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INTRODUCTION.
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exertion56.
The idealism of Plato is here presented in a less developed form than in the Phaedo and Phaedrus. Nothing is said of the pre-existence of ideas of justice, temperance, and the like. Nor is Socrates positive of anything but the duty of enquiry. The doctrine of reminiscence too is explained more in accordance with fact and experience as arising out of the affinities57 of nature (ate tes thuseos oles suggenous ouses). Modern philosophy says that all things in nature are dependent on one another; the ancient philosopher had the same truth latent in his mind when he affirmed that out of one thing all the rest may be recovered. The subjective58 was converted by him into an objective; the mental phenomenon of the association of ideas (compare Phaedo) became a real chain of existences. The germs of two valuable principles of education may also be gathered from the 'words of priests and priestesses:' (1) that true knowledge is a knowledge of causes (compare Aristotle's theory of episteme); and (2) that the process of learning consists not in what is brought to the learner, but in what is drawn59 out of him.
Some lesser60 points of the dialogue may be noted61, such as (1) the acute observation that Meno prefers the familiar definition, which is embellished62 with poetical63 language, to the better and truer one; or (2) the shrewd reflection, which may admit of an application to modern as well as to ancient teachers, that the Sophists having made large fortunes; this must surely be a criterion of their powers of teaching, for that no man could get a living by shoemaking who was not a good shoemaker; or (3) the remark conveyed, almost in a word, that the verbal sceptic is saved the labour of thought and enquiry (ouden dei to toiouto zeteseos). Characteristic also of the temper of the Socratic enquiry is, (4) the proposal to discuss the teachableness of virtue under an hypothesis, after the manner of the mathematicians; and (5) the repetition of the favourite doctrine which occurs so frequently in the earlier and more Socratic Dialogues, and gives a colour to all of them—that mankind only desire evil through ignorance; (6) the experiment of
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abruptly
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adv.突然地,出其不意地 | |
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virtue
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n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力 | |
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enumeration
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n.计数,列举;细目;详表;点查 | |
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virtues
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美德( virtue的名词复数 ); 德行; 优点; 长处 | |
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simile
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n.直喻,明喻 | |
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candid
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adj.公正的,正直的;坦率的 | |
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mere
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adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过 | |
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philosophical
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adj.哲学家的,哲学上的,达观的 | |
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intrude
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vi.闯入;侵入;打扰,侵扰 | |
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honourable
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adj.可敬的;荣誉的,光荣的 | |
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perplexed
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adj.不知所措的 | |
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enquire
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v.打听,询问;调查,查问 | |
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immortal
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adj.不朽的;永生的,不死的;神的 | |
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skilful
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(=skillful)adj.灵巧的,熟练的 | |
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primitive
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adj.原始的;简单的;n.原(始)人,原始事物 | |
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legendary
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adj.传奇(中)的,闻名遐迩的;n.传奇(文学) | |
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elicited
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引出,探出( elicit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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specimen
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n.样本,标本 | |
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professes
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声称( profess的第三人称单数 ); 宣称; 公开表明; 信奉 | |
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profess
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v.声称,冒称,以...为业,正式接受入教,表明信仰 | |
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mathematicians
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数学家( mathematician的名词复数 ) | |
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dilemma
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n.困境,进退两难的局面 | |
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remarkable
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adj.显著的,异常的,非凡的,值得注意的 | |
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accomplishments
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n.造诣;完成( accomplishment的名词复数 );技能;成绩;成就 | |
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imputation
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n.归罪,责难 | |
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unity
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n.团结,联合,统一;和睦,协调 | |
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pacifying
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使(某人)安静( pacify的现在分词 ); 息怒; 抚慰; 在(有战争的地区、国家等)实现和平 | |
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allusion
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n.暗示,间接提示 | |
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allusions
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暗指,间接提到( allusion的名词复数 ) | |
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incapable
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adj.无能力的,不能做某事的 | |
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possessed
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adj.疯狂的;拥有的,占有的 | |
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hazy
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adj.有薄雾的,朦胧的;不肯定的,模糊的 | |
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attained
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(通常经过努力)实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 ); 达到; 获得; 达到(某年龄、水平、状况) | |
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paradox
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n.似乎矛盾却正确的说法;自相矛盾的人(物) | |
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stimulate
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vt.刺激,使兴奋;激励,使…振奋 | |
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inadequate
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adj.(for,to)不充足的,不适当的 | |
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sophism
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n.诡辩 | |
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doctrine
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n.教义;主义;学说 | |
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systematic
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adj.有系统的,有计划的,有方法的 | |
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rhetoric
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n.修辞学,浮夸之言语 | |
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depreciate
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v.降价,贬值,折旧 | |
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remains
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n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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divination
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n.占卜,预测 | |
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irony
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n.反语,冷嘲;具有讽刺意味的事,嘲弄 | |
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attainable
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a.可达到的,可获得的 | |
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judgments
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判断( judgment的名词复数 ); 鉴定; 评价; 审判 | |
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anticipations
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预期( anticipation的名词复数 ); 预测; (信托财产收益的)预支; 预期的事物 | |
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psychology
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n.心理,心理学,心理状态 | |
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deriding
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v.取笑,嘲笑( deride的现在分词 ) | |
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phenomena
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n.现象 | |
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symposium
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n.讨论会,专题报告会;专题论文集 | |
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oracles
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神示所( oracle的名词复数 ); 神谕; 圣贤; 哲人 | |
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immortality
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n.不死,不朽 | |
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transparent
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adj.明显的,无疑的;透明的 | |
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strenuous
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adj.奋发的,使劲的;紧张的;热烈的,狂热的 | |
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exertion
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n.尽力,努力 | |
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affinities
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n.密切关系( affinity的名词复数 );亲近;(生性)喜爱;类同 | |
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subjective
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a.主观(上)的,个人的 | |
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drawn
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v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的 | |
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lesser
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adj.次要的,较小的;adv.较小地,较少地 | |
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noted
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adj.著名的,知名的 | |
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embellished
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v.美化( embellish的过去式和过去分词 );装饰;修饰;润色 | |
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poetical
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adj.似诗人的;诗一般的;韵文的;富有诗意的 | |
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eliciting
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n. 诱发, 引出 动词elicit的现在分词形式 | |
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hereditary
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adj.遗传的,遗传性的,可继承的,世袭的 | |
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ardent
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adj.热情的,热烈的,强烈的,烈性的 | |
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standing
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n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的 | |
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ingenuous
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adj.纯朴的,单纯的;天真的;坦率的 | |
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disciple
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n.信徒,门徒,追随者 | |
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attaining
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(通常经过努力)实现( attain的现在分词 ); 达到; 获得; 达到(某年龄、水平、状况) | |
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detests
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v.憎恶,嫌恶,痛恨( detest的第三人称单数 ) | |
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immoral
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adj.不道德的,淫荡的,荒淫的,有伤风化的 | |
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doctrines
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n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 );教义;学说;(政府政策的)正式声明 | |
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apparently
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adv.显然地;表面上,似乎 | |
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accusation
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n.控告,指责,谴责 | |
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malevolence
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n.恶意,狠毒 | |
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democrat
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n.民主主义者,民主人士;民主党党员 | |
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follies
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罪恶,时事讽刺剧; 愚蠢,蠢笨,愚蠢的行为、思想或做法( folly的名词复数 ) | |
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antagonism
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n.对抗,敌对,对立 | |
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irreconcilable
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adj.(指人)难和解的,势不两立的 | |
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recurs
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再发生,复发( recur的第三人称单数 ) | |
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opposition
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n.反对,敌对 | |
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irrational
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adj.无理性的,失去理性的 | |
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justified
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a.正当的,有理的 | |
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criteria
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n.标准 | |
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miserable
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adj.悲惨的,痛苦的;可怜的,糟糕的 | |
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repulsive
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adj.排斥的,使人反感的 | |
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likeness
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n.相像,相似(之处) | |
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fully
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adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地 | |
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platonic
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adj.精神的;柏拉图(哲学)的 | |
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facetiously
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adv.爱开玩笑地;滑稽地,爱开玩笑地 | |
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