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CHAPTER XLII
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Switzerland is simply a large, humpy, solid rock, with a thin skin of grass stretched over it. Consequently, they do not dig graves, they blast them out with powder and fuse. They cannot afford to have large graveyards1, the grass skin is too circumscribed3 and too valuable. It is all required for the support of the living.
The graveyard2 in Zermatt occupies only about one-eighth of an acre. The graves are sunk in the living rock, and are very permanent; but occupation of them is only temporary; the occupant can only stay till his grave is needed by a later subject, he is removed, then, for they do not bury one body on top of another. As I understand it, a family owns a grave, just as it owns a house. A man dies and leaves his house to his son—and at the same time, this dead father succeeds to his own father’s grave. He moves out of the house and into the grave, and his predecessor4 moves out of the grave and into the cellar of the chapel5. I saw a black box lying in the churchyard, with skull6 and cross-bones painted on it, and was told that this was used in transferring remains7 to the cellar.
In that cellar the bones and skulls8 of several hundred of former citizens were compactly corded up. They made a pile eighteen feet long, seven feet high, and eight feet wide. I was told that in some of the receptacles of this kind in the Swiss villages, the skulls were all marked, and if a man wished to find the skulls of his ancestors for several generations back, he could do it by these marks, preserved in the family records.
An English gentleman who had lived some years in this region, said it was the cradle of compulsory9 education. But he said that the English idea that compulsory education would reduce
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graveyards
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| 墓地( graveyard的名词复数 ); 垃圾场; 废物堆积处; 收容所 | |
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graveyard
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| n.坟场 | |
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circumscribed
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| adj.[医]局限的:受限制或限于有限空间的v.在…周围划线( circumscribe的过去式和过去分词 );划定…范围;限制;限定 | |
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predecessor
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| n.前辈,前任 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂,殡仪馆 | |
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skull
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| n.头骨;颅骨 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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skulls
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| 颅骨( skull的名词复数 ); 脑袋; 脑子; 脑瓜 | |
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compulsory
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| n.强制的,必修的;规定的,义务的 | |
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bastardy
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| 私生子,庶出; 非婚生 | |
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intemperance
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| n.放纵 | |
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coveted
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| adj.令人垂涎的;垂涎的,梦寐以求的v.贪求,觊觎(covet的过去分词);垂涎;贪图 | |
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wagon
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| n.四轮马车,手推车,面包车;无盖运货列车 | |
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prodigious
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| adj.惊人的,奇妙的;异常的;巨大的;庞大的 | |
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dwelling
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| n.住宅,住所,寓所 | |
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dwellings
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| n.住处,处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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velvety
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| adj. 像天鹅绒的, 轻软光滑的, 柔软的 | |
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precipices
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| n.悬崖,峭壁( precipice的名词复数 ) | |
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precipice
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| n.悬崖,危急的处境 | |
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plow
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| n.犁,耕地,犁过的地;v.犁,费力地前进[英]plough | |
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shovel
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| n.铁锨,铲子,一铲之量;v.铲,铲出 | |
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tragic
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| adj.悲剧的,悲剧性的,悲惨的 | |
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heroism
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| n.大无畏精神,英勇 | |
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plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 );暴跌;骤降;突降 | |
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sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的,一扫无遗的 | |
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chaos
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| n.混乱,无秩序 | |
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gravel
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| n.砂跞;砂砾层;结石 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好,癖好;adj.弯的;决心的,一心的 | |
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debris
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| n.瓦砾堆,废墟,碎片 | |
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masonry
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| n.砖土建筑;砖石 | |
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mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 ); 拖鞋; 顽固的人; 越境运毒者 | |
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mule
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| n.骡子,杂种,执拗的人 | |
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crumb
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| n.饼屑,面包屑,小量 | |
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crumbled
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| (把…)弄碎, (使)碎成细屑( crumble的过去式和过去分词 ); 衰落; 坍塌; 损坏 | |
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ruptured
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| v.(使)破裂( rupture的过去式和过去分词 );(使体内组织等)断裂;使(友好关系)破裂;使绝交 | |
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regain
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| vt.重新获得,收复,恢复 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地 | |
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slanting
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| 倾斜的,歪斜的 | |
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wharves
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| n.码头,停泊处( wharf的名词复数 ) | |
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majestic
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| adj.雄伟的,壮丽的,庄严的,威严的,崇高的 | |
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mimic
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| v.模仿,戏弄;n.模仿他人言行的人 | |
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meek
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| adj.温顺的,逆来顺受的 | |
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laborious
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| adj.吃力的,努力的,不流畅 | |
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painstaking
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| adj.苦干的;艰苦的,费力的,刻苦的 | |
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budged
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| v.(使)稍微移动( budge的过去式和过去分词 );(使)改变主意,(使)让步 | |
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intrepid
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| adj.无畏的,刚毅的 | |
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hurrah
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| int.好哇,万岁,乌拉 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的,精疲力尽的 | |
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shaft
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| n.(工具的)柄,杆状物 | |
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nibbled
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| v.啃,一点一点地咬(吃)( nibble的过去式和过去分词 );啃出(洞),一点一点咬出(洞);慢慢减少;小口咬 | |
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modesty
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| n.谦逊,虚心,端庄,稳重,羞怯,朴素 | |
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standing
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| n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的,壮丽的,堂皇的,雄伟的 | |
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deity
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| n.神,神性;被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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sublimity
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| 崇高,庄严,气质高尚 | |
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landlady
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| n.女房东,女地主 | |
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memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的,难忘的,特别的,显著的 | |
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lapse
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| n.过失,流逝,失效,抛弃信仰,间隔;vi.堕落,停止,失效,流逝;vt.使失效 | |
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reprehensible
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| adj.该受责备的 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的,最年老的 | |
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alluding
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| 提及,暗指( allude的现在分词 ) | |
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reverent
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| adj.恭敬的,虔诚的 | |
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compassion
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| n.同情,怜悯 | |
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dungeon
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| n.地牢,土牢 | |
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dungeons
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| n.地牢( dungeon的名词复数 ) | |
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dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的,沉闷的,单调乏味的 | |
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captivity
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| n.囚禁;被俘;束缚 | |
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imprisoned
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| 下狱,监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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muse
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| n.缪斯(希腊神话中的女神),创作灵感 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地;表面上,似乎 | |
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celebrity
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| n.名人,名流;著名,名声,名望 | |
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scattering
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| n.[物]散射;散乱,分散;在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的;分散在不同范围的;广泛扩散的;(选票)数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式);散布;驱散 | |
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broil
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| v.烤,烧,争吵,怒骂;n.烤,烧,争吵,怒骂 | |
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dodge
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| v.闪开,躲开,避开;n.妙计,诡计 | |
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conveyance
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| n.(不动产等的)转让,让与;转让证书;传送;运送;表达;(正)运输工具 | |
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gorge
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| n.咽喉,胃,暴食,山峡;v.塞饱,狼吞虎咽地吃 | |
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torrent
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| n.激流,洪流;爆发,(话语等的)连发 | |
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buttresses
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| n.扶壁,扶垛( buttress的名词复数 )v.用扶壁支撑,加固( buttress的第三人称单数 ) | |
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dome
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| n.圆屋顶,拱顶 | |
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gateway
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| n.大门口,出入口,途径,方法 | |
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whittled
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| v.切,削(木头),使逐渐变小( whittle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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exquisite
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| adj.精美的;敏锐的;剧烈的,感觉强烈的 | |
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gossamer
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| n.薄纱,游丝 | |
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commingled
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| v.混合,掺和,合并( commingle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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tints
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| 色彩( tint的名词复数 ); 带白的颜色; (淡色)染发剂; 痕迹 | |
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tint
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| n.淡色,浅色;染发剂;vt.着以淡淡的颜色 | |
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unstable
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| adj.不稳定的,易变的 | |
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shimmering
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| v.闪闪发光,发微光( shimmer的现在分词 ) | |
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fabric
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| n.织物,织品,布;构造,结构,组织 | |
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catching
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| adj.易传染的,有魅力的,迷人的,接住 | |
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phantom
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| n.幻影,虚位,幽灵;adj.错觉的,幻影的,幽灵的 | |
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wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 );铁路货车;小手推车 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的,忠实的,热心的,献身于...的 | |
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tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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behold
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| v.看,注视,看到 | |
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clattered
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| 发出咔哒声(clatter的过去式与过去分词形式) | |
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spoke
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| n.(车轮的)辐条;轮辐;破坏某人的计划;阻挠某人的行动 v.讲,谈(speak的过去式);说;演说;从某种观点来说 | |
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punctuated
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| v.(在文字中)加标点符号,加标点( punctuate的过去式和过去分词 );不时打断某事物 | |
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punctuation
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| n.标点符号,标点法 | |
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ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高;上升,升高;登高 | |
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ascents
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| n.上升( ascent的名词复数 );(身份、地位等的)提高;上坡路;攀登 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟,壮丽,庄严,威严;最高权威,王权 | |
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CHAPTER XLI
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CHAPTER XLIII
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