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Aristotle
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clumps51 of soil. These things have no potentiality for change. According to Aristotle, nonliving things can only change through external influence. Only living things have the potentiality for change.
Aristotle divides "living things" into two different categories. One comprises plants, and the other creatures. Finally, these "creatures" can also be divided into two subcategories, namely animals and humans.
You have to admit that Aristotle's categories are clear and simple. There is a decisive difference between a living and a nonliving thing, for example a rose and a stone, just as there is a decisive difference between a plant and an animal, for example a rose and a horse. I would also claim that there definitely is a difference between a horse and a man. But what exactly does this difference consist of? Can you tell me that?
Unfortunately I do not have time to wait while you write the answer down and put it in a pink envelope with a lump of sugar, so I'll answer myself. When Aristotle divides natural phenomena into various categories, his criterion is the object's characteristics, or more specifically what it can do or what it does.
All living things (plants, animals, humans) have the ability to absorb nourishment52, to grow, and to propagate. All "living creatures" (animals and humans) have in addition the ability to perceive the world around them and to move about. Moreover, all humans have the ability to think--or otherwise to order their perceptions into various categories and classes.
So there are in reality no sharp boundaries in the natural world. We observe a gradual transition from simple growths to more complicated plants, from simple animals to more complicated animals. At the top of this "scale" is man--who according to Aristotle lives the whole life of nature. Man grows and absorbs nourishment like plants, he has feelings and the ability to move like animals, but he also has a specific characteristic peculiar53 to humans, and that is the ability to think rationally.
Therefore, man has a spark of divine reason, Sophie. Yes, I did say divine. From time to time Aristotle reminds us that there must be a God who started all movement in the natural world. Therefore God must be at the very top of nature's scale.
Aristotle imagined the movement of the stars and the planets guiding all movement on Earth. But there had to e something causing the heavenly bodies to move. Aristotle called this the "first mover," or "God." The "first mover" is itself at rest, but it is the "formal cause" of the movement of the heavenly bodies, and thus of all movement in nature.
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1
meticulous
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adj.极其仔细的,一丝不苟的 | |
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den
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n.兽穴;秘密地方;安静的小房间,私室 | |
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walrus
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n.海象 | |
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apprehensively
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adv.担心地 | |
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riddles
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n.谜(语)( riddle的名词复数 );猜不透的难题,难解之谜 | |
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promising
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adj.有希望的,有前途的 | |
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7
prudent
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adj.谨慎的,有远见的,精打细算的 | |
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philosophic
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adj.哲学的,贤明的 | |
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engrossed
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adj.全神贯注的 | |
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10
preoccupied
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adj.全神贯注的,入神的;被抢先占有的;心事重重的v.占据(某人)思想,使对…全神贯注,使专心于( preoccupy的过去式) | |
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11
sensory
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adj.知觉的,感觉的,知觉器官的 | |
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anemones
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n.银莲花( anemone的名词复数 );海葵 | |
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mythologist
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n.神话学家;神话作家 | |
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14
encyclopedia
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n.百科全书 | |
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antiquity
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n.古老;高龄;古物,古迹 | |
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terminology
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n.术语;专有名词 | |
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17
formulated
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v.构想出( formulate的过去式和过去分词 );规划;确切地阐述;用公式表示 | |
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logic
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n.逻辑(学);逻辑性 | |
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innate
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adj.天生的,固有的,天赋的 | |
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immutable
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adj.不可改变的,永恒的 | |
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phenomena
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n.现象 | |
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22
trotting
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小跑,急走( trot的现在分词 ); 匆匆忙忙地走 | |
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metaphor
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n.隐喻,暗喻 | |
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purely
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adv.纯粹地,完全地 | |
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thereby
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adv.因此,从而 | |
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mythical
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adj.神话的;虚构的;想像的 | |
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pointed
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adj.尖的,直截了当的 | |
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faculty
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n.才能;学院,系;(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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precisely
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adv.恰好,正好,精确地,细致地 | |
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decided
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adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的 | |
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unity
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n.团结,联合,统一;和睦,协调 | |
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32
remains
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n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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33
transformation
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n.变化;改造;转变 | |
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sculptor
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n.雕刻家,雕刻家 | |
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granite
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adj.花岗岩,花岗石 | |
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hacks
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黑客 | |
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37
amazement
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n.惊奇,惊讶 | |
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38
scrambled
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v.快速爬行( scramble的过去式和过去分词 );攀登;争夺;(军事飞机)紧急起飞 | |
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hurl
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vt.猛投,力掷,声叫骂 | |
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remarkable
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adj.显著的,异常的,非凡的,值得注意的 | |
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hurled
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v.猛投,用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 );大声叫骂 | |
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drawn
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v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的 | |
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tempted
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v.怂恿(某人)干不正当的事;冒…的险(tempt的过去分词) | |
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distinctive
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adj.特别的,有特色的,与众不同的 | |
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pigeonholing
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v.把…搁在分类架上( pigeonhole的现在分词 );把…留在记忆中;缓办;把…隔成小格 | |
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pigsties
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n.猪圈,脏房间( pigsty的名词复数 ) | |
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neatly
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adv.整洁地,干净地,灵巧地,熟练地 | |
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fluffy
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adj.有绒毛的,空洞的 | |
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valid
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adj.有确实根据的;有效的;正当的,合法的 | |
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correlation
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n.相互关系,相关,关连 | |
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51
clumps
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n.(树、灌木、植物等的)丛、簇( clump的名词复数 );(土、泥等)团;块;笨重的脚步声v.(树、灌木、植物等的)丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 );(土、泥等)团;块;笨重的脚步声 | |
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52
nourishment
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n.食物,营养品;营养情况 | |
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peculiar
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adj.古怪的,异常的;特殊的,特有的 | |
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ethics
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n.伦理学;伦理观,道德标准 | |
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capabilities
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n.能力( capability的名词复数 );可能;容量;[复数]潜在能力 | |
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enjoyment
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n.乐趣;享有;享用 | |
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criteria
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n.标准 | |
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58
warped
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adj.反常的;乖戾的;(变)弯曲的;变形的v.弄弯,变歪( warp的过去式和过去分词 );使(行为等)不合情理,使乖戾, | |
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courageous
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adj.勇敢的,有胆量的 | |
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cowardice
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n.胆小,怯懦 | |
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extravagant
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adj.奢侈的;过分的;(言行等)放肆的 | |
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62
harmonious
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adj.和睦的,调和的,和谐的,协调的 | |
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undesirability
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n.不受欢迎 | |
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64
monarchy
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n.君主,最高统治者;君主政体,君主国 | |
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degenerate
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v.退步,堕落;adj.退步的,堕落的;n.堕落者 | |
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degenerating
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衰退,堕落,退化( degenerate的现在分词 ) | |
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junta
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n.团体;政务审议会 | |
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lesser
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adj.次要的,较小的;adv.较小地,较少地 | |
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Nazis
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n.(德国的)纳粹党员( Nazi的名词复数 );纳粹主义 | |
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sperm
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n.精子,精液 | |
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forth
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adv.向前;向外,往外 | |
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reign
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n.统治时期,统治,支配,盛行;v.占优势 | |
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supreme
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adj.极度的,最重要的;至高的,最高的 | |
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entirely
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ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地 | |
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75
binders
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n.(司机行话)刹车器;(书籍的)装订机( binder的名词复数 );(购买不动产时包括预付订金在内的)保证书;割捆机;活页封面 | |
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binder
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n.包扎物,包扎工具;[法]临时契约;粘合剂;装订工 | |
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scattered
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adj.分散的,稀疏的;散步的;疏疏落落的 | |
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irresistible
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adj.非常诱人的,无法拒绝的,无法抗拒的 | |
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79
bent
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n.爱好,癖好;adj.弯的;决心的,一心的 | |
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80
jack
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n.插座,千斤顶,男人;v.抬起,提醒,扛举;n.(Jake)杰克 | |
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sluggish
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adj.懒惰的,迟钝的,无精打采的 | |
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82
lettuce
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n.莴苣;生菜 | |
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catching
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adj.易传染的,有魅力的,迷人的,接住 | |
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smuggle
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vt.私运;vi.走私 | |
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judgments
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判断( judgment的名词复数 ); 鉴定; 评价; 审判 | |
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