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ON THE IDEAS OF PLATO.
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Plato's doctrine1 of ideas has attained2 an imaginary clearness and definiteness which is not to be found in his own writings. The popular account of them is partly derived4 from one or two passages in his Dialogues interpreted without regard to their poetical6 environment. It is due also to the misunderstanding of him by the Aristotelian school; and the erroneous notion has been further narrowed and has become fixed7 by the realism of the schoolmen. This popular view of the Platonic8 ideas may be summed up in some such formula as the following: 'Truth consists not in particulars, but in universals, which have a place in the mind of God, or in some far-off heaven. These were revealed to men in a former state of existence, and are recovered by reminiscence (anamnesis) or association from sensible things. The sensible things are not realities, but shadows only, in relation to the truth.' These unmeaning propositions are hardly suspected to be a caricature of a great theory of knowledge, which Plato in various ways and under many figures of speech is seeking to unfold. Poetry has been converted into dogma; and it is not remarked that the Platonic ideas are to be found only in about a third of Plato's writings and are not confined to him. The forms which they assume are numerous, and if taken literally9, inconsistent with one another. At one time we are in the clouds of mythology10, at another among the abstractions of mathematics or metaphysics; we pass imperceptibly from one to the other. Reason and fancy are mingled11 in the same passage. The ideas are sometimes described as many, coextensive with the universals of sense and also with the first principles of
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1
doctrine
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n.教义;主义;学说 | |
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2
attained
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(通常经过努力)实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 ); 达到; 获得; 达到(某年龄、水平、状况) | |
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3
attain
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vt.达到,获得,完成 | |
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derived
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vi.起源;由来;衍生;导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 );(从…中)得到获得;源于;(从…中)提取 | |
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derive
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v.取得;导出;引申;来自;源自;出自 | |
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6
poetical
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adj.似诗人的;诗一般的;韵文的;富有诗意的 | |
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fixed
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adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的 | |
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platonic
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adj.精神的;柏拉图(哲学)的 | |
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literally
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adv.照字面意义,逐字地;确实 | |
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mythology
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n.神话,神话学,神话集 | |
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mingled
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混合,混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 ); 混进,与…交往[联系] | |
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ethics
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n.伦理学;伦理观,道德标准 | |
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impersonal
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adj.无个人感情的,与个人无关的,非人称的 | |
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demons
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n.恶人( demon的名词复数 );恶魔;精力过人的人;邪念 | |
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supreme
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adj.极度的,最重要的;至高的,最高的 | |
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parables
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n.(圣经中的)寓言故事( parable的名词复数 ) | |
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aspirations
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强烈的愿望( aspiration的名词复数 ); 志向; 发送气音; 发 h 音 | |
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phenomena
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n.现象 | |
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peculiar
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adj.古怪的,异常的;特殊的,特有的 | |
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akin
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adj.同族的,类似的 | |
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logic
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n.逻辑(学);逻辑性 | |
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incongruities
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n.不协调( incongruity的名词复数 );不一致;不适合;不协调的东西 | |
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pervades
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v.遍及,弥漫( pervade的第三人称单数 ) | |
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averse
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adj.厌恶的;反对的,不乐意的 | |
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banished
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v.放逐,驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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degenerated
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衰退,堕落,退化( degenerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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stimulus
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n.刺激,刺激物,促进因素,引起兴奋的事物 | |
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illustrate
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v.举例说明,阐明;图解,加插图 | |
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allusion
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n.暗示,间接提示 | |
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purged
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清除(政敌等)( purge的过去式和过去分词 ); 涤除(罪恶等); 净化(心灵、风气等); 消除(错事等)的不良影响 | |
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awakened
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v.(使)醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 );(使)觉醒;弄醒;(使)意识到 | |
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innate
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adj.天生的,固有的,天赋的 | |
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elicits
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引出,探出( elicit的第三人称单数 ) | |
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rites
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仪式,典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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forth
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adv.向前;向外,往外 | |
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contemplate
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vt.盘算,计议;周密考虑;注视,凝视 | |
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immortal
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adj.不朽的;永生的,不死的;神的 | |
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passionate
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adj.热情的,热烈的,激昂的,易动情的,易怒的,性情暴躁的 | |
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philosophical
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adj.哲学家的,哲学上的,达观的 | |
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immortality
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n.不死,不朽 | |
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mansions
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n.宅第,公馆,大厦( mansion的名词复数 ) | |
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dwelling
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n.住宅,住所,寓所 | |
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uncertainties
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无把握( uncertainty的名词复数 ); 不确定; 变化不定; 无把握、不确定的事物 | |
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exempts
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使免除[豁免]( exempt的第三人称单数 ) | |
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contradictory
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adj.反驳的,反对的,抗辩的;n.正反对,矛盾对立 | |
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drawn
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v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的 | |
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unity
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n.团结,联合,统一;和睦,协调 | |
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superseded
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[医]被代替的,废弃的 | |
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investigation
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n.调查,调查研究 | |
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investigations
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(正式的)调查( investigation的名词复数 ); 侦查; 科学研究; 学术研究 | |
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physiology
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n.生理学,生理机能 | |
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disciples
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n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 );门徒;耶稣的信徒;(尤指)耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
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assailed
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v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 );困扰;质问;毅然应对 | |
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incapable
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adj.无能力的,不能做某事的 | |
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sect
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n.派别,宗教,学派,派系 | |
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deity
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n.神,神性;被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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correlation
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n.相互关系,相关,关连 | |
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harps
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abbr.harpsichord 拨弦古钢琴n.竖琴( harp的名词复数 ) | |
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guardian
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n.监护人;守卫者,保护者 | |
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virtues
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美德( virtue的名词复数 ); 德行; 优点; 长处 | |
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virtue
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n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力 | |
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gulf
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n.海湾;深渊,鸿沟;分歧,隔阂 | |
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speculation
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n.思索,沉思;猜测;投机 | |
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culminates
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v.达到极点( culminate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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followers
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追随者( follower的名词复数 ); 用户; 契据的附面; 从动件 | |
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elevation
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n.高度;海拔;高地;上升;提高 | |
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backwards
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adv.往回地,向原处,倒,相反,前后倒置地 | |
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psychology
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n.心理,心理学,心理状态 | |
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potent
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adj.强有力的,有权势的;有效力的 | |
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presentiment
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n.预感,预觉 | |
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previously
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adv.以前,先前(地) | |
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ego
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n.自我,自己,自尊 | |
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deception
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n.欺骗,欺诈;骗局,诡计 | |
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opposition
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n.反对,敌对 | |
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gland
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n.腺体,(机)密封压盖,填料盖 | |
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applied
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adj.应用的;v.应用,适用 | |
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intoxicated
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喝醉的,极其兴奋的 | |
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negation
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n.否定;否认 | |
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repose
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v.(使)休息;n.安息 | |
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well-being
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n.安康,安乐,幸福 | |
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intensifying
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v.(使)增强, (使)加剧( intensify的现在分词 );增辉 | |
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vouchsafed
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v.给予,赐予( vouchsafe的过去式和过去分词 );允诺 | |
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idols
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偶像( idol的名词复数 ); 受崇拜的人或物; 受到热爱和崇拜的人或物; 神像 | |
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annihilated
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v.(彻底)消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 );使无效;废止;彻底击溃 | |
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alteration
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n.变更,改变;蚀变 | |
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relegates
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v.使降级( relegate的第三人称单数 );使降职;转移;把…归类 | |
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predecessors
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n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 );前辈;(被取代的)原有事物;前身 | |
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paradox
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n.似乎矛盾却正确的说法;自相矛盾的人(物) | |
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paradoxes
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n.似非而是的隽语,看似矛盾而实际却可能正确的说法( paradox的名词复数 );用于语言文学中的上述隽语;有矛盾特点的人[事物,情况] | |
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strictly
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adv.严厉地,严格地;严密地 | |
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infancy
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n.婴儿期;幼年期;初期 | |
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determined
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adj.坚定的;有决心的 | |
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renounce
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v.放弃;拒绝承认,宣布与…断绝关系 | |
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vehemently
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adv. 热烈地 | |
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sufficiently
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adv.足够地,充分地 | |
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judgment
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n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见 | |
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founders
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n.创始人( founder的名词复数 ) | |
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