | |
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destined
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adj.命中注定的;(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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decided
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adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的 | |
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restitution
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n.赔偿;恢复原状 | |
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kindly
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adj.和蔼的,温和的,爽快的;adv.温和地,亲切地 | |
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nominally
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在名义上,表面地; 应名儿 | |
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infamy
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n.声名狼藉,出丑,恶行 | |
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esteemed
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adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 );敬重;认为;以为 | |
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levied
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征(兵)( levy的过去式和过去分词 ); 索取; 发动(战争); 征税 | |
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shrines
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圣地,圣坛,神圣场所( shrine的名词复数 ) | |
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victorious
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adj.胜利的,得胜的 | |
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acting
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n.演戏,行为,假装;adj.代理的,临时的,演出用的 | |
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allusion
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n.暗示,间接提示 | |
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civic
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adj.城市的,都市的,市民的,公民的 | |
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goodwill
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n.善意,亲善,信誉,声誉 | |
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suspense
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n.(对可能发生的事)紧张感,担心,挂虑 | |
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consuls
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领事( consul的名词复数 ); (古罗马共和国时期)执政官 (古罗马共和国及其军队的最高首长,同时共有两位,每年选举一次) | |
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injustice
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n.非正义,不公正,不公平,侵犯(别人的)权利 | |
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marvel
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vi.(at)惊叹vt.感到惊异;n.令人惊异的事 | |
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consular
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a.领事的 | |
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eastwards
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adj.向东方(的),朝东(的);n.向东的方向 | |
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treasury
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n.宝库;国库,金库;文库 | |
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intercept
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vt.拦截,截住,截击 | |
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shipping
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n.船运(发货,运输,乘船) | |
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devoted
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adj.忠诚的,忠实的,热心的,献身于...的 | |
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lieutenant
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n.陆军中尉,海军上尉;代理官员,副职官员 | |
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partisans
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游击队员( partisan的名词复数 ); 党人; 党羽; 帮伙 | |
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virtuous
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adj.有品德的,善良的,贞洁的,有效力的 | |
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Saturn
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n.农神,土星 | |
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professes
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声称( profess的第三人称单数 ); 宣称; 公开表明; 信奉 | |
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instigated
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v.使(某事物)开始或发生,鼓动( instigate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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besiege
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vt.包围,围攻,拥在...周围 | |
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exhausted
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adj.极其疲惫的,精疲力尽的 | |
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barbarians
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n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 );外国人;粗野的人;无教养的人 | |
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intercepts
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(数学)截距( intercept的名词复数 ) | |
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intercourse
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n.性交;交流,交往,交际 | |
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conspiracy
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n.阴谋,密谋,共谋 | |
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conciseness
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n.简洁,简短 | |
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capability
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n.能力;才能;(pl)可发展的能力或特性等 | |
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distressed
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痛苦的 | |
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forage
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n.(牛马的)饲料,粮草;v.搜寻,翻寻 | |
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dealing
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n.经商方法,待人态度 | |
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generosity
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n.大度,慷慨,慷慨的行为 | |
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slaughtering
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v.屠杀,杀戮,屠宰( slaughter的现在分词 ) | |
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foes
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敌人,仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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compensate
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vt.补偿,赔偿;酬报 vi.弥补;补偿;抵消 | |
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gratitude
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adj.感激,感谢 | |
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slew
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v.(使)旋转;n.大量,许多 | |
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naval
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adj.海军的,军舰的,船的 | |
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CHAPTER VIII.
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CHAPTER X.
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