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CHAPTER XX
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GROWTH OF THE HUMANITARIAN1 MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT EUROPE—IN THE DARK AGES—CHURCH TAKES UP THE HUMANITARIAN WORK IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY—SALE OF CHILDREN COMMON—STORY OF SAINT BATHILDE—CHILDREN SOLD FOR FATHER’S DEBTS—DATHEUS THE FIRST TO OFFER CHILDREN A HOME—APPEAL OF POPE INNOCENT III.
IN the Eastern Empire it was always a fight with the Church on the one hand and barbarian2 customs on the other for the humanization of the rapidly developing peoples. We may now look at the Dark Ages in a very different spirit from that which animated3 our fathers. We now know that whatever may have been the faults of the priests or the rulers, the world was making progress, and new and inherently strong peoples were developing as fast as they could assimilate a superior civilization.404
The Church, very early in the history of the Christian4 era, became the avowed5 protector of the parentless children and it soon became a custom to confide6 infants to the Church when mothers felt that they were unable to raise their offspring.288 The gain made by the Church by this step was immeasurable, for however much those opposed to Christianity might argue, the onward7 march was irresistible8 when religion rested itself on the mother instinct and, without accusation9 or attempted retribution, willingly assumed the ties that maternity10 was obliged to forego.
By the door of the churches it became the custom to have a marble receptacle in which mothers placed the children that they were forced to abandon. The newly born was received by the matricularii or by the priest, who, following the form prescribed, asked those who assisted at the
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1
humanitarian
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n.人道主义者,博爱者,基督凡人论者 | |
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2
barbarian
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n.野蛮人;adj.野蛮(人)的;未开化的 | |
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animated
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adj.生气勃勃的,活跃的,愉快的 | |
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Christian
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adj.基督教徒的;n.基督教徒 | |
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avowed
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adj.公开声明的,承认的v.公开声明,承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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6
confide
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v.向某人吐露秘密 | |
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onward
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adj.向前的,前进的;adv.向前,前进,在先 | |
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irresistible
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adj.非常诱人的,无法拒绝的,无法抗拒的 | |
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accusation
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n.控告,指责,谴责 | |
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maternity
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n.母性,母道,妇产科病房;adj.孕妇的,母性的 | |
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adoption
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n.采用,采纳,通过;收养 | |
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bishop
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n.主教,(国际象棋)象 | |
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orphan
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n.孤儿;adj.无父母的 | |
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forth
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adv.向前;向外,往外 | |
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enumerating
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v.列举,枚举,数( enumerate的现在分词 ) | |
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enjoined
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v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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thereby
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adv.因此,从而 | |
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immediate
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adj.立即的;直接的,最接近的;紧靠的 | |
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condemned
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adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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immorality
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n. 不道德, 无道义 | |
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miserable
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adj.悲惨的,痛苦的;可怜的,糟糕的 | |
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deserted
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adj.荒芜的,荒废的,无人的,被遗弃的 | |
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chattels
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n.动产,奴隶( chattel的名词复数 ) | |
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swampy
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adj.沼泽的,湿地的 | |
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desolate
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adj.荒凉的,荒芜的;孤独的,凄凉的;v.使荒芜,使孤寂 | |
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bleak
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adj.(天气)阴冷的;凄凉的;暗淡的 | |
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afterward
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adv.后来;以后 | |
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misery
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n.痛苦,苦恼,苦难;悲惨的境遇,贫苦 | |
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odious
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adj.可憎的,讨厌的 | |
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impoverished
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adj.穷困的,无力的,用尽了的v.使(某人)贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 );使(某物)贫瘠或恶化 | |
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distress
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n.苦恼,痛苦,不舒适;不幸;vt.使悲痛 | |
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famished
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adj.饥饿的 | |
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barbarians
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n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 );外国人;粗野的人;无教养的人 | |
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capability
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n.能力;才能;(pl)可发展的能力或特性等 | |
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consigned
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v.把…置于(令人不快的境地)( consign的过去式和过去分词 );把…托付给;把…托人代售;丟弃 | |
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strictly
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adv.严厉地,严格地;严密地 | |
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premature
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adj.比预期时间早的;不成熟的,仓促的 | |
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martyr
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n.烈士,殉难者;vt.杀害,折磨,牺牲 | |
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doctrines
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n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 );教义;学说;(政府政策的)正式声明 | |
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ardent
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adj.热情的,热烈的,强烈的,烈性的 | |
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asylum
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n.避难所,庇护所,避难 | |
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asylums
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n.避难所( asylum的名词复数 );庇护;政治避难;精神病院 | |
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systematic
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adj.有系统的,有计划的,有方法的 | |
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positively
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adv.明确地,断然,坚决地;实在,确实 | |
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enervating
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v.使衰弱,使失去活力( enervate的现在分词 ) | |
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sewers
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n.阴沟,污水管,下水道( sewer的名词复数 ) | |
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illicit
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adj.非法的,禁止的,不正当的 | |
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intercourse
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n.性交;交流,交往,交际 | |
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confided
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v.吐露(秘密,心事等)( confide的过去式和过去分词 );(向某人)吐露(隐私、秘密等) | |
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shackles
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手铐( shackle的名词复数 ); 脚镣; 束缚; 羁绊 | |
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admiration
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n.钦佩,赞美,羡慕 | |
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bestowed
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赠给,授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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purely
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adv.纯粹地,完全地 | |
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Founder
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n.创始者,缔造者 | |
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justify
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vt.证明…正当(或有理),为…辩护 | |
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apparently
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adv.显然地;表面上,似乎 | |
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honourable
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adj.可敬的;荣誉的,光荣的 | |
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auspices
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n.资助,赞助 | |
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helping
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n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的,辅助的 | |
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disastrous
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adj.灾难性的,造成灾害的;极坏的,很糟的 | |
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renovated
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翻新,修复,整修( renovate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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dedicated
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adj.一心一意的;献身的;热诚的 | |
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humane
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adj.人道的,富有同情心的 | |
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nominal
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adj.名义上的;(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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bourgeois
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adj./n.追求物质享受的(人);中产阶级分子 | |
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natal
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adj.出生的,先天的 | |
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legitimate
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adj.合法的,合理的,合乎逻辑的;v.使合法 | |
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orphans
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孤儿( orphan的名词复数 ) | |
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outright
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adv.坦率地;彻底地;立即;adj.无疑的;彻底的 | |
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materialism
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n.[哲]唯物主义,唯物论;物质至上 | |
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supplanted
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把…排挤掉,取代( supplant的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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asceticism
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n.禁欲主义 | |
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enumeration
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n.计数,列举;细目;详表;点查 | |
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enumerated
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v.列举,枚举,数( enumerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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pointed
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adj.尖的,直截了当的 | |
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antedated
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v.(在历史上)比…为早( antedate的过去式和过去分词 );先于;早于;(在信、支票等上)填写比实际日期早的日期 | |
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cardinal
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n.(天主教的)红衣主教;adj.首要的,基本的 | |
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dame
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n.女士 | |
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frightful
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adj.可怕的;讨厌的 | |
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erect
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n./v.树立,建立,使竖立;adj.直立的,垂直的 | |
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restriction
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n.限制,约束 | |
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lustful
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a.贪婪的;渴望的 | |
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spoke
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n.(车轮的)辐条;轮辐;破坏某人的计划;阻挠某人的行动 v.讲,谈(speak的过去式);说;演说;从某种观点来说 | |
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acquiescence
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n.默许;顺从 | |
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CHAPTER XIX
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CHAPTER XXI
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