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LECTURE III. DESIRE AND FEELING
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Desire is a subject upon which, if I am not mistaken, true views can only be arrived at by an almost complete reversal of the ordinary unreflecting opinion. It is natural to regard desire as in its essence an attitude towards something which is imagined, not actual; this something is called the END or OBJECT of the desire, and is said to be the PURPOSE of any action resulting from the desire. We think of the content of the desire as being just like the content of a belief, while the attitude taken up towards the content is different. According to this theory, when we say: "I hope it will rain," or "I expect it will rain," we express, in the first case, a desire, and in the second, a belief, with an identical content, namely, the image of rain. It would be easy to say that, just as belief is one kind of feeling in relation to this content, so desire is another kind. According to this view, what comes first in desire is something imagined, with a specific feeling related to it, namely, that specific feeling which we call "desiring" it. The discomfort1 associated with unsatisfied desire, and the actions which aim at satisfying desire, are, in this view, both of them effects of the desire. I think it is fair to say that this is a view against which common sense would not rebel; nevertheless, I believe it to be radically2 mistaken. It cannot be refuted logically, but various facts can be adduced which make it gradually less simple and plausible3, until at last it turns out to be easier to abandon it wholly and look at the matter in a totally different way.
The first set of facts to be adduced against the common sense view of desire are those studied by psycho-analysis. In all human beings, but most markedly in those suffering from hysteria and certain forms of insanity4, we find what are called "unconscious" desires, which are commonly regarded as showing self-deception. Most psycho-analysts pay little attention to the analysis of desire, being interested in discovering by observation what it is that people desire, rather than in discovering what actually constitutes desire. I think the strangeness of what they report would be greatly diminished if it were expressed in the language of a behaviourist theory of desire, rather than in the language of every-day beliefs. The general description of the sort of
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收听单词发音

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discomfort
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n.不舒服,不安,难过,困难,不方便 | |
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2
radically
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ad.根本地,本质地 | |
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plausible
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adj.似真实的,似乎有理的,似乎可信的 | |
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insanity
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n.疯狂,精神错乱;极端的愚蠢,荒唐 | |
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phenomena
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n.现象 | |
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avows
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v.公开声明,承认( avow的第三人称单数 ) | |
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virtuous
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adj.有品德的,善良的,贞洁的,有效力的 | |
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profess
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v.声称,冒称,以...为业,正式接受入教,表明信仰 | |
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professed
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公开声称的,伪称的,已立誓信教的 | |
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subconscious
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n./adj.潜意识(的),下意识(的) | |
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delve
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v.深入探究,钻研 | |
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conceal
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v.隐藏,隐瞒,隐蔽 | |
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conceals
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v.隐藏,隐瞒,遮住( conceal的第三人称单数 ) | |
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abhorrent
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adj.可恶的,可恨的,讨厌的 | |
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explicit
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adj.详述的,明确的;坦率的;显然的 | |
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testimony
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n.证词;见证,证明 | |
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entirely
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ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地 | |
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acting
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n.演戏,行为,假装;adj.代理的,临时的,演出用的 | |
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savages
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未开化的人,野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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civilized
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a.有教养的,文雅的 | |
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inflict
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vt.(on)把…强加给,使遭受,使承担 | |
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repentance
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n.懊悔 | |
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mythical
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adj.神话的;虚构的;想像的 | |
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vindictive
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adj.有报仇心的,怀恨的,惩罚的 | |
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ethical
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adj.伦理的,道德的,合乎道德的 | |
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dealing
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n.经商方法,待人态度 | |
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cynical
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adj.(对人性或动机)怀疑的,不信世道向善的 | |
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conceit
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n.自负,自高自大 | |
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virtue
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n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力 | |
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mere
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adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过 | |
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delusion
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n.谬见,欺骗,幻觉,迷惑 | |
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fully
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adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地 | |
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dubious
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adj.怀疑的,无把握的;有问题的,靠不住的 | |
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displeased
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a.不快的 | |
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inquisitive
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adj.求知欲强的,好奇的,好寻根究底的 | |
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judgment
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n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见 | |
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derive
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v.取得;导出;引申;来自;源自;出自 | |
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derived
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vi.起源;由来;衍生;导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 );(从…中)得到获得;源于;(从…中)提取 | |
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detour
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n.绕行的路,迂回路;v.迂回,绕道 | |
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sniffs
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v.以鼻吸气,嗅,闻( sniff的第三人称单数 );抽鼻子(尤指哭泣、患感冒等时出声地用鼻子吸气);抱怨,不以为然地说 | |
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affected
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adj.不自然的,假装的 | |
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quiescence
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n.静止 | |
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distinguished
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adj.卓越的,杰出的,著名的 | |
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realization
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n.实现;认识到,深刻了解 | |
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remains
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n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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embody
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vt.具体表达,使具体化;包含,收录 | |
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embodying
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v.表现( embody的现在分词 );象征;包括;包含 | |
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blurred
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v.(使)变模糊( blur的过去式和过去分词 );(使)难以区分;模模糊糊;迷离 | |
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conclusive
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adj.最后的,结论的;确凿的,消除怀疑的 | |
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intervention
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n.介入,干涉,干预 | |
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purely
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adv.纯粹地,完全地 | |
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stimulus
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n.刺激,刺激物,促进因素,引起兴奋的事物 | |
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preservation
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n.保护,维护,保存,保留,保持 | |
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instinctive
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adj.(出于)本能的;直觉的;(出于)天性的 | |
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nourishment
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n.食物,营养品;营养情况 | |
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appeased
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安抚,抚慰( appease的过去式和过去分词 ); 绥靖(满足另一国的要求以避免战争) | |
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potent
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adj.强有力的,有权势的;有效力的 | |
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primitive
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adj.原始的;简单的;n.原(始)人,原始事物 | |
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affinity
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n.亲和力,密切关系 | |
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appreciably
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adv.相当大地 | |
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stimulate
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vt.刺激,使兴奋;激励,使…振奋 | |
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stimulating
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adj.有启发性的,能激发人思考的 | |
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allay
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v.消除,减轻(恐惧、怀疑等) | |
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technically
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adv.专门地,技术上地 | |
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ambiguity
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n.模棱两可;意义不明确 | |
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subjective
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a.主观(上)的,个人的 | |
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neural
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adj.神经的,神经系统的 | |
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psychology
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n.心理,心理学,心理状态 | |
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contention
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n.争论,争辩,论战;论点,主张 | |
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cerebral
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adj.脑的,大脑的;有智力的,理智型的 | |
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sensory
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adj.知觉的,感觉的,知觉器官的 | |
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intensity
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n.强烈,剧烈;强度;烈度 | |
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expended
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v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 );使用(钱等)做某事;用光;耗尽 | |
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stimulation
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n.刺激,激励,鼓舞 | |
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essentially
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adv.本质上,实质上,基本上 | |
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tickling
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反馈,回授,自旋挠痒法 | |
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pricking
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刺,刺痕,刺痛感 | |
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evokes
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产生,引起,唤起( evoke的第三人称单数 ) | |
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applied
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adj.应用的;v.应用,适用 | |
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accounting
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n.会计,会计学,借贷对照表 | |
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condemning
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v.(通常因道义上的原因而)谴责( condemn的现在分词 );宣判;宣布…不能使用;迫使…陷于不幸的境地 | |
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stimulates
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v.刺激( stimulate的第三人称单数 );激励;使兴奋;起兴奋作用,起刺激作用,起促进作用 | |
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inhibiting
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抑制作用的,约束的 | |
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inhibited
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a.拘谨的,拘束的 | |
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perfectly
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adv.完美地,无可非议地,彻底地 | |
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censor
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n./vt.审查,审查员;删改 | |
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rhetoric
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n.修辞学,浮夸之言语 | |
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impulsive
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adj.冲动的,刺激的;有推动力的 | |
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humane
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adj.人道的,富有同情心的 | |
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derivative
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n.派(衍)生物;adj.非独创性的,模仿他人的 | |
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delirium
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n. 神智昏迷,说胡话;极度兴奋 | |
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secondly
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adv.第二,其次 | |
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propriety
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n.正当行为;正当;适当 | |
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repented
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对(自己的所为)感到懊悔或忏悔( repent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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imprison
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vt.监禁,关押,限制,束缚 | |
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excellence
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n.优秀,杰出,(pl.)优点,美德 | |
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blasphemy
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n.亵渎,渎神 | |
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