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LECTURE XII. BELIEF
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Belief, which is our subject to-day, is the central problem in the analysis of mind. Believing seems the most "mental" thing we do, the thing most remote from what is done by mere1 matter. The whole intellectual life consists of beliefs, and of the passage from one belief to another by what is called "reasoning." Beliefs give knowledge and error; they are the vehicles of truth and falsehood. Psychology2, theory of knowledge and metaphysics revolve3 about belief, and on the view we take of belief our philosophical4 outlook largely depends.
Before embarking5 upon the detailed6 analysis of belief, we shall do well to note certain requisites7 which any theory must fulfil.
(1) Just as words are characterized by meaning, so beliefs are characterized by truth or falsehood. And just as meaning consists in relation to the object meant, so truth and falsehood consist in relation to something that lies outside the belief. You may believe that such-and-such a horse will win the Derby. The time comes, and your horse wins or does not win; according to the outcome, your belief was true or false. You may believe that six times nine is fifty-six; in this case also there is a fact which makes your belief false. You may believe that America was discovered in 1492, or that it was discovered in 1066. In the one case your belief is true, in the other false; in either case its truth or falsehood depends upon the actions of Columbus, not upon anything present or under your control. What makes a belief true or false I call a "fact." The particular fact that makes a given belief true or false I call its "objective,"* and the relation of the belief to its objective I call the "reference" or the "objective reference" of the belief. Thus, if I believe that Columbus crossed the Atlantic in 1492, the "objective" of my belief is Columbus's actual voyage, and the "reference" of my belief is the relation between my belief and the voyage—that relation, namely, in
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mere
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adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过 | |
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psychology
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n.心理,心理学,心理状态 | |
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revolve
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vi.(使)旋转;循环出现 | |
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philosophical
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adj.哲学家的,哲学上的,达观的 | |
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embarking
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乘船( embark的现在分词 ); 装载; 从事 | |
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detailed
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adj.详细的,详尽的,极注意细节的,完全的 | |
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requisites
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n.必要的事物( requisite的名词复数 ) | |
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virtue
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n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力 | |
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terminology
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n.术语;专有名词 | |
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liars
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说谎者( liar的名词复数 ) | |
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assent
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v.批准,认可;n.批准,认可 | |
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valid
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adj.有确实根据的;有效的;正当的,合法的 | |
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postulated
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v.假定,假设( postulate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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gulf
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n.海湾;深渊,鸿沟;分歧,隔阂 | |
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unity
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n.团结,联合,统一;和睦,协调 | |
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incapable
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adj.无能力的,不能做某事的 | |
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constituent
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n.选民;成分,组分;adj.组成的,构成的 | |
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constituents
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n.选民( constituent的名词复数 );成分;构成部分;要素 | |
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derivative
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n.派(衍)生物;adj.非独创性的,模仿他人的 | |
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primitive
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adj.原始的;简单的;n.原(始)人,原始事物 | |
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dual
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adj.双的;二重的,二元的 | |
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accusation
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n.控告,指责,谴责 | |
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conceals
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v.隐藏,隐瞒,遮住( conceal的第三人称单数 ) | |
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complexity
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n.复杂(性),复杂的事物 | |
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incompatible
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adj.不相容的,不协调的,不相配的 | |
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affected
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adj.不自然的,假装的 | |
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judgments
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判断( judgment的名词复数 ); 鉴定; 评价; 审判 | |
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judgment
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n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见 | |
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purely
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adv.纯粹地,完全地 | |
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irrelevant
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adj.不恰当的,无关系的,不相干的 | |
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Saturn
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n.农神,土星 | |
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distinguished
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adj.卓越的,杰出的,著名的 | |
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possessed
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adj.疯狂的;拥有的,占有的 | |
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derived
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vi.起源;由来;衍生;导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 );(从…中)得到获得;源于;(从…中)提取 | |
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sensational
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adj.使人感动的,非常好的,轰动的,耸人听闻的 | |
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revert
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v.恢复,复归,回到 | |
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simplicity
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n.简单,简易;朴素;直率,单纯 | |
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omission
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n.省略,删节;遗漏或省略的事物,冗长 | |
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fully
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adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地 | |
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devoid
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adj.全无的,缺乏的 | |
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logic
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n.逻辑(学);逻辑性 | |
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habitually
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ad.习惯地,通常地 | |
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stewed
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adj.焦虑不安的,烂醉的v.炖( stew的过去式和过去分词 );煨;思考;担忧 | |
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hippopotamus
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n.河马 | |
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solely
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adv.仅仅,唯一地 | |
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decided
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adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的 | |
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positively
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adv.明确地,断然,坚决地;实在,确实 | |
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notably
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adv.值得注意地,显著地,尤其地,特别地 | |
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tactile
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adj.触觉的,有触觉的,能触知的 | |
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stimulation
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n.刺激,激励,鼓舞 | |
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derives
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v.得到( derive的第三人称单数 );(从…中)得到获得;源于;(从…中)提取 | |
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plausibility
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n. 似有道理, 能言善辩 | |
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explicit
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adj.详述的,明确的;坦率的;显然的 | |
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wreak
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v.发泄;报复 | |
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vengeance
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n.报复,报仇,复仇 | |
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obnoxious
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adj.极恼人的,讨人厌的,可憎的 | |
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adoption
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n.采用,采纳,通过;收养 | |
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dressing
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n.(食物)调料;包扎伤口的用品,敷料 | |
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visualizing
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肉眼观察 | |
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cognitive
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adj.认知的,认识的,有感知的 | |
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physiological
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adj.生理学的,生理学上的 | |
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disposition
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n.性情,性格;意向,倾向;排列,部署 | |
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actively
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adv.积极地,勤奋地 | |
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discourses
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论文( discourse的名词复数 ); 演说; 讲道; 话语 | |
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Soviet
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adj.苏联的,苏维埃的;n.苏维埃 | |
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remains
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n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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prospect
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n.前景,前途;景色,视野 | |
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monarchs
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君主,帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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precisely
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adv.恰好,正好,精确地,细致地 | |
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counteracting
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对抗,抵消( counteract的现在分词 ) | |
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interferes
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vi. 妨碍,冲突,干涉 | |
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simultaneously
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adv.同时发生地,同时进行地 | |
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inhibits
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阻止,抑制( inhibit的第三人称单数 ); 使拘束,使尴尬 | |
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inaccurately
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不精密地,不准确地 | |
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embodying
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v.表现( embody的现在分词 );象征;包括;包含 | |
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annuls
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v.宣告无效( annul的第三人称单数 );取消;使消失;抹去 | |
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contemplate
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vt.盘算,计议;周密考虑;注视,凝视 | |
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dissenting
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adj.不同意的 | |
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doctrine
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n.教义;主义;学说 | |
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entirely
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ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地 | |
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assents
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同意,赞同( assent的名词复数 ) | |
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posited
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v.假定,设想,假设( posit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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suspense
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n.(对可能发生的事)紧张感,担心,挂虑 | |
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interfered
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v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 );调停;妨碍;干涉 | |
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hesitation
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n.犹豫,踌躇 | |
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inadequate
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adj.(for,to)不充足的,不适当的 | |
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phenomena
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n.现象 | |
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analogous
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adj.相似的;类似的 | |
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illustrate
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v.举例说明,阐明;图解,加插图 | |
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profess
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v.声称,冒称,以...为业,正式接受入教,表明信仰 | |
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subsisting
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v.(靠很少的钱或食物)维持生活,生存下去( subsist的现在分词 ) | |
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assented
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同意,赞成( assent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hampered
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妨碍,束缚,限制( hamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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acquiescing
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v.默认,默许( acquiesce的现在分词 ) | |
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allied
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adj.协约国的;同盟国的 | |
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intoxication
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n.wild excitement;drunkenness;poisoning | |
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utterly
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adv.完全地,绝对地 | |
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speculation
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n.思索,沉思;猜测;投机 | |
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