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LECTURE IX. — CONTRACT.—III. VOID AND VOIDABLE.
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THE elements of fact necessary to call a contract into existence, and the legal consequences of a contract when formed, have been discussed. It remains1 to consider successively the cases in which a contract is said to be void, and those in which it is said to be voidable,—in which, that is, a contract fails to be made when it seems to have been, or, having been made, can be rescinded2 by one side or the other, and treated as if it had never been. I take up the former class of cases first.
When a contract fails to be made, although the usual forms have been gone through with, the ground of failure is commonly said to be mistake, misrepresentation, or fraud. But I shall try to show that these are merely dramatic circumstances, and that the true ground is the absence of one or more of the primary elements, which have been shown, or are seen at once, to be necessary to the existence of a contract.
If a man goes through the form of making a contract with A through B as A's agent, and B is not in fact the agent of A, there is no contract, because there is only one party. The promise offered to A has not been accepted by him, and no consideration has moved from him. In such a case, although there is generally mistake on one side and fraud on the other, it is very clear that no special [309] doctrine6 need be resorted to, because the primary elements of a contract explained in the last Lecture are not yet present.
Take next a different case. The defendant7 agreed to buy, and the plaintiff agreed to sell, a cargo8 of cotton, "to arrive ex Peerless from Bombay." There were two such vessels9 sailing from Bombay, one in October, the other in December. The plaintiff meant the latter, the defendant the former. It was held that the defendant was not bound to accept the cotton. /1/ It is commonly said that such a contract is void, because of mutual11 mistake as to the subject-matter, and because therefore the parties did not consent to the same thing. But this way of putting it seems to me misleading. The law has nothing to do with the actual state of the parties' minds. In contract, as elsewhere, it must go by externals, and judge parties by their conduct. If there had been but one "Peerless," and the defendant had said "Peerless" by mistake, meaning "Peri," he would have been bound. The true ground of the decision was not that each party meant a different thing from the other, as is implied by the explanation which has been mentioned, but that each said a different thing. The plaintiff offered one thing, the defendant expressed his
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remains
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| n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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rescinded
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| v.废除,取消( rescind的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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rescind
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| v.废除,取消 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过 | |
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pro
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| n.赞成,赞成的意见,赞成者 | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义;主义;学说 | |
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defendant
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| n.被告;adj.处于被告地位的 | |
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cargo
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| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 );船;容器;(具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的)人 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶;容器,器皿;管,导管,血管 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的 | |
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assent
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| v.批准,认可;n.批准,认可 | |
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peril
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| n.(严重的)危险;危险的事物 | |
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deceptive
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| adj.骗人的,造成假象的,靠不住的 | |
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bind
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| vt.捆,包扎;装订;约束;使凝固;vi.变硬 | |
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binding
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| 有约束力的,有效的,应遵守的 | |
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contradictory
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| adj.反驳的,反对的,抗辩的;n.正反对,矛盾对立 | |
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valid
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| adj.有确实根据的;有效的;正当的,合法的 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的;v.应用,适用 | |
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authorize
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| v.授权,委任;批准,认可 | |
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consistency
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| n.一贯性,前后一致,稳定性;(液体的)浓度 | |
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logic
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| n.逻辑(学);逻辑性 | |
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dealing
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| n.经商方法,待人态度 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的,可忽略的,无意义的 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的,使人感伤的 | |
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preponderates
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| v.超过,胜过( preponderate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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conditional
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| adj.条件的,带有条件的 | |
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stipulated
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| vt.& vi.规定;约定adj.[法]合同规定的 | |
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construed
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| v.解释(陈述、行为等)( construe的过去式和过去分词 );翻译,作句法分析 | |
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vendor
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| n.卖主;小贩 | |
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applicant
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| n.申请人,求职者,请求者 | |
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embody
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| vt.具体表达,使具体化;包含,收录 | |
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purport
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| n.意义,要旨,大要;v.意味著,做为...要旨,要领是... | |
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perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 ); 危险的事(或环境) | |
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specified
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| adj.特定的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地,无可非议地,彻底地 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的 | |
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motives
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| n.动机,目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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rescinding
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| v.废除,取消( rescind的现在分词 ) | |
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breach
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| n.违反,不履行;破裂;vt.冲破,攻破 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的;有决心的 | |
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arbiter
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| n.仲裁人,公断人 | |
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precedent
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| n.先例,前例;惯例;adj.在前的,在先的 | |
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scruples
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| n.良心上的不安( scruple的名词复数 );顾虑,顾忌v.感到于心不安,有顾忌( scruple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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incurring
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| 遭受,招致,引起( incur的现在分词 ) | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地,完全地 | |
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lapse
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| n.过失,流逝,失效,抛弃信仰,间隔;vi.堕落,停止,失效,流逝;vt.使失效 | |
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stipulation
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| n.契约,规定,条文;条款说明 | |
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authorizes
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| 授权,批准,委托( authorize的名词复数 ) | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的,异常的;特殊的,特有的 | |
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interpretation
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| n.解释,说明,描述;艺术处理 | |
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illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的,列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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illustrate
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| v.举例说明,阐明;图解,加插图 | |
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bilateral
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| adj.双方的,两边的,两侧的 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证,许诺,事业 | |
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gratuitous
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| adj.无偿的,免费的;无缘无故的,不必要的 | |
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accomplishment
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| n.完成,成就,(pl.)造诣,技能 | |
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latitude
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| n.纬度,行动或言论的自由(范围),(pl.)地区 | |
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dealer
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| n.商人,贩子 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的,假装的 | |
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extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的;过分的;(言行等)放肆的 | |
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equity
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| n.公正,公平,(无固定利息的)股票 | |
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undertakings
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| 企业( undertaking的名词复数 ); 保证; 殡仪业; 任务 | |
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embodied
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| v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 );象征;包括;包含 | |
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warranty
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| n.担保书,证书,保单 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前;向外,往外 | |
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binds
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| v.约束( bind的第三人称单数 );装订;捆绑;(用长布条)缠绕 | |
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despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣;发送;n.急件;新闻报道 | |
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purporting
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| v.声称是…,(装得)像是…的样子( purport的现在分词 ) | |
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lessee
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| n.(房地产的)租户 | |
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trifling
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| adj.微不足道的;没什么价值的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的 | |
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loath
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| adj.不愿意的;勉强的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的 | |
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jurisdictions
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| 司法权( jurisdiction的名词复数 ); 裁判权; 管辖区域; 管辖范围 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动,努力,工作,劳工;分娩;vi.劳动,努力,苦干;vt.详细分析;麻烦 | |
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laborer
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| n.劳动者,劳工 | |
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err
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| vi.犯错误,出差错 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单,简易;朴素;直率,单纯 | |
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presumptions
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| n.假定( presumption的名词复数 );认定;推定;放肆 | |
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tenant
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| n.承租人;房客;佃户;v.租借,租用 | |
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elicited
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| 引出,探出( elicit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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salable
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| adj.有销路的,适销的 | |
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baron
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| n.男爵;(商业界等)巨头,大王 | |
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