“— Evadere ad auras, Hoc opus, hic labor5 est.” 7
To this end the philosopher’s way in all ages has been by erecting7 certain edifices8 in the air; but whatever practice and reputation these kind of structures have formerly9 possessed10, or may still continue in, not excepting even that of Socrates when he was suspended in a basket to help contemplation, I think, with due submission11, they seem to labour under two inconveniences. First, that the foundations being laid too high, they have been often out of sight and ever out of hearing. Secondly12, that the materials being very transitory, have suffered much from inclemencies of air, especially in these north-west regions.
Therefore, towards the just performance of this great work there remain but three methods that I can think on; whereof the wisdom of our ancestors being highly sensible, has, to encourage all aspiring13 adventures, thought fit to erect6 three wooden machines for the use of those orators15 who desire to talk much without interruption. These are the Pulpit, the Ladder, and the Stage-itinerant. For as to the Bar, though it be compounded of the same matter and designed for the same use, it cannot, however, be well allowed the honour of a fourth, by reason of its level or inferior situation exposing it to perpetual interruption from collaterals16. Neither can the Bench itself, though raised to a proper eminency, put in a better claim, whatever its advocates insist on. For if they please to look into the original design of its erection, and the circumstances or adjuncts subservient17 to that design, they will soon acknowledge the present practice exactly correspondent to the primitive18 institution, and both to answer the etymology19 of the name, which in the Phoenician tongue is a word of great signification, importing, if literally20 interpreted, “The place of sleep,” but in common acceptation, “A seat well bolstered21 and cushioned, for the repose22 of old and gouty limbs;” senes ut in otia tuta recedant 8. Fortune being indebted to them this part of retaliation23, that as formerly they have long talked whilst others slept, so now they may sleep as long whilst others talk.
But if no other argument could occur to exclude the Bench and the Bar from the list of oratorical24 machines, it were sufficient that the admission of them would overthrow25 a number which I was resolved to establish, whatever argument it might cost me; in imitation of that prudent26 method observed by many other philosophers and great clerks, whose chief art in division has been to grow fond of some proper mystical number, which their imaginations have rendered sacred to a degree that they force common reason to find room for it in every part of Nature, reducing, including, and adjusting, every genus and species within that compass by coupling some against their wills and banishing27 others at any rate. Now, among all the rest, the profound number THREE 9 is that which has most employed my sublimest28 speculations29, nor ever without wonderful delight. There is now in the press, and will be published next term, a panegyrical30 essay of mine upon this number, wherein I have, by most convincing proofs, not only reduced the senses and the elements under its banner, but brought over several deserters from its two great rivals, SEVEN and NINE.
Now, the first of these oratorical machines, in place as well as dignity, is the Pulpit. Of pulpits there are in this island several sorts, but I esteem31 only that made of timber from the Sylva Caledonia, which agrees very well with our climate. If it be upon its decay, it is the better, both for conveyance32 of sound and for other reasons to be mentioned by and by. The degree of perfection in shape and size I take to consist in being extremely narrow, with little ornament34, and, best of all, without a cover; for, by ancient rule, it ought to be the only uncovered vessel35 in every assembly where it is rightfully used, by which means, from its near resemblance to a pillory36, it will ever have a mighty37 influence on human ears.
Of Ladders I need say nothing. It is observed by foreigners themselves, to the honour of our country, that we excel all nations in our practice and understanding of this machine. The ascending38 orators do not only oblige their audience in the agreeable delivery, but the whole world in their early publication of their speeches, which I look upon as the choicest treasury39 of our British eloquence40, and whereof I am informed that worthy41 citizen and bookseller, Mr. John Dunton, has made a faithful and a painful collection, which he shortly designs to publish in twelve volumes in folio, illustrated42 with copper-plates — a work highly useful and curious, and altogether worthy of such a hand.
The last engine of orators is the Stage-itinerant, erected43 with much sagacity, sub Jove pluvio, in triviis et quadriviis. 10 It is the great seminary of the two former, and its orators are sometimes preferred to the one and sometimes to the other, in proportion to their deservings, there being a strict and perpetual intercourse44 between all three.
From this accurate deduction45 it is manifest that for obtaining attention in public there is of necessity required a superior position of place. But although this point be generally granted, yet the cause is little agreed in; and it seems to me that very few philosophers have fallen into a true natural solution of this phenomenon. The deepest account, and the most fairly digested of any I have yet met with is this, that air being a heavy body, and therefore, according to the system of Epicurus 11, continually descending46, must needs be more so when laden47 and pressed down by words, which are also bodies of much weight and gravity, as is manifest from those deep impressions they make and leave upon us, and therefore must be delivered from a due altitude, or else they will neither carry a good aim nor fall down with a sufficient force.
“Corpoream quoque enim vocem constare fatendum est, Et sonitum, quoniam possunt impellere sensus.” — Lucr. lib. 4. 12
And I am the readier to favour this conjecture48 from a common observation, that in the several assemblies of these orators Nature itself has instructed the hearers to stand with their mouths open and erected parallel to the horizon, so as they may be intersected by a perpendicular49 line from the zenith to the centre of the earth. In which position, if the audience be well compact, every one carries home a share, and little or nothing is lost.
I confess there is something yet more refined in the contrivance and structure of our modern theatres. For, first, the pit is sunk below the stage with due regard to the institution above deduced, that whatever weighty matter shall be delivered thence, whether it be lead or gold, may fall plump into the jaws50 of certain critics, as I think they are called, which stand ready open to devour51 them. Then the boxes are built round and raised to a level with the scene, in deference52 to the ladies, because that large portion of wit laid out in raising pruriences and protuberances is observed to run much upon a line, and ever in a circle. The whining53 passions and little starved conceits54 are gently wafted55 up by their own extreme levity56 to the middle region, and there fix and are frozen by the frigid57 understandings of the inhabitants. Bombast58 and buffoonery, by nature lofty and light, soar highest of all, and would be lost in the roof if the prudent architect had not, with much foresight59, contrived60 for them a fourth place, called the twelve-penny gallery, and there planted a suitable colony, who greedily intercept61 them in their passage.
Now this physico-logical scheme of oratorical receptacles or machines contains a great mystery, being a type, a sign, an emblem62, a shadow, a symbol, bearing analogy to the spacious63 commonwealth64 of writers and to those methods by which they must exalt2 themselves to a certain eminency above the inferior world. By the Pulpit are adumbrated65 the writings of our modern saints in Great Britain, as they have spiritualised and refined them from the dross66 and grossness of sense and human reason. The matter, as we have said, is of rotten wood, and that upon two considerations: because it is the quality of rotten wood to light in the dark; and secondly, because its cavities are full of worms — which is a type with a pair of handles, having a respect to the two principal qualifications of the orator14 and the two different fates attending upon his works. 13
The Ladder is an adequate symbol of faction67 and of poetry, to both of which so noble a number of authors are indebted for their fame. Of faction, because .(Hiatus in MS.). Of poetry, because its orators do perorare with a song; and because, climbing up by slow degrees, fate is sure to turn them off before they can reach within many steps of the top; and because it is a preferment attained68 by transferring of propriety69 and a confounding of meum and tuum.
Under the Stage-itinerant are couched those productions designed for the pleasure and delight of mortal man, such as “Six Pennyworth of Wit,” “Westminster Drolleries,” “Delightful Tales,” “Complete Jesters,” and the like, by which the writers of and for Grub Street have in these later ages so nobly triumphed over time, have clipped his wings, pared his nails, filed his teeth, turned back his hour-glass, blunted his scythe70, and drawn71 the hobnails out of his shoes. It is under this class I have presumed to list my present treatise72, being just come from having the honour conferred upon me to be adopted a member of that illustrious fraternity.
Now, I am not unaware73 how the productions of the Grub Street brotherhood74 have of late years fallen under many prejudices, nor how it has been the perpetual employment of two junior start-up societies to ridicule75 them and their authors as unworthy their established post in the commonwealth of wit and learning. Their own consciences will easily inform them whom I mean; nor has the world been so negligent76 a looker-on as not to observe the continual efforts made by the societies of Gresham and of Will’s 14, to edify77 a name and reputation upon the ruin of ours. And this is yet a more feeling grief to us, upon the regards of tenderness as well as of justice, when we reflect on their proceedings78 not only as unjust, but as ungrateful, undutiful, and unnatural79. For how can it be forgot by the world or themselves, to say nothing of our own records, which are full and clear in the point, that they both are seminaries, not only of our planting, but our watering too. I am informed our two rivals have lately made an offer to enter into the lists with united forces and challenge us to a comparison of books, both as to weight and number. In return to which, with license80 from our president, I humbly81 offer two answers. First, we say the proposal is like that which Archimedes made upon a smaller affair 15, including an impossibility in the practice; for where can they find scales of capacity enough for the first, or an arithmetician of capacity enough for the second. Secondly, we are ready to accept the challenge, but with this condition, that a third indifferent person be assigned, to whose impartial82 judgment83 it shall be left to decide which society each book, treatise, or pamphlet do most properly belong to. This point, God knows, is very far from being fixed84 at present, for we are ready to produce a catalogue of some thousands which in all common justice ought to be entitled to our fraternity, but by the revolted and newfangled writers most perfidiously85 ascribed to the others. Upon all which we think it very unbecoming our prudence86 that the determination should be remitted87 to the authors themselves, when our adversaries88 by briguing and caballing have caused so universal a defection from us, that the greatest part of our society has already deserted89 to them, and our nearest friends begin to stand aloof90, as if they were half ashamed to own us.
This is the utmost I am authorised to say upon so ungrateful and melancholy91 a subject, because we are extremely unwilling92 to inflame93 a controversy94 whose continuance may be so fatal to the interests of us all, desiring much rather that things be amicably95 composed; and we shall so far advance on our side as to be ready to receive the two prodigals96 with open arms whenever they shall think fit to return from their husks and their harlots, which I think, from the present course of their studies 16, they most properly may be said to be engaged in, and, like an indulgent parent, continue to them our affection and our blessing97.
But the greatest maim98 given to that general reception which the writings of our society have formerly received, next to the transitory state of all sublunary things, has been a superficial vein99 among many readers of the present age, who will by no means be persuaded to inspect beyond the surface and the rind of things; whereas wisdom is a fox, who, after long hunting, will at last cost you the pains to dig out. It is a cheese which, by how much the richer, has the thicker, the homelier, and the coarser coat, and whereof to a judicious100 palate the maggots are the best. It is a sack-posset, wherein the deeper you go you will find it the sweeter. Wisdom is a hen whose cackling we must value and consider, because it is attended with an egg. But then, lastly, it is a nut, which, unless you choose with judgment, may cost you a tooth, and pay you with nothing but a worm. In consequence of these momentous101 truths, the Grubaean sages102 have always chosen to convey their precepts103 and their arts shut up within the vehicles of types and fables104; which having been perhaps more careful and curious in adorning105 than was altogether necessary, it has fared with these vehicles after the usual fate of coaches over-finely painted and gilt106, that the transitory gazers have so dazzled their eyes and filled their imaginations with the outward lustre107, as neither to regard nor consider the person or the parts of the owner within. A misfortune we undergo with somewhat less reluctancy, because it has been common to us with Pythagoras, AEsop, Socrates, and other of our predecessors108.
However, that neither the world nor ourselves may any longer suffer by such misunderstandings, I have been prevailed on, after much importunity109 from my friends, to travail110 in a complete and laborious111 dissertation112 upon the prime productions of our society, which, besides their beautiful externals for the gratification of superficial readers, have darkly and deeply couched under them the most finished and refined systems of all sciences and arts, as I do not doubt to lay open by untwisting or unwinding, and either to draw up by exantlation or display by incision113.
This great work was entered upon some years ago by one of our most eminent114 members. He began with the “History of Reynard the Fox,” but neither lived to publish his essay nor to proceed farther in so useful an attempt, which is very much to be lamented115, because the discovery he made and communicated to his friends is now universally received; nor do I think any of the learned will dispute that famous treatise to be a complete body of civil knowledge, and the revelation, or rather the apocalypse, of all state arcana. But the progress I have made is much greater, having already finished my annotations116 upon several dozens from some of which I shall impart a few hints to the candid117 reader, as far as will be necessary to the conclusion at which I aim.
The first piece I have handled is that of “Tom Thumb,” whose author was a Pythagorean philosopher. This dark treatise contains the whole scheme of the metempsychosis, deducing the progress of the soul through all her stages.
The next is “Dr. Faustus,” penned by Artephius, an author bonae notae and an adeptus; he published it in the nine hundred and eighty-fourth year 17 of his age; this writer proceeds wholly by reincrudation, or in the via humida; and the marriage between Faustus and Helen does most conspicuously118 dilucidate the fermenting119 of the male and female dragon.
“Whittington and his Cat” is the work of that mysterious Rabbi, Jehuda Hannasi, containing a defence of the Gemara of the Jerusalem Misna, and its just preference to that of Babylon, contrary to the vulgar opinion.
“The Hind120 and Panther.” This is the masterpiece of a famous writer now living 18, intended for a complete abstract of sixteen thousand schoolmen from Scotus to Bellarmine.
“Tommy Potts.” Another piece, supposed by the same hand, by way of supplement to the former.
The “Wise Men of Gotham,” cum Appendice. This is a treatise of immense erudition, being the great original and fountain of those arguments bandied about both in France and England, for a just defence of modern learning and wit, against the presumption121, the pride, and the ignorance of the ancients. This unknown author hath so exhausted122 the subject, that a penetrating123 reader will easily discover whatever has been written since upon that dispute to be little more than repetition. An abstract of this treatise has been lately published by a worthy member of our society.
These notices may serve to give the learned reader an idea as well as a taste of what the whole work is likely to produce, wherein I have now altogether circumscribed124 my thoughts and my studies; and if I can bring it to a perfection before I die, shall reckon I have well employed the poor remains125 of an unfortunate life. This indeed is more than I can justly expect from a quill126 worn to the pith in the service of the State, in pros127 and cons33 upon Popish Plots, and Meal Tubs, and Exclusion128 Bills, and Passive Obedience129, and Addresses of Lives and Fortunes; and Prerogative130, and Property, and Liberty of Conscience, and Letters to a Friend: from an understanding and a conscience, threadbare and ragged131 with perpetual turning; from a head broken in a hundred places by the malignants of the opposite factions132, and from a body spent with poxes ill cured, by trusting to bawds and surgeons, who (as it afterwards appeared) were professed133 enemies to me and the Government, and revenged their party’s quarrel upon my nose and shins. Fourscore and eleven pamphlets have I written under three reigns134, and for the service of six-and-thirty factions. But finding the State has no farther occasion for me and my ink, I retire willingly to draw it out into speculations more becoming a philosopher, having, to my unspeakable comfort, passed a long life with a conscience void of offence towards God and towards men.
But to return. I am assured from the reader’s candour that the brief specimen135 I have given will easily clear all the rest of our society’s productions from an aspersion136 grown, as it is manifest, out of envy and ignorance, that they are of little farther use or value to mankind beyond the common entertainments of their wit and their style; for these I am sure have never yet been disputed by our keenest adversaries; in both which, as well as the more profound and most mystical part, I have throughout this treatise closely followed the most applauded originals. And to render all complete I have with much thought and application of mind so ordered that the chief title prefixed to it (I mean that under which I design it shall pass in the common conversation of court and town) is modelled exactly after the manner peculiar to our society.
I confess to have been somewhat liberal in the business of titles 19, having observed the humour of multiplying them, to bear great vogue137 among certain writers, whom I exceedingly reverence138. And indeed it seems not unreasonable139 that books, the children of the brain, should have the honour to be christened with variety of names, as well as other infants of quality. Our famous Dryden has ventured to proceed a point farther, endeavouring to introduce also a multiplicity of godfathers 20, which is an improvement of much more advantage, upon a very obvious account. It is a pity this admirable invention has not been better cultivated, so as to grow by this time into general imitation, when such an authority serves it for a precedent140. Nor have my endeavours been wanting to second so useful an example, but it seems there is an unhappy expense usually annexed141 to the calling of a godfather, which was clearly out of my head, as it is very reasonable to believe. Where the pinch lay, I cannot certainly affirm; but having employed a world of thoughts and pains to split my treatise into forty sections, and having entreated142 forty Lords of my acquaintance that they would do me the honour to stand, they all made it matter of conscience, and sent me their excuses.
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indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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exalt
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| v.赞扬，歌颂，晋升，提升 | |
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exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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edifices
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| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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possessed
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submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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aspiring
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| adj.有志气的；有抱负的；高耸的v.渴望；追求 | |
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orator
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| n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家 | |
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orators
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| n.演说者，演讲家( orator的名词复数 ) | |
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collaterals
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| n.附属担保品( collateral的名词复数 ) | |
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subservient
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| adj.卑屈的，阿谀的 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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etymology
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| n.语源；字源学 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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bolstered
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| v.支持( bolster的过去式和过去分词 )；支撑；给予必要的支持；援助 | |
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repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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retaliation
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| n.报复，反击 | |
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oratorical
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| adj.演说的，雄辩的 | |
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overthrow
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prudent
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banishing
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sublimest
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| 伟大的( sublime的最高级 )； 令人赞叹的； 极端的； 不顾后果的 | |
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speculations
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| n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断 | |
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panegyrical
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esteem
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conveyance
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| n.(不动产等的)转让，让与；转让证书；传送；运送；表达；（正）运输工具 | |
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cons
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| n.欺骗，骗局( con的名词复数 )v.诈骗，哄骗( con的第三人称单数 ) | |
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ornament
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vessel
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pillory
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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intercourse
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deduction
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| n.减除，扣除，减除额；推论，推理，演绎 | |
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descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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devour
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| v.吞没；贪婪地注视或谛听，贪读；使着迷 | |
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deference
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| n.尊重，顺从；敬意 | |
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whining
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| n. 抱怨，牢骚 v. 哭诉，发牢骚 | |
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conceits
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| 高傲( conceit的名词复数 )； 自以为； 巧妙的词语； 别出心裁的比喻 | |
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wafted
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| v.吹送，飘送，（使）浮动( waft的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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56
levity
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| n.轻率，轻浮，不稳定，多变 | |
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57
frigid
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| adj.寒冷的，凛冽的；冷淡的；拘禁的 | |
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58
bombast
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| n.高调，夸大之辞 | |
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59
foresight
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| n.先见之明，深谋远虑 | |
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60
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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61
intercept
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| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
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62
emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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63
spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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64
commonwealth
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| n.共和国，联邦，共同体 | |
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65
adumbrated
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| v.约略显示，勾画出…的轮廓( adumbrate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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66
dross
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| n.渣滓；无用之物 | |
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67
faction
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| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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68
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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69
propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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70
scythe
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| n. 长柄的大镰刀，战车镰； v. 以大镰刀割 | |
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71
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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72
treatise
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| n.专著；(专题)论文 | |
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73
unaware
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| a.不知道的，未意识到的 | |
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74
brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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75
ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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76
negligent
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| adj.疏忽的；玩忽的；粗心大意的 | |
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77
edify
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| v.陶冶；教化；启发 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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80
license
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| n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许 | |
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humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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82
impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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83
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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84
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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85
perfidiously
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| adv.不忠实地，背信地 | |
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86
prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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87
remitted
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| v.免除（债务），宽恕( remit的过去式和过去分词 )；使某事缓和；寄回，传送 | |
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88
adversaries
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| n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 ) | |
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89
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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aloof
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| adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的 | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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93
inflame
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| v.使燃烧；使极度激动；使发炎 | |
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94
controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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amicably
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| adv.友善地 | |
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prodigals
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| n.浪费的( prodigal的名词复数 )；铺张的；挥霍的；慷慨的 | |
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blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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maim
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| v.使残废，使不能工作，使伤残 | |
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vein
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| n.血管，静脉；叶脉，纹理；情绪；vt.使成脉络 | |
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judicious
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| adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的 | |
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momentous
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| adj.重要的，重大的 | |
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102
sages
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| n.圣人( sage的名词复数 )；智者；哲人；鼠尾草（可用作调料） | |
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103
precepts
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| n.规诫，戒律，箴言( precept的名词复数 ) | |
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104
fables
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| n.寓言( fable的名词复数 )；神话，传说 | |
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105
adorning
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| 修饰，装饰物 | |
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106
gilt
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| adj.镀金的；n.金边证券 | |
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107
lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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108
predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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109
importunity
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| n.硬要，强求 | |
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110
travail
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| n.阵痛；努力 | |
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111
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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112
dissertation
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| n.（博士学位）论文，学术演讲，专题论文 | |
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113
incision
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| n．切口，切开 | |
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114
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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115
lamented
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| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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116
annotations
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| n.注释( annotation的名词复数 )；附注 | |
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117
candid
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| adj.公正的，正直的；坦率的 | |
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118
conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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119
fermenting
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| v.（使）发酵( ferment的现在分词 )；（使）激动；骚动；骚扰 | |
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120
hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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121
presumption
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| n.推测，可能性，冒昧，放肆，[法律]推定 | |
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122
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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123
penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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124
circumscribed
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| adj.[医]局限的：受限制或限于有限空间的v.在…周围划线( circumscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；划定…范围；限制；限定 | |
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125
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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126
quill
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| n.羽毛管；v.给（织物或衣服）作皱褶 | |
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pros
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| abbr.prosecuting 起诉；prosecutor 起诉人；professionals 自由职业者；proscenium （舞台）前部n.赞成的意见( pro的名词复数 )；赞成的理由；抵偿物；交换物 | |
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128
exclusion
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| n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行 | |
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129
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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130
prerogative
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| n.特权 | |
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131
ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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132
factions
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| 组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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133
professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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134
reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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135
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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136
aspersion
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| n.诽谤，中伤 | |
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137
Vogue
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| n.时髦，时尚；adj.流行的 | |
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138
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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139
unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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140
precedent
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| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
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141
annexed
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| [法] 附加的，附属的 | |
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142
entreated
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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