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LECTURE IX. MEMORY
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Memory, which we are to consider to-day, introduces us to knowledge in one of its forms. The analysis of knowledge will occupy us until the end of the thirteenth lecture, and is the most difficult part of our whole enterprise.
I do not myself believe that the analysis of knowledge can be effected entirely2 by means of purely3 external observation, such as behaviourists employ. I shall discuss this question in later lectures. In the present lecture I shall attempt the analysis of memory-knowledge, both as an introduction to the problem of knowledge in general, and because memory, in some form, is presupposed in almost all other knowledge. Sensation, we decided4, is not a form of knowledge. It might, however, have been expected that we should begin our discussion of knowledge with PERCEPTION, i.e. with that integral experience of things in the environment, out of which sensation is extracted by psychological analysis. What is called perception differs from sensation by the fact that the sensational5 ingredients bring up habitual6 associates—images and expectations of their usual correlates—all of which are subjectively7 indistinguishable from the sensation. The FACT of past experience is essential in producing this filling-out of sensation, but not the RECOLLECTION of past experience. The non-sensational elements in perception can be wholly explained as the result of habit, produced by frequent correlations9. Perception, according to our definition in Lecture VII, is no more a form of knowledge than sensation is, except in so far as it involves expectations. The purely psychological problems which it raises are not very difficult, though they have sometimes been rendered artificially obscure by unwillingness10 to admit the fallibility of the non-sensational elements of perception. On the other hand, memory raises many difficult and very important problems, which it is necessary to consider at the first possible moment.
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par
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n.标准,票面价值,平均数量;adj.票面的,平常的,标准的 | |
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entirely
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ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地 | |
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purely
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adv.纯粹地,完全地 | |
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decided
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adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的 | |
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5
sensational
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adj.使人感动的,非常好的,轰动的,耸人听闻的 | |
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habitual
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adj.习惯性的;通常的,惯常的 | |
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subjectively
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主观地; 臆 | |
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recollect
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v.回忆,想起,记起,忆起,记得 | |
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correlations
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相互的关系( correlation的名词复数 ) | |
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10
unwillingness
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n. 不愿意,不情愿 | |
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alluded
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提及,暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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derived
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vi.起源;由来;衍生;导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 );(从…中)得到获得;源于;(从…中)提取 | |
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modifications
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n.缓和( modification的名词复数 );限制;更改;改变 | |
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immediate
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adj.立即的;直接的,最接近的;紧靠的 | |
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likeness
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n.相像,相似(之处) | |
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neural
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adj.神经的,神经系统的 | |
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psychology
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n.心理,心理学,心理状态 | |
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insufficient
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adj.(for,of)不足的,不够的 | |
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akin
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adj.同族的,类似的 | |
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inaccurate
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adj.错误的,不正确的,不准确的 | |
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mere
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adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过 | |
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evoke
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vt.唤起,引起,使人想起 | |
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fatigue
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n.疲劳,劳累 | |
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vividly
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adv.清楚地,鲜明地,生动地 | |
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unfamiliar
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adj.陌生的,不熟悉的 | |
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interval
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n.间隔,间距;幕间休息,中场休息 | |
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accurately
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adv.准确地,精确地 | |
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concur
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v.同意,意见一致,互助,同时发生 | |
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specially
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adv.特定地;特殊地;明确地 | |
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simultaneously
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adv.同时发生地,同时进行地 | |
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apprehend
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vt.理解,领悟,逮捕,拘捕,忧虑 | |
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apprehended
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逮捕,拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 ); 理解 | |
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rejection
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n.拒绝,被拒,抛弃,被弃 | |
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delusion
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n.谬见,欺骗,幻觉,迷惑 | |
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ascertaining
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v.弄清,确定,查明( ascertain的现在分词 ) | |
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terminology
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n.术语;专有名词 | |
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gulf
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n.海湾;深渊,鸿沟;分歧,隔阂 | |
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fixed
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adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的 | |
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hazy
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adj.有薄雾的,朦胧的;不肯定的,模糊的 | |
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datum
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n.资料;数据;已知数 | |
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analogue
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n.类似物;同源语 | |
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virtue
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n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力 | |
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coherence
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n.紧凑;连贯;一致性 | |
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radically
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ad.根本地,本质地 | |
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standing
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n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的 | |
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intrusive
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adj.打搅的;侵扰的 | |
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mazes
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迷宫( maze的名词复数 ); 纷繁复杂的规则; 复杂难懂的细节; 迷宫图 | |
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illustrated
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adj. 有插图的,列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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heliotrope
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n.天芥菜;淡紫色 | |
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judgment
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n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见 | |
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cognitive
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adj.认知的,认识的,有感知的 | |
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inadequate
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adj.(for,to)不充足的,不适当的 | |
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primitive
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adj.原始的;简单的;n.原(始)人,原始事物 | |
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incapable
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adj.无能力的,不能做某事的 | |
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sufficiently
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adv.足够地,充分地 | |
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constituent
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n.选民;成分,组分;adj.组成的,构成的 | |
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vaguely
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adv.含糊地,暖昧地 | |
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stimulus
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n.刺激,刺激物,促进因素,引起兴奋的事物 | |
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peculiarity
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n.独特性,特色;特殊的东西;怪癖 | |
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complexity
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n.复杂(性),复杂的事物 | |
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peculiarities
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n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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tempted
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v.怂恿(某人)干不正当的事;冒…的险(tempt的过去分词) | |
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deductions
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扣除( deduction的名词复数 ); 结论; 扣除的量; 推演 | |
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precisely
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adv.恰好,正好,精确地,细致地 | |
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apprehending
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逮捕,拘押( apprehend的现在分词 ); 理解 | |
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retention
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n.保留,保持,保持力,记忆力 | |
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specious
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adj.似是而非的;adv.似是而非地 | |
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distinctive
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adj.特别的,有特色的,与众不同的 | |
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assent
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v.批准,认可;n.批准,认可 | |
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analogous
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adj.相似的;类似的 | |
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realization
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n.实现;认识到,深刻了解 | |
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appreciation
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n.评价;欣赏;感谢;领会,理解;价格上涨 | |
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distinguished
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adj.卓越的,杰出的,著名的 | |
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deceptive
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adj.骗人的,造成假象的,靠不住的 | |
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exclusion
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n.拒绝,排除,排斥,远足,远途旅行 | |
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contradictory
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adj.反驳的,反对的,抗辩的;n.正反对,矛盾对立 | |
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attainable
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a.可达到的,可获得的 | |
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stimuli
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n.刺激(物) | |
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revert
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v.恢复,复归,回到 | |
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circumscribed
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adj.[医]局限的:受限制或限于有限空间的v.在…周围划线( circumscribe的过去式和过去分词 );划定…范围;限制;限定 | |
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flattens
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变平,使(某物)变平( flatten的第三人称单数 ); 彻底打败某人,使丢脸; 停止增长(或上升); (把身体或身体部位)紧贴… | |
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fungus
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n.真菌,真菌类植物 | |
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relatively
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adv.比较...地,相对地 | |
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serially
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adv.连续地,连续刊载地 | |
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strictly
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adv.严厉地,严格地;严密地 | |
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derivative
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n.派(衍)生物;adj.非独创性的,模仿他人的 | |
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blurred
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v.(使)变模糊( blur的过去式和过去分词 );(使)难以区分;模模糊糊;迷离 | |
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judgments
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判断( judgment的名词复数 ); 鉴定; 评价; 审判 | |
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generic
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adj.一般的,普通的,共有的 | |
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recollecting
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v.记起,想起( recollect的现在分词 ) | |
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recollected
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adj.冷静的;镇定的;被回忆起的;沉思默想的v.记起,想起( recollect的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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subsists
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v.(靠很少的钱或食物)维持生活,生存下去( subsist的第三人称单数 ) | |
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