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INTRODUCTION.
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This Dialogue begins abruptly1 with a question of Meno, who asks, 'whether virtue2 can be taught.' Socrates replies that he does not as yet know what virtue is, and has never known anyone who did. 'Then he cannot have met Gorgias when he was at Athens.' Yes, Socrates had met him, but he has a bad memory, and has forgotten what Gorgias said. Will Meno tell him his own notion, which is probably not very different from that of Gorgias? 'O yes—nothing easier: there is the virtue of a man, of a woman, of an old man, and of a child; there is a virtue of every age and state of life, all of which may be easily described.'
Socrates reminds Meno that this is only an enumeration3 of the virtues4 and not a definition of the notion which is common to them all. In a second attempt Meno defines virtue to be 'the power of command.' But to this, again, exceptions are taken. For there must be a virtue of those who obey, as well as of those who command; and the power of command must be justly or not unjustly exercised. Meno is very ready to admit that justice is virtue: 'Would you say virtue or a virtue, for there are other virtues, such as courage, temperance, and the like; just as round is a figure, and black and white are colours, and yet there are other figures and other colours. Let Meno take the examples of figure and colour, and try to define them.' Meno confesses his inability, and after a process of interrogation, in which Socrates explains to him the nature of a 'simile5 in multis,' Socrates himself defines figure as 'the accompaniment of colour.' But some one may object that he does not know the meaning of the word 'colour;' and if he is a candid6 friend, and not a mere7 disputant, Socrates is willing to furnish him with a simpler and more philosophical8 definition, into which no disputed word is allowed to
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abruptly
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adv.突然地,出其不意地 | |
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2
virtue
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n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力 | |
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3
enumeration
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n.计数,列举;细目;详表;点查 | |
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4
virtues
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美德( virtue的名词复数 ); 德行; 优点; 长处 | |
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5
simile
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n.直喻,明喻 | |
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candid
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adj.公正的,正直的;坦率的 | |
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7
mere
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adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过 | |
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8
philosophical
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adj.哲学家的,哲学上的,达观的 | |
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9
intrude
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vi.闯入;侵入;打扰,侵扰 | |
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honourable
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adj.可敬的;荣誉的,光荣的 | |
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perplexed
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adj.不知所措的 | |
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enquire
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v.打听,询问;调查,查问 | |
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immortal
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adj.不朽的;永生的,不死的;神的 | |
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skilful
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(=skillful)adj.灵巧的,熟练的 | |
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primitive
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adj.原始的;简单的;n.原(始)人,原始事物 | |
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legendary
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adj.传奇(中)的,闻名遐迩的;n.传奇(文学) | |
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elicited
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引出,探出( elicit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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specimen
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n.样本,标本 | |
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professes
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声称( profess的第三人称单数 ); 宣称; 公开表明; 信奉 | |
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profess
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v.声称,冒称,以...为业,正式接受入教,表明信仰 | |
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mathematicians
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数学家( mathematician的名词复数 ) | |
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dilemma
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n.困境,进退两难的局面 | |
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remarkable
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adj.显著的,异常的,非凡的,值得注意的 | |
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accomplishments
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n.造诣;完成( accomplishment的名词复数 );技能;成绩;成就 | |
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imputation
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n.归罪,责难 | |
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unity
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n.团结,联合,统一;和睦,协调 | |
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pacifying
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使(某人)安静( pacify的现在分词 ); 息怒; 抚慰; 在(有战争的地区、国家等)实现和平 | |
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allusion
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n.暗示,间接提示 | |
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allusions
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暗指,间接提到( allusion的名词复数 ) | |
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incapable
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adj.无能力的,不能做某事的 | |
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possessed
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adj.疯狂的;拥有的,占有的 | |
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hazy
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adj.有薄雾的,朦胧的;不肯定的,模糊的 | |
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attained
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(通常经过努力)实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 ); 达到; 获得; 达到(某年龄、水平、状况) | |
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paradox
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n.似乎矛盾却正确的说法;自相矛盾的人(物) | |
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stimulate
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vt.刺激,使兴奋;激励,使…振奋 | |
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inadequate
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adj.(for,to)不充足的,不适当的 | |
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sophism
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n.诡辩 | |
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doctrine
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n.教义;主义;学说 | |
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systematic
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adj.有系统的,有计划的,有方法的 | |
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rhetoric
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n.修辞学,浮夸之言语 | |
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depreciate
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v.降价,贬值,折旧 | |
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remains
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n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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divination
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n.占卜,预测 | |
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irony
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n.反语,冷嘲;具有讽刺意味的事,嘲弄 | |
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attainable
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a.可达到的,可获得的 | |
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judgments
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判断( judgment的名词复数 ); 鉴定; 评价; 审判 | |
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anticipations
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预期( anticipation的名词复数 ); 预测; (信托财产收益的)预支; 预期的事物 | |
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psychology
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n.心理,心理学,心理状态 | |
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deriding
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v.取笑,嘲笑( deride的现在分词 ) | |
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phenomena
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n.现象 | |
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symposium
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n.讨论会,专题报告会;专题论文集 | |
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oracles
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神示所( oracle的名词复数 ); 神谕; 圣贤; 哲人 | |
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immortality
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n.不死,不朽 | |
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transparent
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adj.明显的,无疑的;透明的 | |
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strenuous
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adj.奋发的,使劲的;紧张的;热烈的,狂热的 | |
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exertion
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n.尽力,努力 | |
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affinities
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n.密切关系( affinity的名词复数 );亲近;(生性)喜爱;类同 | |
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subjective
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a.主观(上)的,个人的 | |
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drawn
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v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的 | |
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lesser
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adj.次要的,较小的;adv.较小地,较少地 | |
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noted
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adj.著名的,知名的 | |
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embellished
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v.美化( embellish的过去式和过去分词 );装饰;修饰;润色 | |
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poetical
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adj.似诗人的;诗一般的;韵文的;富有诗意的 | |
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eliciting
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n. 诱发, 引出 动词elicit的现在分词形式 | |
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hereditary
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adj.遗传的,遗传性的,可继承的,世袭的 | |
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ardent
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adj.热情的,热烈的,强烈的,烈性的 | |
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standing
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n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的 | |
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ingenuous
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adj.纯朴的,单纯的;天真的;坦率的 | |
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disciple
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n.信徒,门徒,追随者 | |
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attaining
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(通常经过努力)实现( attain的现在分词 ); 达到; 获得; 达到(某年龄、水平、状况) | |
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detests
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v.憎恶,嫌恶,痛恨( detest的第三人称单数 ) | |
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immoral
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adj.不道德的,淫荡的,荒淫的,有伤风化的 | |
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doctrines
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n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 );教义;学说;(政府政策的)正式声明 | |
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apparently
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adv.显然地;表面上,似乎 | |
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accusation
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n.控告,指责,谴责 | |
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malevolence
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n.恶意,狠毒 | |
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democrat
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n.民主主义者,民主人士;民主党党员 | |
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follies
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罪恶,时事讽刺剧; 愚蠢,蠢笨,愚蠢的行为、思想或做法( folly的名词复数 ) | |
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antagonism
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n.对抗,敌对,对立 | |
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irreconcilable
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adj.(指人)难和解的,势不两立的 | |
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recurs
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再发生,复发( recur的第三人称单数 ) | |
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opposition
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n.反对,敌对 | |
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irrational
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adj.无理性的,失去理性的 | |
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justified
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a.正当的,有理的 | |
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criteria
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n.标准 | |
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miserable
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adj.悲惨的,痛苦的;可怜的,糟糕的 | |
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repulsive
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adj.排斥的,使人反感的 | |
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likeness
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n.相像,相似(之处) | |
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fully
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adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地 | |
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platonic
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adj.精神的;柏拉图(哲学)的 | |
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facetiously
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adv.爱开玩笑地;滑稽地,爱开玩笑地 | |
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