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CHAPTER XVII
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PROGRESS UNDER THE ANTONINES—FAUSTINA’S EFFORTS TO SAVE FEMALE CHILDREN—CHRISTIAN1 SENTIMENT GROWS—PLEA OF LACTANTIUS—ITS EFFECTS—CONSTANTINE.
FROM the strictly2 legal side the most interesting event of Hadrian’s reign3 is the fact that the opinions of the jurists, when they were unanimous, were now recognized as written law.354 The constitutions or proclamations of law of the emperors, although none were ascribed to an earlier date, had probably been issued for a century previously4, but now what is called the “Perpetual Edict” is finally arranged and authorized5, and law proceeds from an intellectual and philosophic6 source, instead of from an imperial head.
In empowering Salvius Julianus, one of the four greatest lawyers Rome ever produced, to frame an edict, and by a senatus consultum embody7 this edict in the statute8 law of Rome, the entire law of the Empire underwent a change in spirit. What had hitherto been done by Augustus, by Nerva, by Trajan, and by Hadrian himself,246 had furnished only the value of example or of an immediate9 law passed for the benefit of some particular condition. A succeeding emperor was at liberty to imitate or pass similar laws, or ignore the acts of his predecessors10 as he might choose. As we shall see, he usually ignored the noble examples of those who had gone before.
But by placing the making of the law in the hands of the jurists, men who were thinkers and scholars and under the influence of the spreading
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1
Christian
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adj.基督教徒的;n.基督教徒 | |
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strictly
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adv.严厉地,严格地;严密地 | |
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reign
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n.统治时期,统治,支配,盛行;v.占优势 | |
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previously
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adv.以前,先前(地) | |
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authorized
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a.委任的,许可的 | |
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philosophic
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adj.哲学的,贤明的 | |
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embody
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vt.具体表达,使具体化;包含,收录 | |
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statute
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n.成文法,法令,法规;章程,规则,条例 | |
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immediate
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adj.立即的;直接的,最接近的;紧靠的 | |
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predecessors
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n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 );前辈;(被取代的)原有事物;前身 | |
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stoic
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n.坚忍克己之人,禁欲主义者 | |
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disciples
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n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 );门徒;耶稣的信徒;(尤指)耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
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deformed
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adj.畸形的;变形的;丑的,破相了的 | |
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commentators
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n.评论员( commentator的名词复数 );时事评论员;注释者;实况广播员 | |
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controversy
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n.争论,辩论,争吵 | |
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undoubtedly
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adv.确实地,无疑地 | |
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nomadic
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adj.流浪的;游牧的 | |
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consecrated
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adj.神圣的,被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣,给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 );奉献 | |
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inscriptions
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(作者)题词( inscription的名词复数 ); 献词; 碑文; 证劵持有人的登记 | |
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defender
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n.保卫者,拥护者,辩护人 | |
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mar
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vt.破坏,毁坏,弄糟 | |
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martyr
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n.烈士,殉难者;vt.杀害,折磨,牺牲 | |
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seclusion
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n.隐遁,隔离 | |
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doctrine
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n.教义;主义;学说 | |
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affected
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adj.不自然的,假装的 | |
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robust
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adj.强壮的,强健的,粗野的,需要体力的,浓的 | |
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adoption
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n.采用,采纳,通过;收养 | |
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persecuted
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(尤指宗教或政治信仰的)迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 ); 烦扰,困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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discourse
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n.论文,演说;谈话;话语;vi.讲述,著述 | |
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alimentary
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adj.饮食的,营养的 | |
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supervision
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n.监督,管理 | |
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consular
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a.领事的 | |
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humane
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adj.人道的,富有同情心的 | |
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reigned
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vi.当政,统治(reign的过去式形式) | |
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stoics
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禁欲主义者,恬淡寡欲的人,不以苦乐为意的人( stoic的名词复数 ) | |
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mutual
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adj.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的 | |
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followers
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追随者( follower的名词复数 ); 用户; 契据的附面; 从动件 | |
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entirely
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ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地 | |
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patrician
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adj.贵族的,显贵的;n.贵族;有教养的人;罗马帝国的地方官 | |
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orators
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n.演说者,演讲家( orator的名词复数 ) | |
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distress
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n.苦恼,痛苦,不舒适;不幸;vt.使悲痛 | |
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distressed
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痛苦的 | |
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adviser
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n.劝告者,顾问 | |
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condemned
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adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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abortion
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n.流产,堕胎 | |
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bloody
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adj.非常的的;流血的;残忍的;adv.很;vt.血染 | |
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noted
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adj.著名的,知名的 | |
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treasury
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n.宝库;国库,金库;文库 | |
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sweeping
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adj.范围广大的,一扫无遗的 | |
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barbarians
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n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 );外国人;粗野的人;无教养的人 | |
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Christians
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n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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permeate
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v.弥漫,遍布,散布;渗入,渗透 | |
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domain
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n.(活动等)领域,范围;领地,势力范围 | |
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proscribed
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v.正式宣布(某事物)有危险或被禁止( proscribe的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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softening
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变软,软化 | |
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braced
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adj.拉牢的v.支住( brace的过去式和过去分词 );撑牢;使自己站稳;振作起来 | |
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thoroughly
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adv.完全地,彻底地,十足地 | |
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conversion
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n.转化,转换,转变 | |
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afterward
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adv.后来;以后 | |
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magistrates
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地方法官,治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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misery
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n.痛苦,苦恼,苦难;悲惨的境遇,贫苦 | |
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prophesied
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v.预告,预言( prophesy的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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victorious
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adj.胜利的,得胜的 | |
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entrusted
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v.委托,托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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supersede
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v.替代;充任 | |
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treatises
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n.专题著作,专题论文,专著( treatise的名词复数 ) | |
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dedicated
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adj.一心一意的;献身的;热诚的 | |
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conversed
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v.交谈,谈话( converse的过去式 ) | |
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inveighed
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v.猛烈抨击,痛骂,谩骂( inveigh的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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mighty
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adj.强有力的;巨大的 | |
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impiety
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n.不敬;不孝 | |
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piety
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n.虔诚,虔敬 | |
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abstain
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v.自制,戒绝,弃权,避免 | |
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prey
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n.被掠食者,牺牲者,掠食;v.捕食,掠夺,折磨 | |
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consigned
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v.把…置于(令人不快的境地)( consign的过去式和过去分词 );把…托付给;把…托人代售;丟弃 | |
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guilt
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n.犯罪;内疚;过失,罪责 | |
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scantiness
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n.缺乏 | |
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allege
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vt.宣称,申述,主张,断言 | |
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ferocious
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adj.凶猛的,残暴的,极度的,十分强烈的 | |
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condemning
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v.(通常因道义上的原因而)谴责( condemn的现在分词 );宣判;宣布…不能使用;迫使…陷于不幸的境地 | |
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CHAPTER XVI
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CHAPTER XVIII
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