In connexion with the motions of the heart these things are further to be observed having reference to the motions and pulses of the arteries.
1. At the moment the heart contracts, and when the breast is struck, when in short the organ is in its state of systole, the arteries are dilated3, yield a pulse, and are in the state of diastole. In like manner, when the right ventricle contracts and propels its charge of blood, the pulmonary artery4 is distended5 at the same time with the other arteries of the body.
2. When the left ventricle ceases to act, to contract, to pulsate6, the pulse in the arteries also ceases; further, when this ventricle contracts languidly, the pulse in the arteries is scarcely perceptible. In like manner, the pulse in the right ventricle failing, the pulse in the pulmonary artery ceases also.
3. Further, when an artery is divided or punctured7, the blood is seen to be forcibly propelled from the wound the moment the left ventricle contracts; and, again, when the pulmonary artery is wounded, the blood will be seen spouting8 forth9 with violence at the instant when the right ventricle contracts.
So also in fishes, if the vessel10 which leads from the heart to the gills be divided, at the moment when the heart becomes tense and contracted, at the same moment does the blood flow with force from the divided vessel.
In the same way, when we see the blood in arteriotomy projected now to a greater, now to a less distance, and that the greater jet corresponds to the diastole of the artery and to the time when the heart contracts and strikes the ribs11, and is in its state of systole, we understand that the blood is expelled by the same movement.
From these facts it is manifest, in opposition12 to commonly received opinions, that the diastole of the arteries corresponds with the time of the heart’s systole; and that the arteries are filled and distended by the blood forced into them by the contraction13 of the ventricles; the arteries, therefore, are distended, because they are filled like sacs or bladders, and are not filled because they expand like bellows14. It is in virtue15 of one and the same cause, therefore, that all the arteries of the body pulsate, viz., the contraction of the left ventricle; in the same way as the pulmonary artery pulsates16 by the contraction of the right ventricle.
Finally, that the pulses of the arteries are due to the impulses of the blood from the left ventricle, may be illustrated17 by blowing into a glove, when the whole of the fingers will be found to become distended at one and the same time, and in their tension to bear some resemblance to the pulse. For in the ratio of the tension is the pulse of the heart, fuller, stronger, and more frequent as that acts more vigorously, still preserving the rhythm and volume, and order of the heart’s contractions18. Nor is it to be expected that because of the motion of the blood, the time at which the contraction of the heart takes place, and that at which the pulse in an artery (especially a distant one) is felt, shall be otherwise than simultaneous: it is here the same as in blowing up a glove or bladder; for in a plenum (as in a drum, a long piece of timber, etc.) the stroke and the motion occur at both extremities19 at the same time. Aristotle,3 too, has said, “the blood of all animals palpitates within their veins20 (meaning the arteries), and by the pulse is sent everywhere simultaneously21.” And further,4 “thus do all the veins pulsate together and by successive strokes, because they all depend upon the heart; and, as it is always in motion, so are they likewise always moving together, but by successive movements.” It is well to observe with Galen, in this place, that the old philosophers called the arteries veins. I happened upon one occasion to have a particular case under my care, which plainly satisfied me of the truth: A certain person was affected22 with a large pulsating23 tumour24 on the right side of the neck, called an aneurism, just at that part where the artery descends25 into the axilla, produced by an erosion of the artery itself, and daily increasing in size; this tumour was visibly distended as it received the charge of blood brought to it by the artery, with each stroke of the heart; the connexion of parts was obvious when the body of the patient came to be opened after his death. The pulse in the corresponding arm was small, in consequence of the greater portion of the blood being diverted into the tumour and so intercepted26.
Whence it appears that whenever the motion of the blood through the arteries is impeded27, whether it be by compression or infarction, or interception28, there do the remote divisions of the arteries beat less forcibly, seeing that the pulse of the arteries is nothing more than the impulse or shock of the blood in these vessels29.
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1 arteries | |
n.动脉( artery的名词复数 );干线,要道 | |
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2 dissection | |
n.分析;解剖 | |
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3 dilated | |
adj.加宽的,扩大的v.(使某物)扩大,膨胀,张大( dilate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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4 artery | |
n.干线,要道;动脉 | |
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5 distended | |
v.(使)膨胀,肿胀( distend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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6 pulsate | |
v.有规律的跳动 | |
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7 punctured | |
v.在(某物)上穿孔( puncture的过去式和过去分词 );刺穿(某物);削弱(某人的傲气、信心等);泄某人的气 | |
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8 spouting | |
n.水落管系统v.(指液体)喷出( spout的现在分词 );滔滔不绝地讲;喋喋不休地说;喷水 | |
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9 forth | |
adv.向前;向外,往外 | |
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10 vessel | |
n.船舶;容器,器皿;管,导管,血管 | |
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11 ribs | |
n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 );(船或屋顶等的)肋拱;肋骨状的东西;(织物的)凸条花纹 | |
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12 opposition | |
n.反对,敌对 | |
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13 contraction | |
n.缩略词,缩写式,害病 | |
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14 bellows | |
n.风箱;发出吼叫声,咆哮(尤指因痛苦)( bellow的名词复数 );(愤怒地)说出(某事),大叫v.发出吼叫声,咆哮(尤指因痛苦)( bellow的第三人称单数 );(愤怒地)说出(某事),大叫 | |
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15 virtue | |
n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力 | |
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16 pulsates | |
v.有节奏地舒张及收缩( pulsate的第三人称单数 );跳动;脉动;受(激情)震动 | |
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17 illustrated | |
adj. 有插图的,列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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18 contractions | |
n.收缩( contraction的名词复数 );缩减;缩略词;(分娩时)子宫收缩 | |
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19 extremities | |
n.端点( extremity的名词复数 );尽头;手和足;极窘迫的境地 | |
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20 veins | |
n.纹理;矿脉( vein的名词复数 );静脉;叶脉;纹理 | |
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21 simultaneously | |
adv.同时发生地,同时进行地 | |
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22 affected | |
adj.不自然的,假装的 | |
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23 pulsating | |
adj.搏动的,脉冲的v.有节奏地舒张及收缩( pulsate的现在分词 );跳动;脉动;受(激情)震动 | |
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24 tumour | |
n.(tumor)(肿)瘤,肿块 | |
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25 descends | |
v.下来( descend的第三人称单数 );下去;下降;下斜 | |
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26 intercepted | |
拦截( intercept的过去式和过去分词 ); 截住; 截击; 拦阻 | |
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27 impeded | |
阻碍,妨碍,阻止( impede的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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28 interception | |
n.拦截;截击;截取;截住,截断;窃听 | |
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29 vessels | |
n.血管( vessel的名词复数 );船;容器;(具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的)人 | |
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