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LECTURE XV. CHARACTERISTICS OF MENTAL PHENOMENA
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At the end of our journey it is time to return to the question from which we set out, namely: What is it that characterizes mind as opposed to matter? Or, to state the same question in other terms: How is psychology1 to be distinguished2 from physics? The answer provisionally suggested at the outset of our inquiry3 was that psychology and physics are distinguished by the nature of their causal laws, not by their subject matter. At the same time we held that there is a certain subject matter, namely images, to which only psychological causal laws are applicable; this subject matter, therefore, we assigned exclusively to psychology. But we found no way of defining images except through their causation; in their intrinsic character they appeared to have no universal mark by which they could be distinguished from sensations.
In this last lecture I propose to pass in review various suggested methods of distinguishing mind from matter. I shall then briefly4 sketch5 the nature of that fundamental science which I believe to be the true metaphysic, in which mind and matter alike are seen to be constructed out of a neutral stuff, whose causal laws have no such duality as that of psychology, but form the basis upon which both physics and psychology are built.
In search for the definition of "mental phenomena6," let us begin with "consciousness," which is often thought to be the essence of mind. In the first lecture I gave various arguments against the view that consciousness is fundamental, but I did not attempt to say what consciousness is. We must find a definition of it, if we are to feel secure in deciding that it is not fundamental. It is for the sake of the proof that it is not fundamental that we must now endeavour to decide what it is.
"Consciousness," by those who regard it as fundamental, is taken to be a character diffused7 throughout our mental life, distinct from sensations and images, memories, beliefs and desires, but present in all of them.* Dr. Henry Head, in an article which I quoted in Lecture III, distinguishing sensations from
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psychology
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n.心理,心理学,心理状态 | |
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distinguished
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adj.卓越的,杰出的,著名的 | |
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inquiry
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n.打听,询问,调查,查问 | |
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briefly
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adv.简单地,简短地 | |
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sketch
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n.草图;梗概;素描;v.素描;概述 | |
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phenomena
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n.现象 | |
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diffused
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散布的,普及的,扩散的 | |
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purely
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adv.纯粹地,完全地 | |
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physiological
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adj.生理学的,生理学上的 | |
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assent
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v.批准,认可;n.批准,认可 | |
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judgment
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n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见 | |
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tactile
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adj.触觉的,有触觉的,能触知的 | |
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mere
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adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过 | |
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correlations
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相互的关系( correlation的名词复数 ) | |
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correlation
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n.相互关系,相关,关连 | |
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dealing
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n.经商方法,待人态度 | |
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decided
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adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的 | |
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inter
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v.埋葬 | |
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recollecting
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v.记起,想起( recollect的现在分词 ) | |
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distinctive
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adj.特别的,有特色的,与众不同的 | |
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previously
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adv.以前,先前(地) | |
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knight
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n.骑士,武士;爵士 | |
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immediate
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adj.立即的;直接的,最接近的;紧靠的 | |
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stimulating
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adj.有启发性的,能激发人思考的 | |
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perfectly
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adv.完美地,无可非议地,彻底地 | |
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stimulus
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n.刺激,刺激物,促进因素,引起兴奋的事物 | |
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essentially
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adv.本质上,实质上,基本上 | |
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virtue
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n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力 | |
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supreme
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adj.极度的,最重要的;至高的,最高的 | |
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prodigious
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adj.惊人的,奇妙的;异常的;巨大的;庞大的 | |
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intervention
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n.介入,干涉,干预 | |
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neural
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adj.神经的,神经系统的 | |
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recollected
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adj.冷静的;镇定的;被回忆起的;沉思默想的v.记起,想起( recollect的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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peculiarities
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n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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subjectivity
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n.主观性(主观主义) | |
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strictly
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adv.严厉地,严格地;严密地 | |
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derivable
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adj.可引出的,可推论的,可诱导的 | |
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datum
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n.资料;数据;已知数 | |
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demonstration
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n.表明,示范,论证,示威 | |
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analytic
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adj.分析的,用分析方法的 | |
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illuminating
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a.富于启发性的,有助阐明的 | |
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sensational
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adj.使人感动的,非常好的,轰动的,耸人听闻的 | |
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accretions
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n.堆积( accretion的名词复数 );连生;添加生长;吸积 | |
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postulate
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n.假定,基本条件;vt.要求,假定 | |
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isolate
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vt.使孤立,隔离 | |
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spatial
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adj.空间的,占据空间的 | |
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physiology
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n.生理学,生理机能 | |
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physiologist
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n.生理学家 | |
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inaccurate
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adj.错误的,不正确的,不准确的 | |
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remains
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n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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distinctively
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adv.特殊地,区别地 | |
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ambiguities
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n.歧义( ambiguity的名词复数 );意义不明确;模棱两可的意思;模棱两可的话 | |
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regularity
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n.规律性,规则性;匀称,整齐 | |
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legitimate
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adj.合法的,合理的,合乎逻辑的;v.使合法 | |
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radically
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ad.根本地,本质地 | |
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converse
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vi.谈话,谈天,闲聊;adv.相反的,相反 | |
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dependence
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n.依靠,依赖;信任,信赖;隶属 | |
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vice
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n.坏事;恶习;[pl.]台钳,老虎钳;adj.副的 | |
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potency
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n. 效力,潜能 | |
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derived
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vi.起源;由来;衍生;导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 );(从…中)得到获得;源于;(从…中)提取 | |
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materialism
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n.[哲]唯物主义,唯物论;物质至上 | |
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profess
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v.声称,冒称,以...为业,正式接受入教,表明信仰 | |
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materialistic
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a.唯物主义的,物质享乐主义的 | |
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generalizations
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一般化( generalization的名词复数 ); 普通化; 归纳; 概论 | |
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generalization
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n.普遍性,一般性,概括 | |
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contiguity
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n.邻近,接壤 | |
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statistical
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adj.统计的,统计学的 | |
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analogous
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adj.相似的;类似的 | |
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modification
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n.修改,改进,缓和,减轻 | |
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psychical
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adj.有关特异功能现象的;有关特异功能官能的;灵魂的;心灵的 | |
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detailed
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adj.详细的,详尽的,极注意细节的,完全的 | |
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investigation
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n.调查,调查研究 | |
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ascertainable
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adj.可确定(探知),可发现的 | |
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momentary
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adj.片刻的,瞬息的;短暂的 | |
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unified
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(unify 的过去式和过去分词); 统一的; 统一标准的; 一元化的 | |
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entities
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实体对像; 实体,独立存在体,实际存在物( entity的名词复数 ) | |
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fictitious
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adj.虚构的,假设的;空头的 | |
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realization
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n.实现;认识到,深刻了解 | |
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complexity
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n.复杂(性),复杂的事物 | |
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constituents
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n.选民( constituent的名词复数 );成分;构成部分;要素 | |
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unifying
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使联合( unify的现在分词 ); 使相同; 使一致; 统一 | |
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derivative
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n.派(衍)生物;adj.非独创性的,模仿他人的 | |
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isolated
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adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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