FURNESS: WHALLEY
THE precise date of the introduction of Christianity into Lancashire is not known, but it is an established historical fact that the Christians3 in Britain were persecuted4 at the beginning of the 4th century by the Emperor Diocletian and that the death of the first recorded martyr5, St Alban, took place in 304 near the city which now bears his name. In 311 Constantine the Great was converted to Christianity and this illustrious Emperor exercised a powerful influence over the spiritual affairs of Lancashire. In 627, Edwin, King of Northumbria, became converted through the agency of his wife Ethelburga. This conversion6 led to war between Edwin and the King of Mercia, when the King of Northumbria was killed at the battle of Hatfield. By the end of the 7th century, Northumbria had become a Christian2 and powerful kingdom and the “literary centre of the Christian world in Western Europe. The whole learning of the age seemed to be summed up in a Northumbrian scholar—Baeda, the Venerable Bede later time styled him.”—Green’s History of the English People.
Between the 7th and 9th centuries several monasteries7 are believed to have been established in Lancashire. The invasion of the Danes during the 8th and 9th centuries disturbed the existing order of things, and for many years before and after the event the ecclesiastical history of the kingdom is almost a blank. The new occupiers of Northumbria were mostly{28} from Denmark—a great point of difference between the conquered and the conquerors8 being that, whilst the settlers in Britain had to a great extent adopted the new religion and devoted9 themselves to peaceful pursuits, the Danes continued to worship Odin and other kindred gods, and were still a lawless set of pirates, distinguished10 for courage, ferocity, and hatred11 of Christianity. Persecution12 followed as a natural consequence, and the religious progress of the previous two centuries was almost wholly annihilated13. Between this period and the election of Edward the Confessor, Christianity made some progress, a bishop14 of Danish blood actually occupying the Episcopal chair of York, in which diocese Lancashire was at that time included. The Doomsday book gives positive evidence of at least a dozen churches in Lancashire.
FURNESS (Cistercian)
1127, Founded by Stephen, Earl of Morton and Boulogne (afterwards King of England)—1240, The abbey receives benefactions from William de Lancaster—1539, Surrendered by Roger Pyke, last abbot. Annual revenue, ￡805, 16s. 5d.
To realise fully15 the important position Furness Abbey held, both in things spiritual and temporal, it must be remembered that the abbot of this monastery16 possessed17 not only the power of jurisdiction18 over the monks19, but governed also the wild and rugged20 region of Lancashire which is divided by an arm of the Irish Sea from the rest of the country and known as Furness. Many viceregal privileges were vested in his high office, and to some extent even the military were under his orders. He held a court of criminal jurisdiction in Dalton Castle, where also he had a gaol21; issued summonses by his own bailiffs; while the Sheriff with his officers was prohibited from entering the territory of the abbey under any pretext22 whatever. The diversity of his offices and responsibilities entailed23 a{29} keeping of a numerous retinue24 of servants and armoured followers25, a certain number of his vassals26 being at the service of the Crown according to the feudal27 system. As in the case of other monasteries, and as time went on, numerous benefactors28 arose. Many of the wealthy bestowed29 lands and further privileges on the monks—not a few in consideration of the favour of obtaining a last resting-place in the abbey. They—
“Loved the church so well and gave so largely to’t
They thought it should have canopied30 their bones
Till doomsday—but all things have their end.”
The evidence in a petition made in the Duchy Court in 25 Elizabeth (1582) by the tenants31 of Walney disclosed a curious system of barter32 carried on between the abbots and their tenants. In return for certain “domestical” provisions, such as calves33, sheep, wheat, barley34, etc., the tenants received from the abbey, “great relief, sustentation and commodities for themselves and their children.” All the tenants had weekly one ten-gallon barrel of ale, also a weekly allowance of coarse wheat bread, iron for their husbandry, gear and timber for the repair of their houses. In addition to these grants, all men who owned a plough could send two men to dine at the monastery once a week—from Martinmas to Pentecost. The children of tenants who had found the required provision were educated free, and allowed every day a dinner or a supper, so that as far back as the 6th or 7th centuries, the responsibility for feeding and educating children was considered to go hand in hand. The question at issue between the tenants and Attorney-General in the petition referred to was that while he claimed the “domestical” provisions, he refused the recompenses, alleging35 that these were merely bounties36 given by the abbots out of their benevolence37 and for the good of the neighbourhood. The result of the petition was in favour of the tenants.{30}
The ruins of this once important and richly endowed religious house stand in a fertile district watered by an estuary38 of the sea, and are surrounded by the romantic and wild country so characteristic of the northern counties. In this Bekangs-Gill, or vale of deadly nightshade, the extensive remains39 of Furness, built of red sandstone, now covered by luxuriant foliage40, occupy a very beautiful position. Gently rising in the distance stand the hills of Low Furness, and, overlooking the Abbey and all the surrounding district, is a commanding hill on which the monks erected41 a watch-tower, enabling them, if surprised by an enemy, to give warning to the neighbouring coast. The nave42 of the church is of nine bays, divided from its aisles44 by eight massive columns. The roof, as in many of these early churches, was composed of wood. A beautiful Norman door in the north transept formed the entrance to the church. This, as well as the great north window, has unfortunately been crookedly45 set, producing an unsymmetrical and unpleasing effect. In this same transept are three eastern chapels47 or chantries. The south transept has an aisle43 of two bays, but the north-eastern chapel46—of the three corresponding with those in the north aisle—has been prolonged into a sacristy. This adjoins the south wall of the choir48 and is of the same length. Though the choir was begun in 1127 the church was not finished for many years. Part of the work is excellent Norman. In the middle of the 15th century the east end and the transepts were rebuilt, the whole edifice49 strengthened in many ways, and the western tower erected over the site of the original west front. The cloisters50 are on the south side of the church, and, adjoining the south transept, stands the chapter-house, a building of three compartments52, above which was the scriptorium, a staircase to which still remains in the south transept. The refectory of thirteen bays is to the south of the chapter-house, the dormitory being formerly53 above the monks’ dining hall. Over the{31} alley1 of the cloisters and joining the western angle of the cloister51 garth was the guest house. Besides the great guest hall (130 feet by 50 feet—built at the beginning of the 14th century) some further conventual buildings remain to the south of the refectory and fratry, and are fortunate in still retaining some of their groining. These buildings include a Decorated chapel which may perhaps have belonged to the infirmary, standing54 as they do at a considerable distance from the cloisters.
The suppression of Furness Abbey must have been severely55 felt by the inhabitants of the district, not only on account of the hospitality which emanated56 from it, but also because the natives looked to it for the education of their children. Two years before its final surrender, the total income equalled ￡5000 a year at the present monetary57 value. Roger Pyke, the last abbot of Furness, elevated to that dignity in 1532, surrendered the abbey to the King, April 9th, 1537.
WHALLEY (Cistercian)
1172, Monastery founded at Stanlawe in Cheshire, by John, Constable58 of Chester—1296, Gregory, Abbot of Stanlawe, removed to Whalley—1539, Dissolution of the Abbey.
From Langho Station (a quarter of an hour beyond Blackburn), in the picturesque59 and prosperous Lancashire uplands, a walk of two or three miles brings us to Whalley, the locality of the earliest Christian preaching in the North, for here in 627, Paulinus made his first efforts to convert the Northumbrians. The venerable church is crowded with antiquities60, and will well repay a visit, even were there no Whalley Abbey alongside.
Of this stately building comparatively little now remains. The arch?ologist, conversant61 with monastic ruins, may be able to trace the various portions, but for the ordinary visitor there are only two grand old gateways62,{32} a few grey walls, some fragments of arches and broken corridors. The abbey was approached through the two strong and stately gateways still remaining. The central portion of the north-west gateway63 is almost entire and belongs probably to the middle of the 14th century. The north-east gateway is of much later date. The house itself stood on the banks of the Calder, and appears to have consisted of three quadrangles—the westernmost holding the cloisters and being enclosed upon the north by the wall of the church. The predominating style is that of the Transition from the Decorated to the Perpendicular64. The whole area of the close contains nearly 37 statute65 acres and is defined by the remains of a deep trench66 which surrounds it. It is pleasant to see the abundance of trees now growing within the ancient boundaries, and the clumps67 of green fern in nooks of aisle and corridor.
The original monastery was founded at Stanlawe by John, Constable of Chester, 1172, and after almost a century was removed to Whalley, primarily owing to its unsuitable situation at Stanlawe, where not only was the soil barren, but a considerable part of it was liable to encroachments by the sea, which at spring-tide almost surrounded it—and secondarily on account of the destruction by fire of Stanlawe Abbey in 1289. Whalley became the seat then of an establishment which for two centuries and a half exercised lavish68 hospitality and charity, as well as paternally69 governing the tenants of its ample domains70. The full complement71 of monks was 20—exclusive of the lord abbot and prior. In addition there were 90 servants. These monks lived well and entertained liberally, as may be inferred from the following table of animal food consumed:—For the abbot’s table—75 oxen, 80 sheep, 40 calves, 20 lambs and 4 pigs; for the refectory table—57 oxen, 40 sheep, 20 calves, and 10 lambs; whilst 150 quarterns of malt and 8 pipes of wine were annually72 consumed.{33}
A tragic73 event accompanied the dissolution of Whalley Abbey. John Paslow, the last abbot, having taken part in the Pilgrimage of Grace, was executed in front of his own monastery together with one of his monks, who was hung, drawn74 and quartered; whilst on the following day another member of the community was hung on the gallows75 at Padiham.
At one time the ruins of Whalley Abbey were open to the public as freely as the church, but they are now virtually closed, owing to their abuse by a party of excursionists—the innocent, as so often the case, suffering for the guilty.
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1
alley
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| n.小巷，胡同；小径，小路 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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persecuted
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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conversion
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| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
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monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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annihilated
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| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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gaol
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| n.(jail)监狱；(不加冠词)监禁；vt.使…坐牢 | |
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pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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entailed
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| 使…成为必要( entail的过去式和过去分词 )； 需要； 限定继承； 使必需 | |
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retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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vassals
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| n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 )；（封建时代）诸侯；从属者；下属 | |
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feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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benefactors
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| n.捐助者，施主( benefactor的名词复数 )；恩人 | |
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bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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canopied
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| adj. 遮有天篷的 | |
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tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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barter
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| n.物物交换，以货易货，实物交易 | |
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calves
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| n.(calf的复数)笨拙的男子，腓；腿肚子( calf的名词复数 )；牛犊；腓；小腿肚v.生小牛( calve的第三人称单数 )；（冰川）崩解；生（小牛等），产（犊）；使（冰川）崩解 | |
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barley
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| n.大麦，大麦粒 | |
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alleging
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| 断言，宣称，辩解( allege的现在分词 ) | |
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bounties
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| （由政府提供的）奖金( bounty的名词复数 )； 赏金； 慷慨； 大方 | |
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benevolence
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| n.慈悲，捐助 | |
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estuary
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| n.河口，江口 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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41
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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aisle
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| n.（教堂、教室、戏院等里的）过道，通道 | |
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aisles
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| n. (席位间的)通道, 侧廊 | |
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crookedly
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| adv. 弯曲地，不诚实地 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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chapels
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| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
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choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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cloisters
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| n.（学院、修道院、教堂等建筑的）走廊( cloister的名词复数 )；回廊；修道院的生活；隐居v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的第三人称单数 ) | |
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cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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compartments
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| n.间隔( compartment的名词复数 )；（列车车厢的）隔间；（家具或设备等的）分隔间；隔层 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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emanated
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| v.从…处传出，传出( emanate的过去式和过去分词 )；产生，表现，显示 | |
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monetary
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| adj.货币的，钱的；通货的；金融的；财政的 | |
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constable
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| n.(英国)警察，警官 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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antiquities
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| n.古老( antiquity的名词复数 )；古迹；古人们；古代的风俗习惯 | |
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conversant
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| adj.亲近的，有交情的，熟悉的 | |
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gateways
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| n.网关( gateway的名词复数 )；门径；方法；大门口 | |
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gateway
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| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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statute
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| n.成文法，法令，法规；章程，规则，条例 | |
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trench
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| n./v.(挖)沟，(挖)战壕 | |
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clumps
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| n.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的名词复数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声 | |
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lavish
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| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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paternally
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| adv.父亲似地；父亲一般地 | |
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domains
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| n.范围( domain的名词复数 )；领域；版图；地产 | |
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complement
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| n.补足物，船上的定员；补语；vt.补充，补足 | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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gallows
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| n.绞刑架，绞台 | |
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