The duke, who was thus driven from his dominions6, retired8 with a few faithful followers9 to the forest of Arden; and here the good duke lived with his loving friends, who had put themselves into a voluntary exile for his sake, while their land and revenues enriched the false usurper; and custom soon made the life of careless ease they led here more sweet to them than the pomp and uneasy splendour of a courtier’s life. Here they lived like the old Robin10 Hood11 of England, and to this forest many noble youths daily resorted from the court, and did fleet the time carelessly, as they did who lived in the golden age. In the summer they lay along under the fine shade of the large forest trees, marking the playful sports of the wild deer; and so fond were they of these poor dappled fools, who seemed to be the native inhabitants of the forest, that it grieved them to be forced to kill them to supply themselves with venison for their food. When the cold winds of winter made the duke feel the change of his adverse12 fortune, he would endure it patiently, and say, “These chilling winds which blow upon my body are true counsellors; they do not flatter, but represent truly to me my condition; and though they bite sharply, their tooth is nothing like so keen as that of unkindness and ingratitude13. I find that howsoever men speak against adversity, yet some sweet uses are to be extracted from it; like the jewel, precious for medicine, which is taken from the head of the venomous and despised toad14.” In this manner did the patient duke draw a useful moral from everything that he saw; and by the help of this moralising turn, in that life of his, remote from public haunts, he could find tongues in trees, books in the running brooks15, sermons in stones, and good in everything.
The banished duke had an only daughter, named Rosalind, whom the usurper, Duke Frederick, when he banished her father, still retained in his court as a companion for his own daughter Celia. A strict friendship subsisted16 between these ladies, which the disagreement between their fathers did not in the least interrupt, Celia striving by every kindness in her power to make amends17 to Rosalind for the injustice18 of her own father in deposing19 the father of Rosalind; and whenever the thoughts of her father’s banishment20, and her own dependence21 on the false usurper, made Rosalind melancholy22, Celia’s whole care was to comfort and console her.
One day, when Celia was talking in her usual kind manner to Rosalind, saying, “I pray you, Rosalind, my sweet cousin, be merry,” a messenger entered from the duke, to tell them that if they wished to see a wrestling match, which was just going to begin, they must come instantly to the court before the palace; and Celia, thinking it would amuse Rosalind, agreed to go and see it.
In those times wrestling, which is only practised now by country clowns, was a favourite sport even in the courts of princes, and before fair ladies and princesses. To this wrestling match, therefore, Celia and Rosalind went. They found that it was likely to prove a very tragical23 sight; for a large and powerful man, who had been long practised in the art of wrestling, and had slain24 many men in contests of this kind, was just going to wrestle25 with a very young man, who, from his extreme youth and inexperience in the art, the beholders all thought would certainly be killed.
When the duke saw Celia and Rosalind, he said, “How now, daughter and niece, are you crept hither to see the wrestling? You will take little delight in it, there is such odds26 in the men: in pity to this young man, I would wish to persuade him from wrestling. Speak to him, ladies, and see if you can move him.”
The ladies were well pleased to perform this humane27 office, and first Celia entreated28 the young stranger that he would desist from the attempt; and then Rosalind spoke29 so kindly30 to him, and with such feeling consideration for the danger he was about to undergo, that instead of being persuaded by her gentle words to forego his purpose, all his thoughts were bent31 to distinguish himself by his courage in this lovely lady’s eyes. He refused the request of Celia and Rosalind in such graceful32 and modest words, that they felt still more concern for him; he concluded his refusal with saying, “I am sorry to deny such fair and excellent ladies anything. But let your fair eyes and gentle wishes go with me to my trial, wherein if I be conquered there is one shamed that was never gracious; if I am killed, there is one dead that is willing to die; I shall do my friends no wrong, for I have none to lament33 me; the world no injury, for in it I have nothing; for I only fill up a place in the world which may be better supplied when I have made it empty.”
And now the wrestling match began. Celia wished the young stranger might not be hurt; but Rosalind felt most for him. The friendless state which he said he was in, and that he wished to die, made Rosalind think that he was like herself, unfortunate; and she pitied him so much, and so deep an interest she took in his danger while he was wrestling, that she might almost be said at that moment to have fallen in love with him.
The kindness shown this unknown youth by these fair and noble ladies gave him courage and strength, so that he performed wonders; and in the end completely conquered his antagonist34, who was so much hurt, that for a while he was unable to speak or move.
The Duke Frederick was much pleased with the courage and skill shown by this young stranger; and desired to know his name and parentage, meaning to take him under his protection.
The stranger said his name was Orlando, and that he was the youngest son of Sir Rowland de Boys.
Sir Rowland de Boys, the father of Orlando, had been dead some years; but when he was living, he had been a true subject and dear friend of the banished duke: therefore, when Frederick heard Orlando was the son of his banished brother’s friend, all his liking35 for this brave young man was changed into displeasure, and he left the place in very ill humour. Hating to hear the very name of any of his brother’s friends, and yet still admiring the valour of the youth, he said, as he went out, that he wished Orlando had been the son of any other man.
Rosalind was delighted to hear that her new favourite was the son of her father’s old friend; and she said to Celia, “My father loved Sir Rowland de Boys, and if I had known this young man was his son, I would have added tears to my entreaties36 before he should have ventured.”
The ladies then went up to him; and seeing him abashed37 by the sudden displeasure shown by the duke, they spoke kind and encouraging words to him; and Rosalind, when they were going away, turned back to speak some more civil things to the brave young son of her father’s old friend; and taking a chain from off her neck, she said, “Gentleman, wear this for me. I am out of suits with fortune, or I would give you a more valuable present.”
When the ladies were alone, Rosalind’s talk being still of Orlando, Celia began to perceive her cousin had fallen in love with the handsome young wrestler38, and she said to Rosalind, “Is it possible you should fall in love so suddenly?” Rosalind replied, “The duke, my father, loved his father dearly.” “But,” said Celia, “does it therefore follow that you should love his son dearly? for then I ought to hate him, for my father hated his father; yet I do not hate Orlando.”
Frederick being enraged39 at the sight of Sir Rowland de Boys’ son, which reminded him of the many friends the banished duke had among the nobility, and having been for some time displeased40 with his niece, because the people praised her for her virtues41, and pitied her for her good father’s sake, his malice42 suddenly broke out against her; and while Celia and Rosalind were talking of Orlando, Frederick entered the room, and with looks full of anger ordered Rosalind instantly to leave the palace, and follow her father into banishment; telling Celia, who in vain pleaded for her, that he had only suffered Rosalind to stay upon her account. “I did not then,” said Celia, “entreat you to let her stay, for I was too young at that time to value her; but now that I know her worth, and that we so long have slept together, rose at the same instant, learned, played, and eat together, I cannot live out of her company.” Frederick replied, “She is too subtle for you; her smoothness, her very silence, and her patience speak to the people, and they pity her. You are a fool to plead for her, for you will seem more bright and virtuous43 when she is gone; therefore open not your lips in her favour, for the doom44 which I have passed upon her is irrevocable.”
When Celia found she could not prevail upon her father to let Rosalind remain with her, she generously resolved to accompany her; and leaving her father’s palace that night, she went along with her friend to seek Rosalind’s father, the banished duke, in the forest of Arden.
Before they set out, Celia considered that it would be unsafe for two young ladies to travel in the rich clothes they then wore; she therefore proposed that they should disguise their rank by dressing45 themselves like country maids. Rosalind said it would be a still greater protection if one of them was to be dressed like a man; and so it was quickly agreed on between them, that as Rosalind was the tallest, she should wear the dress of a young countryman, and Celia should be habited like a country lass, and that they should say they were brother and sister, and Rosalind said she would be called Ganymede, and Celia chose the name of Aliena.
In this disguise, and taking their money and jewels to defray their expenses, these fair princesses set out on their long travel; for the forest of Arden was a long way off, beyond the boundaries of the duke’s dominions.
The Lady Rosalind (or Ganymede as she must now be called) with her manly46 garb47 seemed to have put on a manly courage. The faithful friendship Celia had shown in accompanying Rosalind so many weary miles, made the new brother, in recompense for this true love, exert a cheerful spirit, as if he were indeed Ganymede, the rustic48 and stout-hearted brother of the gentle village maiden49, Aliena.
When at last they came to the forest of Arden, they no longer found the convenient inns and good accommodations they had met with on the road; and being in want of food and rest, Ganymede, who had so merrily cheered his sister with pleasant speeches and happy remarks all the way, now owned to Aliena that he was so weary, he could find in his heart to disgrace his man’s apparel, and cry like a woman; and Aliena declared she could go no farther; and then again Ganymede tried to recollect50 that it was a man’s duty to comfort and console a woman, as the weaker vessel51; and to seem courageous52 to his new sister, he said, “Come, have a good heart, my sister Aliena; we are now at the end of our travel, in the forest of Arden.” But feigned53 manliness55 and forced courage would no longer support them; for though they were in the forest of Arden, they knew not where to find the duke: and here the travel of these weary ladies might have come to a sad conclusion, for they might have lost themselves, and perished for want of food; but providentially, as they were sitting on the grass, almost dying with fatigue56 and hopeless of any relief, a countryman chanced to pass that way, and Ganymede once more tried to speak with a manly boldness, saying, “Shepherd, if love or gold can in this desert place procure57 us entertainment, I pray you bring us where we may rest ourselves; for this young maid, my sister, is much fatigued58 with travelling, and faints for want of food.”
The man replied that he was only a servant to a shepherd, and that his master’s house was just going to be sold, and therefore they would find but poor entertainment; but that if they would go with him, they should be welcome to what there was. They followed the man, the near prospect59 of relief giving them fresh strength; and bought the house and sheep of the shepherd, and took the man who conducted them to the shepherd’s house to wait on them; and being by this means so fortunately provided with a neat cottage, and well supplied with provisions, they agreed to stay here till they could learn in what part of the forest the duke dwelt.
When they were rested after the fatigue of their journey, they began to like their new way of life, and almost fancied themselves the shepherd and shepherdess they feigned to be; yet sometimes Ganymede remembered he had once been the same Lady Rosalind who had so dearly loved the brave Orlando, because he was the son of old Sir Rowland, her father’s friend; and though Ganymede thought that Orlando was many miles distant, even so many weary miles as they had travelled, yet it soon appeared that Orlando was also in the forest of Arden: and in this manner this strange event came to pass.
Orlando was the youngest son of Sir Rowland de Boys, who, when he died, left him (Orlando being then very young) to the care of his eldest60 brother Oliver, charging Oliver on his blessing61 to give his brother a good education, and provide for him as became the dignity of their ancient house. Oliver proved an unworthy brother; and disregarding the commands of his dying father, he never put his brother to school, but kept him at home untaught and entirely63 neglected. But in his nature and in the noble qualities of his mind Orlando so much resembled his excellent father, that without any advantages of education he seemed like a youth who had been bred with the utmost care; and Oliver so envied the fine person and dignified64 manners of his untutored brother, that at last he wished to destroy him; and to effect this he set on people to persuade him to wrestle with the famous wrestler, who, as has been before related, had killed so many men. Now, it was this cruel brother’s neglect of him which made Orlando say he wished to die, being so friendless.
When, contrary to the wicked hopes he had formed, his brother proved victorious65, his envy and malice knew no bounds, and he swore he would burn the chamber66 where Orlando slept. He was overheard making this vow67 by one that had been an old and faithful servant to their father, and that loved Orlando because he resembled Sir Rowland. This old man went out to meet him when he returned from the duke’s palace, and when he saw Orlando, the peril68 his dear young master was in made him break out into these passionate69 exclamations70: “O my gentle master, my sweet master, O you memory of old Sir Rowland! why are you virtuous? why are you gentle, strong, and valiant71? and why would you be so fond to overcome the famous wrestler? Your praise is come too swiftly home before you.” Orlando, wondering what all this meant, asked him what was the matter. And then the old man told him how his wicked brother, envying the love all people bore him, and now hearing the fame he had gained by his victory in the duke’s palace, intended to destroy him, by setting fire to his chamber that night; and in conclusion, advised him to escape the danger he was in by instant flight; and knowing Orlando had no money, Adam (for that was the good old man’s name) had brought out with him his own little hoard72, and he said, “I have five hundred crowns, the thrifty73 hire I saved under your father, and laid by to be provision for me when my old limbs should become unfit for service; take that, and he that doth the ravens74 feed be comfort to my age! Here is the gold; all this I give to you: let me be your servant; though I look old I will do the service of a younger man in all your business and necessities.” “O good old man!” said Orlando, “how well appears in you the constant service of the old world! You are not for the fashion of these times. We will go along together, and before your youthful wages are spent, I shall light upon some means for both our maintenance.”
Together then this faithful servant and his loved master set out; and Orlando and Adam travelled on, uncertain what course to pursue, till they came to the forest of Arden, and there they found themselves in the same distress75 for want of food that Ganymede and Aliena had been. They wandered on, seeking some human habitation, till they were almost spent with hunger and fatigue. Adam at last said, “O my dear master, I die for want of food, I can go no farther!” He then laid himself down, thinking to make that place his grave, and bade his dear master farewell. Orlando, seeing him in this weak state, took his old servant up in his arms, and carried him under the shelter of some pleasant trees; and he said to him, “Cheerly, old Adam, rest your weary limbs here awhile, and do not talk of dying!”
Orlando then searched about to find some food, and he happened to arrive at that part of the forest where the duke was; and he and his friends were just going to eat their dinner, this royal duke being seated on the grass, under no other canopy76 than the shady covert77 of some large trees.
Orlando, whom hunger had made desperate, drew his sword, intending to take their meat by force, and said, “Forbear and eat no more; I must have your food!” The duke asked him, if distress had made him so bold, or if he were a rude despiser of good manners? On this Orlando said, he was dying with hunger; and then the duke told him he was welcome to sit down and eat with them. Orlando hearing him speak so gently, put up his sword, and blushed with shame at the rude manner in which he had demanded their food. “Pardon me, I pray you,” said he: “I thought that all things had been savage78 here, and therefore I put on the countenance79 of stern command; but whatever men you are, that in this desert, under the shade of melancholy boughs80, lose and neglect the creeping hours of time; if ever you have looked on better days; if ever you have been where bells have knolled to church; if you have ever sat at any good man’s feast; if ever from your eyelids81 you have wiped a tear, and know what it is to pity or be pitied, may gentle speeches now move you to do me human courtesy!” The duke replied, “True it is that we are men (as you say) who have seen better days, and though we have now our habitation in this wild forest, we have lived in towns and cities, and have with holy bell been knolled to church, have sat at good men’s feasts, and from our eyes have wiped the drops which sacred pity has engendered82; therefore sit you down, and take of our refreshment83 as much as will minister to your wants.” “There is an old poor man,” answered Orlando, “who has limped after me many a weary step in pure love, oppressed at once with two sad infirmities, age and hunger; till he be satisfied, I must not touch a bit.” “Go, find him out, and bring him hither,” said the duke; “we will forbear to eat till you return.” Then Orlando went like a doe to find its fawn84 and give it food; and presently returned, bringing Adam in his arms; and the duke said, “Set down your venerable burthen; you are both welcome:” and they fed the old man, and cheered his heart, and he revived, and recovered his health and strength again.
The duke inquired who Orlando was; and when he found that he was the son of his old friend, Sir Rowland de Boys, he took him under his protection, and Orlando and his old servant lived with the duke in the forest.
Orlando arrived in the forest not many days after Ganymede and Aliena came there, and (as has been before related) bought the shepherd’s cottage.
Ganymede and Aliena were strangely surprised to find the name of Rosalind carved on the trees, and love-sonnets85, fastened to them, all addressed to Rosalind; and while they were wondering how this could be, they met Orlando, and they perceived the chain which Rosalind had given him about his neck.
Orlando little thought that Ganymede was the fair Princess Rosalind, who, by her noble condescension86 and favour, had so won his heart that he passed his whole time in carving87 her name upon the trees, and writing sonnets in praise of her beauty: but being much pleased with the graceful air of this pretty shepherd-youth, he entered into conversation with him, and he thought he saw a likeness88 in Ganymede to his beloved Rosalind, but that he had none of the dignified deportment of that noble lady; for Ganymede assumed the forward manners often seen in youths when they are between boys and men, and with much archness and humour talked to Orlando of a certain lover, “who,” said he, “haunts our forest, and spoils our young trees with carving Rosalind upon their barks; and he hangs odes upon hawthorns89, and elegies90 on brambles, all praising this same Rosalind. If I could find this lover, I would give him some good counsel that would soon cure him of his love.”
Orlando confessed that he was the fond lover of whom he spoke, and asked Ganymede to give him the good counsel he talked of. The remedy Ganymede proposed, and the counsel he gave him, was that Orlando should come every day to the cottage where he and his sister Aliena dwelt: “And then,” said Ganymede, “I will feign54 myself to be Rosalind, and you shall feign to court me in the same manner as you would do if I was Rosalind, and then I will imitate the fantastic ways of whimsical ladies to their lovers, till I make you ashamed of your love; and this is the way I propose to cure you.” Orlando had no great faith in the remedy, yet he agreed to come every day to Ganymede’s cottage, and feign a playful courtship; and every day Orlando visited Ganymede and Aliena, and Orlando called the shepherd Ganymede his Rosalind, and every day talked over all the fine words and flattering compliments which young men delight to use when they court their mistresses. It does not appear, however, that Ganymede made any progress in curing Orlando of his love for Rosalind.
Though Orlando thought all this was but a sportive play (not dreaming that Ganymede was his very Rosalind), yet the opportunity it gave him of saying all the fond things he had in his heart, pleased his fancy almost as well as it did Ganymede’s, who enjoyed the secret jest in knowing these fine love-speeches were all addressed to the right person.
In this manner many days passed pleasantly on with these young people; and the good-natured Aliena, seeing it made Ganymede happy, let him have his own way, and was diverted at the mock-courtship, and did not care to remind Ganymede that the Lady Rosalind had not yet made herself known to the duke her father, whose place of resort in the forest they had learnt from Orlando. Ganymede met the duke one day, and had some talk with him, and the duke asked of what parentage he came. Ganymede answered that he came of as good parentage as he did, which made the duke smile, for he did not suspect the pretty shepherd-boy came of royal lineage. Then seeing the duke look well and happy, Ganymede was content to put off all further explanation for a few days longer.
One morning, as Orlando was going to visit Ganymede, he saw a man lying asleep on the ground, and a large green snake had twisted itself about his neck. The snake, seeing Orlando approach, glided91 away among the bushes. Orlando went nearer, and then he discovered a lioness lie crouching92, with her head on the ground, with a cat-like watch, waiting until the sleeping man awaked (for it is said that lions will prey93 on nothing that is dead or sleeping). It seemed as if Orlando was sent by Providence94 to free the man from the danger of the snake and lioness; but when Orlando looked in the man’s face, he perceived that the sleeper95 who was exposed to this double peril, was his own brother Oliver, who had so cruelly used him, and had threatened to destroy him by fire; and he was almost tempted96 to leave him a prey to the hungry lioness; but brotherly affection and the gentleness of his nature soon overcame his first anger against his brother; and he drew his sword, and attacked the lioness, and slew97 her, and thus preserved his brother’s life both from the venomous snake and from the furious lioness; but before Orlando could conquer the lioness, she had torn one of his arms with her sharp claws.
While Orlando was engaged with the lioness, Oliver awaked, and perceiving that his brother Orlando, whom he had so cruelly treated, was saving him from the fury of a wild beast at the risk of his own life, shame and remorse98 at once seized him, and he repented99 of his unworthy conduct, and besought100 with many tears his brother’s pardon for the injuries he had done him. Orlando rejoiced to see him so penitent101, and readily forgave him: they embraced each other; and from that hour Oliver loved Orlando with a true brotherly affection, though he had come to the forest bent on his destruction.
The wound in Orlando’s arm having bled very much, he found himself too weak to go to visit Ganymede, and therefore he desired his brother to go and tell Ganymede, “whom,” said Orlando, “I in sport do call my Rosalind,” the accident which had befallen him.
Thither102 then Oliver went, and told to Ganymede and Aliena how Orlando had saved his life: and when he had finished the story of Orlando’s bravery, and his own providential escape, he owned to them that he was Orlando’s brother, who had so cruelly used him; and then he told them of their reconciliation103.
The sincere sorrow that Oliver expressed for his offences made such a lively impression on the kind heart of Aliena, that she instantly fell in love with him; and Oliver observing how much she pitied the distress he told her he felt for his fault, he as suddenly fell in love with her. But while love was thus stealing into the hearts of Aliena and Oliver, he was no less busy with Ganymede, who hearing of the danger Orlando had been in, and that he was wounded by the lioness, fainted; and when he recovered, he pretended that he had counterfeited105 the swoon in the imaginary character of Rosalind, and Ganymede said to Oliver, “Tell your brother Orlando how well I counterfeited a swoon.” But Oliver saw by the paleness of his complexion106 that he did really faint, and much wondering at the weakness of the young man, he said, “Well, if you did counterfeit104, take a good heart, and counterfeit to be a man.” “So I do,” replied Ganymede, truly, “but I should have been a woman by right.”
Oliver made this visit a very long one, and when at last he returned back to his brother, he had much news to tell him; for besides the account of Ganymede’s fainting at the hearing that Orlando was wounded, Oliver told him how he had fallen in love with the fair shepherdess Aliena, and that she had lent a favourable107 ear to his suit, even in this their first interview; and he talked to his brother, as of a thing almost settled, that he should marry Aliena, saying, that he so well loved her, that he would live here as a shepherd, and settle his estate and house at home upon Orlando.
“You have my consent,” said Orlando. “Let your wedding be to-morrow, and I will invite the duke and his friends. Go and persuade your shepherdess to agree to this: she is now alone; for look, here comes her brother.” Oliver went to Aliena; and Ganymede, whom Orlando had perceived approaching, came to inquire after the health of his wounded friend.
When Orlando and Ganymede began to talk over the sudden love which had taken place between Oliver and Aliena, Orlando said he had advised his brother to persuade his fair shepherdess to be married on the morrow, and then he added how much he could wish to be married on the same day to his Rosalind.
Ganymede, who well approved of this arrangement, said that if Orlando really loved Rosalind as well as he professed108 to do, he should have his wish; for on the morrow he would engage to make Rosalind appear in her own person, and also that Rosalind should be willing to marry Orlando.
This seemingly wonderful event, which, as Ganymede was the Lady Rosalind, he could so easily perform, he pretended he would bring to pass by the aid of magic, which he said he had learnt of an uncle who was a famous magician.
The fond lover Orlando, half believing and half doubting what he heard, asked Ganymede if he spoke in sober meaning. “By my life I do,” said Ganymede; “therefore put on your best clothes, and bid the duke and your friends to your wedding; for if you desire to be married to-morrow to Rosalind, she shall be here.”
The next morning, Oliver having obtained the consent of Aliena, they came into the presence of the duke, and with them also came Orlando.
They being all assembled to celebrate this double marriage, and as yet only one of the brides appearing, there was much of wondering and conjecture109, but they mostly thought that Ganymede was making a jest of Orlando.
The duke, hearing that it was his own daughter that was to be brought in this strange way, asked Orlando if he believed the shepherd-boy could really do what he had promised; and while Orlando was answering that he knew not what to think, Ganymede entered, and asked the duke, if he brought his daughter, whether he would consent to her marriage with Orlando. “That I would,” said the duke, “if I had kingdoms to give with her.” Ganymede then said to Orlando, “And you say you will marry her if I bring her here.” “That I would,” said Orlando, “if I were king of many kingdoms.”
Ganymede and Aliena then went out together, and Ganymede throwing off his male attire110, and being once more dressed in woman’s apparel, quickly became Rosalind without the power of magic; and Aliena changing her country garb for her own rich clothes, was with as little trouble transformed into the Lady Celia.
While they were gone, the duke said to Orlando, that he thought the shepherd Ganymede very like his daughter Rosalind; and Orlando said, he also had observed the resemblance.
They had no time to wonder how all this would end, for Rosalind and Celia in their own clothes entered; and no longer pretending that it was by the power of magic that she came there, Rosalind threw herself on her knees before her father, and begged his blessing. It seemed so wonderful to all present that she should so suddenly appear, that it might well have passed for magic; but Rosalind would no longer trifle with her father, and told him the story of her banishment, and of her dwelling111 in the forest as a shepherd-boy, her cousin Celia passing as her sister.
The duke ratified112 the consent he had already given to the marriage; and Orlando and Rosalind, Oliver and Celia, were married at the same time. And though their wedding could not be celebrated113 in this wild forest with any of the parade or splendour usual on such occasions, yet a happier wedding-day was never passed: and while they were eating their venison under the cool shade of the pleasant trees, as if nothing should be wanting to complete the felicity of this good duke and the true lovers, an unexpected messenger arrived to tell the duke the joyful114 news, that his dukedom was restored to him.
The usurper, enraged at the flight of his daughter Celia, and hearing that every day men of great worth resorted to the forest of Arden to join the lawful duke in his exile, much envying that his brother should be so highly respected in his adversity, put himself at the head of a large force, and advanced towards the forest, intending to seize his brother, and put him with all his faithful followers to the sword; but, by a wonderful interposition of Providence, this bad brother was converted from his evil intention; for just as he entered the skirts of the wild forest, he was met by an old religious man, a hermit115, with whom he had much talk, and who in the end completely turned his heart from his wicked design. Thenceforward he became a true penitent, and resolved, relinquishing116 his unjust dominion7, to spend the remainder of his days in a religious house. The first act of his newly-conceived penitence117 was to send a messenger to his brother (as has been related) to offer to restore to him his dukedom, which he had usurped118 so long, and with it the lands and revenues of his friends, the faithful followers of his adversity.
This joyful news, as unexpected as it was welcome, came opportunely119 to heighten the festivity and rejoicings at the wedding of the princesses. Celia complimented her cousin on this good fortune which had happened to the duke, Rosalind’s father, and wished her joy very sincerely, though she herself was no longer heir to the dukedom, but by this restoration which her father had made, Rosalind was now the heir: so completely was the love of these two cousins unmixed with anything of jealousy120 or of envy.
The duke had now an opportunity of rewarding those true friends who had stayed with him in his banishment; and these worthy62 followers, though they had patiently shared his adverse fortune, were very well pleased to return in peace and prosperity to the palace of their lawful duke.
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reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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usurper
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| n. 篡夺者, 僭取者 | |
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deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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8
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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9
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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10
robin
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| n.知更鸟，红襟鸟 | |
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11
hood
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| n.头巾，兜帽，覆盖；v.罩上，以头巾覆盖 | |
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12
adverse
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| adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的 | |
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13
ingratitude
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| n.忘恩负义 | |
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14
toad
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| n.蟾蜍，癞蛤蟆 | |
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15
brooks
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| n.小溪( brook的名词复数 ) | |
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16
subsisted
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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17
amends
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| n. 赔偿 | |
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18
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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19
deposing
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| v.罢免( depose的现在分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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20
banishment
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| n.放逐，驱逐 | |
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21
dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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22
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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23
tragical
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| adj. 悲剧的, 悲剧性的 | |
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24
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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25
wrestle
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| vi.摔跤，角力；搏斗；全力对付 | |
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26
odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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27
humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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28
entreated
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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29
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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30
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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31
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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32
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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33
lament
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| n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹 | |
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34
antagonist
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| n.敌人，对抗者，对手 | |
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35
liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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36
entreaties
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| n.恳求，乞求( entreaty的名词复数 ) | |
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37
abashed
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| adj.窘迫的，尴尬的v.使羞愧，使局促，使窘迫( abash的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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38
wrestler
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| n.摔角选手，扭 | |
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39
enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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40
displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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41
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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42
malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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43
virtuous
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| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
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44
doom
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| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
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45
dressing
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| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
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46
manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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47
garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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48
rustic
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| adj.乡村的，有乡村特色的；n.乡下人，乡巴佬 | |
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49
maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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50
recollect
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| v.回忆，想起，记起，忆起，记得 | |
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51
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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52
courageous
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| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
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53
feigned
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| a.假装的，不真诚的 | |
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54
feign
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| vt.假装，佯作 | |
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55
manliness
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| 刚毅 | |
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56
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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57
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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58
fatigued
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| adj. 疲乏的 | |
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59
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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60
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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61
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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62
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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63
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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64
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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65
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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66
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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67
vow
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| n.誓(言)，誓约；v.起誓，立誓 | |
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68
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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69
passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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70
exclamations
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| n.呼喊( exclamation的名词复数 )；感叹；感叹语；感叹词 | |
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71
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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72
hoard
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| n./v.窖藏，贮存，囤积 | |
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73
thrifty
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| adj.节俭的；兴旺的；健壮的 | |
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74
ravens
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| n.低质煤；渡鸦( raven的名词复数 ) | |
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75
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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76
canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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77
covert
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| adj.隐藏的；暗地里的 | |
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78
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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79
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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80
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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81
eyelids
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| n.眼睑( eyelid的名词复数 )；眼睛也不眨一下；不露声色；面不改色 | |
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82
engendered
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| v.产生（某形势或状况），造成，引起( engender的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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83
refreshment
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| n.恢复，精神爽快，提神之事物；（复数）refreshments:点心，茶点 | |
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84
fawn
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| n.未满周岁的小鹿；v.巴结，奉承 | |
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85
sonnets
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| n.十四行诗( sonnet的名词复数 ) | |
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86
condescension
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| n.自以为高人一等，贬低(别人) | |
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87
carving
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| n.雕刻品，雕花 | |
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88
likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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89
hawthorns
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| n.山楂树( hawthorn的名词复数 ) | |
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90
elegies
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| n.哀歌，挽歌( elegy的名词复数 ) | |
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91
glided
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| v.滑动( glide的过去式和过去分词 )；掠过；（鸟或飞机 ） 滑翔 | |
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92
crouching
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的现在分词 ) | |
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93
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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94
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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95
sleeper
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| n.睡眠者，卧车，卧铺 | |
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96
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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97
slew
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| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
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98
remorse
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| n.痛恨，悔恨，自责 | |
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99
repented
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| 对（自己的所为）感到懊悔或忏悔( repent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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100
besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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101
penitent
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| adj.后悔的；n.后悔者；忏悔者 | |
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102
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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103
reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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104
counterfeit
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| vt.伪造，仿造；adj.伪造的，假冒的 | |
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105
counterfeited
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| v.仿制，造假( counterfeit的过去分词 ) | |
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106
complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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107
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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108
professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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109
conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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110
attire
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| v.穿衣，装扮[同]array；n.衣着；盛装 | |
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111
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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112
ratified
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| v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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113
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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114
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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115
hermit
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| n.隐士，修道者；隐居 | |
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116
relinquishing
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| 交出，让给( relinquish的现在分词 )； 放弃 | |
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117
penitence
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| n.忏悔，赎罪；悔过 | |
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118
usurped
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| 篡夺，霸占( usurp的过去式和过去分词 )； 盗用； 篡夺，篡权 | |
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119
opportunely
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| adv.恰好地，适时地 | |
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120
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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