The men who do brave deeds are usually unconscious of their picturesqueness3. For two nights previous to the assault upon Fort Wagner, the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Regiment had been afoot, making forced marches in the rain; and on the day of the battle the men had had no food since early morning. As they lay there in the evening twilight4, hungry and wet, against the cold sands of Morris Island, with the sea-fog drifting over them, their eyes fixed5 on the huge bulk of the fortress6 looming7 darkly three-quarters of a mile ahead against the sky, and their hearts beating in expectation of the word that was to bring them to their feet and launch them on their desperate charge, neither officers nor men could have been in any holiday mood of contemplation. Many and different must have been the thoughts that came and went in them during that hour of bodeful reverie; but however free the flights of fancy of some of them may have been, it is improbable that any one who lay there had so wild and whirling an imagination as to foresee in prophetic vision this morning of a future May, when we, the people of a richer and more splendid Boston, with mayor and governor, and troops from other States, and every circumstance of ceremony, should meet together to celebrate their conduct on that evening, and do their memory this conspicuous8 honor.
How, indeed, comes it that out of all the great engagements of the war, engagements in many of which the troops of Massachusetts had borne the most distinguished9 part, this officer, only a young colonel, this regiment of black men and its maiden10 battle — a battle, moreover, which was lost — should be picked out for such unusual commemoration?
The historic significance of an event is measured neither by its material magnitude, nor by its immediate11 success. Thermopylae was a defeat; but to the Greek imagination, Leonidas and his few Spartans12 stood for the whole worth of Grecian life. Bunker Hill was a defeat; but for our people, the fight over that breastwork has always seemed to show as well as any victory that our forefathers13 were men of a temper not to be finally overcome. And so here. The war for our union, with all the constitutional questions which it settled, and all the military lessons which it gathered in, has throughout its dilatory14 length but one meaning in the eye of history. And nowhere was that meaning better symbolized15 and embodied16 than in the constitution of this first Northern negro regiment.
Look at the monument and read the story; — see the mingling17 of elements which the sculptor’s genius has brought so vividly18 before the eye. There on foot go the dark outcasts, so true to nature that one can almost hear them breathing as they march. State after State by its laws had denied them to be human persons. The Southern leaders in congressional debates, insolent19 in their security, loved most to designate them by the contemptuous collective epithet20 of “this peculiar21 kind of property.” There they march, warm-blooded champions of a better day for man. There on horseback, among them, in his very habit as he lived, sits the blue-eyed child of fortune, upon whose happy youth every divinity had smiled. Onward22 they move together, a single resolution kindled23 in their eyes, and animating24 their otherwise so different frames. The bronze that makes their memory eternal betrays the very soul and secret of those awful years.
Since the ‘thirties the slavery question been the only question, and by the end of ‘fifties our land lay sick and shaking with it like a traveller who has thrown himself down at night beside a pestilential swamp, and in the morning finds the fever through the marrow25 of his bones. “Only muzzle26 the Abolition27 fanatics28,” said the South, “and all will be well again!” But the Abolitionists would not be muzzled29 — they were the voice of the world’s conscience, they were a part of destiny. Weak as they were, they drove the South to madness. “Every step she takes in her blindness,” said Wendell Phillips, “is one more step towards ruin.” And when South Carolina took the final step in battering30 down Fort Sumter, it was the fanatics of slavery themselves who called upon their idolized institution ruin swift and complete. What law and reason were unable to accomplish, had now to be done by that uncertain and dreadful dispenser of God’s judgments31, War — War, with its abominably33 casual, inaccurate34 methods, destroying good and bad together, but at last able to hew35 a way out of intolerable situations, when through man’s delusion36 of perversity37 every better way is blocked.
Our great western republic had from its origin been a singular anomaly. A land of freedom, boastfully so-called, with human slavery enthroned at the heart of it, and at last dictating38 terms of unconditional39 surrender to every other organ of its life, what was it but a thing of falsehood and horrible self-contradiction? For three-quarters of a century it had nevertheless endured, kept together by policy, compromise, and concession40. But at the last that republic was torn in two; and truth was to be possible under the flag. Truth, thank God, truth! even though for the moment it must be truth written in hell-fire.
And this, fellow-citizens, is why, after the great generals have had their monuments, and long after the abstract soldier’s-monuments have been reared on every village green, we have chosen to take Robert Shaw and his regiment as the subjects of the first soldier’s-monument to be raised to a particular set of comparatively undistinguished men. The very lack of external complication in the history of these soldiers is what makes them represent with such typical purity the profounder meaning of the union cause.
Our nation had been founded in what we may call our American religion, baptized and reared in the faith that a man requires no master to take care of him, and that common people can work out their salvation42 well enough together if left free to try. But the founders43 had not dared to touch the great intractable exception; and slavery had wrought44 until at last the only alternative for the nation was to fight or die. What Shaw and his comrades stand for and show us is that in such an emergency Americans of all complexions45 and conditions can go forth46 like brothers, and meet death cheerfully if need be, in order that this religion of our native land shall not become a failure on earth.
We of this Commonwealth47 believe in that religion; and it is not at all because Robert Shaw was an exceptional genius, but simply because he was faithful to it as we all may hope to be faithful in our measure when the times demand, that we wish his beautiful image to stand here for all time, an inciter48 to similarly unselfish public deeds.
Shaw thought but little of himself, yet he had a personal charm which, as we look back on him, makes us repeat: “None knew thee but to love thee, none named thee but to praise.” This grace of nature was united in him in the happiest way with a filial heart, a cheerful will, and a judgment32 that was true and fair. And when the war came, and great things were doing of the kind that he could help in, he went as a matter of course to the front. What country under heaven has not thousands of such youths to rejoice in, youths on whom the safety of the human race depends? Whether or not they leave memorials behind them, whether their names are writ41 in water or in marble, depends mostly on the opportunities which the accidents of history throw into their path. Shaw recognized the vital opportunity: he saw that the time had come when the colored people must put the country in their debt.
Colonel Lee has just told us something about the obstacles with which this idea had to contend. For a large party of us this was still exclusively a white man’s war; and should colored troops be tried and not succeed, confusion would grow worse confounded. Shaw was a captain in the Massachusetts Second, when Governor Andrew invited him to take the lead in the experiment. He was very modest, and doubted, for a moment, his own capacity for so responsible a post. We may also imagine human motives49 whispering other doubts. Shaw loved the Second Regiment, illustrious already, and was sure of promotion50 where he stood. In this new negro-soldier venture, loneliness was certain, ridicule51 inevitable52, failure possible; and Shaw was only twenty-five; and, although he had stood among the bullets at Cedar53 Mountain and Antietam, he had till then been walking socially on the sunny side of life. But whatever doubts may have beset54 him, they were over in a day, for he inclined naturally toward difficult resolves. He accepted the proffered55 command, and from that moment lived but for one object, to establish the honor of the Massachusetts Fifty-fourth.
I have had the privilege of reading his letters to his family from the day of April when, as a private in the New York Seventh, he obeyed the President’s first call. Some day they must be published, for they form a veritable poem for serenity56 and simplicity57 of tone. He took to camp life as if it were his native element, and (like so many of our young soldiers) he was at first all eagerness to make arms his permanent profession. Drilling and disciplining; interminable marching and counter-marching, and picket58-duty on the Upper Potomac as lieutenant59 in our Second Regiment, to which post he had soon been promoted; pride at the discipline attained60 by the Second, and horror at the bad discipline of other regiments61; these are the staple62 matter of earlier letters, and last for many months. These, and occasional more recreative incidents, visits to Virginian houses, the reading of books like Napier’s “Peninsular War,” or the “Idylls of the King,” Thanksgiving feats63, and races among officers, that helped the weary weeks to glide64 away. Then the bloodier65 business opens, and the plot thickens till the end is reached. From first to last there is not a rancorous word against the enemy — often quite the reverse — and amid all the scenes of hardship, death, and devastation66 that his pen soon has to write of, there is unfailing cheerfulness and even a sort of innermost peace.
After he left it, Robert Shaw’s heart still clung to the fortunes of the Second. Months later when, in South Carolina with the Fifty-fourth, he writes to his young wife: “I should have been major of the Second now if I had remained there and lived through the battles. As regards my own pleasure, I had rather have that place than any other in the army. It would have been fine to go home a field officer in that regiment! Poor fellows, how they have been slaughtered67!”
Meanwhile he had well taught his new command how to do their duty; for only three days after he wrote this he led them up the parapet of Fort Wagner, where he and nearly half of them were left upon the ground.
Robert Shaw quickly inspired others with his own love of discipline. There was something almost pathetic in the earnestness with which both the officers and men of the Fifty-fourth embraced their mission of showing that a black regiment could excel in every virtue68 known to man. They had good success, and the Fifty-fourth became a model in all possible respects. Almost the only trace of bitterness in Shaw’s whole correspondence is over an incident in which he thought his men had been morally disgraced. It had become their duty, immediately after their arrival at the seat of war, to participate, in obedience69 to fanatical orders from the head of the department, in the sack and burning of the inoffensive little town of Darien on the Georgia coast. “I fear,” he writes to his wife, “that such actions will hurt the reputation of black troops and of those connected with them. For myself I have gone through the war so far without dishonor, and I do not like to degenerate70 into a plunderer71 and a robber — and the same applies to every officer in my regiment. After going through the hard campaigning and the hard fighting in Virginia, this makes me very much ashamed. There are two courses only for me to pursue: to obey orders and say nothing; or to refuse to go upon any more such expeditions, and be put under arrest and probably court-martialled, which is a very serious thing.” Fortunately for Shaw, the general in command of that department was almost immediately relieved.
Four weeks of camp life and discipline on the Sea Islands, and the regiment had its baptism of fire. A small affair, but it proved the men to be staunch. Shaw again writes to his wife: “You don’t know what a fortunate day this has been for me and for us all, excepting some poor fellows who were killed and wounded. We have fought at last alongside of white troops. Two hundred of my men on picket this morning were attacked by five regiments of infantry72, some cavalry73, and a battery of artillery74. The Tenth Connecticut were on their left, and say they would have had a bad time if the Fifty-fourth men had not stood so well. The whole division was under arms in fifteen minutes, and after coming up close in front of us, the enemy, finding us so strong, fell back. . . . General Terry sent me word he was highly gratified with the behavior of our men, and the officers and privates of other regiments praise us very much. All this is very gratifying to us personally, and a fine thing for the colored troops. I know this will give you pleasure for it wipes out the remembrance of the Darien affair, which you could not but grieve over, though we were innocent participators.”
The adjutant of the Fifty-fourth, who made report of this skirmish to General Terry, well expresses the feelings of loneliness that still prevailed in that command:—
“The general’s favorite regiment,” writes the adjutant,4 “the Twenty-fourth Massachusetts Infantry, one of the best that had so far faced the rebel foe75, largely officered by Boston men, was surrounding his headquarters. It had been a living breathing suspicion with us — perhaps not altogether justly — that all white troops abhorred76 our presence in the army, and that the Twenty-fourth would rather hear of us in some remote corner of the Confederacy than tolerate us in advance of any battle in which they themselves were to act as reserves or lookers-on. Can you not then readily imagine the pleasure which I felt as I alighted from my horse before General Terry and his staff — I was going to say his unfriendly staff, but of this I am not sure — to report to him, with Colonel Shaw’s compliments, that we had repulsed77 the enemy without the loss of a single inch of ground. General Terry bade me mount again and tell Colonel Shaw that he was proud of the conduct of his men, and that he must still hold the ground against any future sortie of the enemy. You can even now share with me the sensation of that moment of soldierly satisfaction.”
The next night but one after this episode was spent by the Fifty-fourth in disembarking on Morris Island in the rain, and at noon Colonel Shaw was able to report their arrival to General Strong, to whose brigade he was assigned. A terrific bombardment was playing on Fort Wagner, then the most formidable earthwork ever built, and the general, knowing Shaw’s desire to place his men beside white troops, said to him: “Colonel, Fort Wagner is to be stormed this evening, and you may lead the column, if you say Yes. Your men, I know, are worn out, but do as you choose.” Shaw’s face brightened. “Before answering the general, he instantly turned to me,” writes the adjutant, who reports the interview, “and said, Tell Colonel Hallowell to bring up the Fifty-fourth immediately.’”
This was done, and just before nightfall the attack was made. Shaw was serious, for he knew the assault was desperate, and had a premonition of his end. Walking up and down in front of the regiment, he briefly exhorted79 them to prove that they were men. Then he gave the order: “Move in quick time till within a hundred yards, then double quick and charge. Forward!” and the Fifty-fourth advanced to the storming, its colonel and colors at its head.
On over the sand, through a narrow defile80 which broke up the formation, double quick over the chevaux de frise, into the ditch and over it, as best they could, and up the rampart with Fort Sumter, which had seen them, playing on them, and Fort Wagner, now one mighty81 mound82 of fire, tearing out their lives. Shaw led from first to last. Gaining successfully the parapet, he stood there for a moment with uplifted sword, shouting, “Forward, Fifty-fourth!” and then fell headlong, with a bullet through his heart. The battle raged for nigh two hours. Regiment after regiment, following upon the Fifty-fourth, hurled83 themselves upon its ramparts, but Fort Wagner was nobly defended, and for that night stood safe. The Fifty-fourth withdrew after two-thirds of its officers and five-twelfths or nearly half its men had been shot down or bayoneted within the fortress or before its walls. It was good behavior for a regiment, no one of whose soldiers had had a musket84 in his hands more than eighteen weeks, and which had seen the enemy for the first time only two days before.
“The negroes fought gallantly,” wrote a Confederate officer, “and were headed by as brave a colonel as ever lived.”
As for the colonel, not a drum was heard nor a funeral note, not a soldier discharged his farewell shot, when the Confederates buried him, the morning after the engagement. His body, half stripped of its clothing, and the corpses85 of his dauntless negroes were flung into one common trench86 together, and the sand was shovelled87 over them, without a stake or stone to signalize the spot. In death as in life, then, the Fifty-fourth bore witness to the brotherhood88 of man. The lover of heroic history could wish for no more fitting sepulchre for Shaw’s magnanimous young heart. There let his body rest, united with the forms of his brave nameless comrades. There let the breezes of the Atlantic sigh, and its gales89 roar their requiem90, while this bronze effigy91 and these inscriptions92 keep their fame alive long after you and I and all who meet here are forgotten.
How soon, indeed, are human things forgotten! As we meet here this morning, the Southern sun is shining on their place of burial, and the waves sparkling and the sea-gulls circling around Fort Wagner’s ancient site. But the great earthworks and their thundering cannon93, the commanders and their followers94, the wild assault and repulse78 that for a brief space made night hideous95 on that far-off evening, have all sunk into the blue gulf96 of the past, and for the majority of this generation are hardly more than an abstract name, a picture, a tale that is told. Only when some yellow-bleached photograph of a soldier of the ‘sixties comes into our hands, with that odd and vivid look of individuality due to the moment when it was taken, do we realize the concreteness of that by-gone history, and feel how interminable to the actors in them were those leaden-footed hours and years. The photographs themselves erelong will fade utterly97, and books of history and monuments like this alone will tell the tale. The great war for the union will be like the siege of Troy; it will have taken its place amongst all other “old, unhappy, far-off things and battles long ago.”
In all such events two things must be distinguished — the moral service of them from the fortitude98 which they display. War has been much praised and celebrated99 among us of late as a school of manly100 virtue; but it is easy to exaggerate upon this point. Ages ago, war was the gory101 cradle of mankind, the grim-featured nurse that alone could train our savage102 progenitors103 into some semblance104 of social virtue, teach them to be faithful one to another, and force them to sink their selfishness in wider tribal105 ends. War still excels in this prerogative106; and whether it be paid in years of service, in treasure, or in life-blood, the war tax is still the only tax that men ungrudgingly will pay. How could it be otherwise, when the survivors107 of one successful massacre108 after another are the beings from whose loins we and all our contemporary races spring? Man is once for all a fighting animal; centuries of peaceful history could not breed the battle-instinct out of us; and our pugnacity109 is the virtue least in need of reinforcement by reflection, least in need of orator’s or poet’s help.
What we really need the poet’s and orator’s help to keep alive in us is not, then, the common and gregarious110 courage which Robert Shaw showed when he marched with you, men of the Seventh Regiment. It is that more lonely courage which he showed when he dropped his warm commission in the glorious Second to head your dubious111 fortunes, negroes of the Fifty-fourth. That lonely kind of courage (civic112 courage as we call it in times of peace) is the kind of valor113 to which the monuments of nations should most of all be reared, for the survival of the fittest has not bred it into the bone of human beings as it has bred military valor; and of five hundred of us who could storm a battery side by side with others, perhaps not one would be found ready to risk his worldly fortunes all alone in resisting an enthroned abuse. The deadliest enemies of nations are not their foreign foes114; they always dwell within their borders. And from these internal enemies civilization is always in need of being saved. The nation blest above all nations is she in whom the civic genius of the people does the saving day by day, by acts without external picturesqueness; by speaking, writing, voting reasonably; by smiting115 corruption116 swiftly; by good temper between parties; by the people knowing true men when they see them, and preferring them as leaders to rabid partisans117 or empty quacks118. Such nations have no need of wars to save them. Their accounts with righteousness are always even; and God’s judgments do not have to overtake them fitfully in bloody119 spasms120 and convulsions of the race.
The lesson that our war ought most of all to teach us is the lesson that evils must be checked in time, before they grow so great. The Almighty121 cannot love such long-postponed accounts, or such tremendous settlements. And surely He hates all settlements that do such quantities of incidental devils’ work. Our present situation, with its rancors and delusions122, what is it but the direct outcome of the added powers of government, the corruptions123 and inflations of the war? Every war leaves such miserable124 legacies125, fatal seeds of future war and revolution, unless the civic virtues126 of the people save the State in time.
Robert Shaw had both kinds of virtue. As he then led his regiment against Fort Wagner, so surely would he now be leading us against all lesser127 powers of darkness, had his sweet young life been spared. You think of many as I speak of one. For, North and South, how many lives as sweet, unmonumented for the most part, commemorated128 solely129 in the hearts of mourning mothers, widowed brides, or friends did the inexorable war mow130 down! Instead of the full years of natural service from so many of her children, our country counts but their poor memories, “the tender grace of a day that is dead,” lingering like echoes of past music on the vacant air.
But so and so only was it written that she should grow sound again. From that fatal earlier unsoundness those lives have brought for North and South together permanent release. The warfare131 is accomplished132; the iniquity133 is pardoned. No future problem can be like that problem. No task laid on our children can compare in difficulty with the task with which their fathers had to deal. Yet as we face the future, tasks enough await us. The republic to which Robert Shaw and a quarter of a million like him were faithful unto death is no republic that can live at ease hereafter on the interest of what they have won. Democracy is still upon its trial. The civic genius of our people is its only bulwark134, and neither laws nor monuments, neither battleships nor public libraries, nor great newspapers nor booming stocks; neither mechanical invention nor political adroitness135, nor churches nor universities nor civil service examinations can save us from degeneration if the inner mystery be lost. That mystery, as once the secret and the glory of our English-speaking race, consists in nothing but two common habits, two inveterate136 habits carried into public life — habits so homely137 that they lend themselves to no rhetorical expression, yet habits more precious, perhaps, than any that the human race has gained. They can never be too often pointed138 out or praised. One of them is the habit of trained and disciplined good temper towards the opposite party when it fairly wins its innings. It was by breaking away from this habit that the Slave States nearly wrecked139 our Nation. The other is that of fierce and merciless resentment140 toward every man or set of men who break the public peace. By holding to this habit the free States saved her life.
O my countrymen, Southern and Northern, brothers hereafter, masters, slaves, and enemies no more, let us see to it that both of those heirlooms are preserved. So may our ransomed141 country, like the city of the promise, lie forever foursquare under Heaven, and the ways of all the nations be lit up by its light.
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briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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picturesqueness
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twilight
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fixed
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fortress
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looming
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| n.上现蜃景（光通过低层大气发生异常折射形成的一种海市蜃楼）v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的现在分词 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近 | |
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conspicuous
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distinguished
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maiden
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immediate
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spartans
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forefathers
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| n.祖先，先人；祖先，祖宗( forefather的名词复数 )；列祖列宗；前人 | |
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dilatory
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symbolized
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embodied
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mingling
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vividly
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insolent
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epithet
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peculiar
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onward
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kindled
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animating
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marrow
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abolition
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fanatics
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muzzled
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judgments
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judgment
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abominably
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inaccurate
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hew
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delusion
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perversity
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dictating
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unconditional
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| adj.无条件的，无限制的，绝对的 | |
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concession
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| n.让步，妥协；特许(权) | |
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41
writ
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| n.命令状，书面命令 | |
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42
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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43
founders
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| n.创始人( founder的名词复数 ) | |
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44
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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complexions
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| 肤色( complexion的名词复数 )； 面色； 局面； 性质 | |
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46
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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47
commonwealth
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| n.共和国，联邦，共同体 | |
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48
inciter
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49
motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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50
promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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51
ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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52
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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53
cedar
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| n.雪松，香柏(木) | |
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54
beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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55
proffered
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| v.提供，贡献，提出( proffer的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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56
serenity
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| n.宁静，沉着，晴朗 | |
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57
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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58
picket
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| n.纠察队；警戒哨；v.设置纠察线；布置警卫 | |
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59
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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60
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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61
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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62
staple
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| n.主要产物，常用品，主要要素，原料，订书钉，钩环；adj.主要的，重要的；vt.分类 | |
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63
feats
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| 功绩，伟业，技艺( feat的名词复数 ) | |
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64
glide
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| n./v.溜，滑行；(时间)消逝 | |
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65
bloodier
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| adj.血污的( bloody的比较级 )；流血的；屠杀的；残忍的 | |
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66
devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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67
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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68
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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69
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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70
degenerate
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| v.退步，堕落；adj.退步的，堕落的；n.堕落者 | |
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71
plunderer
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| 掠夺者 | |
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72
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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73
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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74
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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75
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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76
abhorred
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| v.憎恶( abhor的过去式和过去分词 )；（厌恶地）回避；拒绝；淘汰 | |
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77
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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78
repulse
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| n.击退，拒绝；vt.逐退，击退，拒绝 | |
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79
exhorted
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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80
defile
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| v.弄污，弄脏；n.(山间)小道 | |
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81
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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82
mound
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| n.土墩，堤，小山；v.筑堤，用土堆防卫 | |
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83
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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84
musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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85
corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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86
trench
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| n./v.(挖)沟，(挖)战壕 | |
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87
shovelled
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| v.铲子( shovel的过去式和过去分词 )；锹；推土机、挖土机等的)铲；铲形部份 | |
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88
brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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89
gales
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| 龙猫 | |
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90
requiem
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| n.安魂曲，安灵曲 | |
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91
effigy
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| n.肖像 | |
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92
inscriptions
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| （作者）题词( inscription的名词复数 )； 献词； 碑文； 证劵持有人的登记 | |
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93
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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94
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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95
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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96
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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97
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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98
fortitude
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| n.坚忍不拔；刚毅 | |
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99
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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100
manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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101
gory
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| adj.流血的；残酷的 | |
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102
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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103
progenitors
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| n.祖先( progenitor的名词复数 )；先驱；前辈；原本 | |
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104
semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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105
tribal
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| adj.部族的，种族的 | |
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106
prerogative
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| n.特权 | |
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107
survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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108
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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109
pugnacity
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| n.好斗，好战 | |
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110
gregarious
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| adj.群居的，喜好群居的 | |
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111
dubious
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| adj.怀疑的，无把握的；有问题的，靠不住的 | |
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112
civic
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| adj.城市的，都市的，市民的，公民的 | |
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113
valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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114
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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115
smiting
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| v.猛打，重击，打击( smite的现在分词 ) | |
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116
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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117
partisans
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| 游击队员( partisan的名词复数 )； 党人； 党羽； 帮伙 | |
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118
quacks
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| abbr.quacksalvers 庸医，骗子(16世纪习惯用水银或汞治疗梅毒的人)n.江湖医生( quack的名词复数 )；江湖郎中；（鸭子的）呱呱声v.（鸭子）发出嘎嘎声( quack的第三人称单数 ) | |
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119
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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120
spasms
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| n.痉挛( spasm的名词复数 )；抽搐；（能量、行为等的）突发；发作 | |
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121
almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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122
delusions
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| n.欺骗( delusion的名词复数 )；谬见；错觉；妄想 | |
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123
corruptions
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| n.堕落( corruption的名词复数 )；腐化；腐败；贿赂 | |
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124
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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125
legacies
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| n.遗产( legacy的名词复数 )；遗留之物；遗留问题；后遗症 | |
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126
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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127
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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128
commemorated
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| v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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129
solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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130
mow
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| v.割（草、麦等），扫射，皱眉；n.草堆，谷物堆 | |
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131
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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132
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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133
iniquity
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| n.邪恶；不公正 | |
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134
bulwark
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| n.堡垒，保障，防御 | |
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135
adroitness
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136
inveterate
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| adj.积习已深的，根深蒂固的 | |
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137
homely
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| adj.家常的，简朴的；不漂亮的 | |
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138
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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139
wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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140
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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141
ransomed
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| 付赎金救人，赎金( ransom的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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