FOUNTAINS: BOLTON: KIRKSTALL
FOUNTAINS (Cistercian)
1132, Thirteen monks1 leave the Abbey of St Mary’s, York, and found a monastery2 of the Cistercian Order in Skeldale—1134, Hugh, Dean of York, bequeaths his wealth to the Brotherhood—1137, Serlo and Tosti, Canons of York, become benefactors3 to the abbey. In the following years kings and popes endow it with various privileges—1140, The house consumed by fire—1204, Restorations are commenced and the foundations of the church laid—1247, The church completed by Abbot John of Kent—In the 13th and 14th centuries members of the House of Percy become patrons of, and benefactors to, the abbey—1540, Abbot Bradley surrenders the abbey and receives a pension of ￡100 per annum. Annual revenue, ￡998, 6s. 8d.—After being sold by Henry VIII. to Sir Richard Gresham and passing through the hands of various families, the Abbey purchased by William Aislabie, Esq., of Studley Royal, who annexes4 the ruins to his own estate, both being now in the possession of the Marquis of Ripon.
“ ‘HERE man more purely5 lives, less oft doth fall,
More promptly6 rises, walks with nicer heed7,
More safely rests, dies happier, is freed
Earlier from cleansing8 fires, and gains with-all
A brighter crown.’[1] On yon Cistercian wall
That confident assurance may be read;
And, to like shelter from the world have fled
Increasing multitudes. The potent9 call
Doubtless shall cheat full oft the heart’s desires;
Yet, while the rugged10 age on pliant11 knee
Vows12 to rapt fancy humble13 fealty,{64}
A gentle life spreads round the holy spires14;
Where’er they rise, the sylvan15 waste retires,
And a?ry harvests crown the fertile lea.
Cistercian Monastery (Wordsworth).
Fountains Abbey is one of the earliest and most important of the houses belonging to the Cistercian order, an order which was under the immediate16 control of the Bishop17 of Rome, and which was introduced into England in the year 1129. After that time very few, if any, houses of the Benedictine order were founded in this country. The rules of the Benedictine and Cluniac orders having apparently18 become somewhat relaxed, it was found necessary to form new orders in which stricter observance should be paid to the original purpose of such religious houses—to personal self-denial for the good of others—to the fulfilment of the monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience19—while less attention should be given to the attainment20 of worldly prosperity. These new orders—the Cistercian and Carthusian—settled in thinly populated districts, whereas the Benedictine and Cluniac orders built their houses as a rule in the vicinity of some town or trading centre. Robert de Molême is supposed to have founded at Citeaux the chief monastery of the Cistercian Order, although its popularity dates from the 12th century when St Bernard joined the community. The wave of sanctity which led Robert de Molême to Citeaux spread till it reached York and the Abbey of St Mary—then under the rule of St Benedict. Seven monks, wearied of the relaxed rules of the house, banded themselves together to observe stricter rules, eventually taking council with their prior, Richard, whom they found to be in sympathy with their aims. Violent discussions followed between the abbot and the prior and his associates, till in 1132 Prior Richard appealed to Thurstan, Archbishop of York. Thurstan was refused admittance to the abbey, while the monks{65} prepared to drag Richard and his companions to the monastery cells. The archbishop came to their rescue, and with his help the thirteen brethren freed themselves for ever from their self-indulgent home. They were given land in the valley of the Skell—then a wilderness21 of rocks and trees—and could only depend upon chance means of subsistence. Their sole shelter was seven yew22 trees—some of which still remain—but after a while they began to build a hut under an elm tree, which had at one time furnished not only their shelter but their food. Far away from any inhabited place, and dependent on the bounty23 of the archbishop, they began to suffer great privations. A famine spread over England and the monks had to live chiefly on herbs and elm leaves, reserving any better food for the workmen who were finishing the building of their house. During the absence of Richard at Clairvaux—whence he had gone to ask St Bernard for work and shelter for his monks—Hugh, Dean of York, fell sick and ordered himself to be taken to Fountains, carrying with him money, valuables, and many books. When the abbot returned from France, he and his monks resolved to remain in Skeldale, where they were joined in course of time by Serlo and Tosti, Canons of York, whose wealth greatly enriched the abbey. Within three years of their arrival beside the Skell, the monks of Fountains had acquired land and riches.
Though the Cistercian abbeys do not contain so much rich moulding, nor in any way approach the intricate workmanship of the great Benedictine abbeys, the austere24 dignity and simple grandeur25 make the Cistercians’ work every whit26 as imposing27 and beautiful as that of the earlier orders. What ruins of a Benedictine house can compare with the grace of those of Tintern, Whitby, Newstead, and Fountains Abbeys, built by the Cistercian or “White monks”?
The cultivated surroundings of Fountains Abbey help in great measure to place it in the foremost rank{66} of the many beautiful ruins in England. Surrounded by thickly-wooded trees, from which many delightful28 and unexpected glimpses of the ruins may be descried29, the Abbey of St Mary’s stands in grounds of which words fail to describe the enchantment30 and many beauties. A level piece of land, watered by the river Skell, extends immediately beyond the ruins, but in all directions, green slopes, and gentle, leafy eminences31 meet the eye, while in the far distance the Yorkshire wolds form a dark and effective background to the grey stone of the picturesque32 ruins. The skeleton of the lofty northern tower gives a sense of completeness to the ruins, and helps to create the illusion, when viewing the abbey from a distance, that the edifice33 has suffered but little from the ravages34 of time. On closer inspection35 it will be seen that sufficient is yet in good preservation36 to show the spaciousness37 and loftiness of the various apartments, and the admirable proportions of the abbey church. This imposing edifice measures 385 feet by 67 feet, and is composed of a nave38 of eleven bays, divided from its aisles39 by massive columns of Norman Transitional work. Above is a clerestory formed of round-headed lights resting on the string course. A Galilee of the same period stood at the west end of the nave, and in it were interred41, as at Canterbury, the bodies of the primates42. The transepts had each two chapels44, and adjoining the north wing, a tower of four stages was built in the 15th and 16th centuries by Abbot Marmaduke Huby. John of York built the aisleless choir45 in the 15th century. Beyond it is the magnificent Lady chapel43, 150 feet in length, in which Abbot John of Kent placed nine altars as in Durham Cathedral. The great east window, now a blank, is of Perpendicular46 work. In addition to the church are many most interesting buildings. Foremost among these are the celebrated47 cloisters49 on the western side of the cloister48 garth. The vaulting50 here is still intact, and covers a nave of two aisles, divided by a range of columns. The almost{67} subterranean51 gloom is lighted by several lancet-windows, themselves enveloped52 in thick foliage53. The cloister garth is 126 feet square, the church being on the north side, the chapter-house on the east, the refectory, the frater house, kitchen, and other offices opening on to the south side, while the cloisters, which span the river here, are on the west side. Three tiers of seats still remain in the chapter-house, which was built in rectangular form by Abbot Fastolph in 1153, and formerly54 divided into aisles by ten marble columns. The Early English refectory is an apartment of noble dimensions, consisting of a nave and two aisles. On the northern side, the reading gallery from which the Scriptures55 were read to the monks during their meals can still be seen. To the east of this is the vaulted56 frater house (Transitional Norman), and beyond again is the staircase which led to the “Hall of Pleas.” The 13th century bridge which spans the Skell, leads to a fragment of the gate-house—whilst portions of the infirmary, guest-hall and other buildings also remain. When complete, the abbey covered twelve acres of ground, its possessions reaching from Pennicent to St Wilfrid’s lands at Ripon—a distance of thirty miles. In Craven as much as 60,000 acres belonged to the abbey. Though now deprived of its possessions and shorn of its former glory, Fountains Abbey is unrivalled in the extent of its domain57 and is the object of every care on the part of its present owner. The small fee exacted from all who visit the ruins keeps the beautiful grounds in a condition worthy58 of the treasured relic59 which they surround.{68}
BOLTON (Augustine Canons)
1120, Monastery founded and endowed at Embsay by William de Meschines and his wife Cecile, and dedicated60 to the Blessed Virgin61 and St Cuthbert—1151, Canons remove to Bolton, where Alice de Romillé exchanges land with them, for the purpose of erecting62 a priory to the memory of her son—1308, Edward II. confirms the grants conferred upon the abbey by various benefactors—1540, Dissolved. Annual revenue, ￡212, 3s. 4d.
Of this magnificent priory (incorrectly called abbey) very little is left standing63. The ruins possess, however, an attraction and a charm peculiarly their own, and of the many abbeys for which Yorkshire is famous, not one holds so high place in popular favour as Bolton. History, tradition, and sentiment alike have contributed to this estimation. Picturesquely64 situated65 in Wharfedale, the ruins of the abbey stand on a slightly elevated meadowland, past which the river Wharfe flows in a bend, after raging through its rock-bound bed higher up in the valley, and leaping over precipitous cliffs. Some stepping-stones, placed there no doubt by the monks, afford an easy means of crossing the river below the abbey. Surrounding hills protect this ancient house of prayer—enclosing it on three sides by Simon’s Seat, Barden Fell, and the thickly wooded hills of Bolton Park.
Part of the original nave of Bolton Priory has been converted into the present parish church—the choir and transepts are, however, in a ruinous state. The remains66 of the Perpendicular east window (overlooking the Wharfe) and of the Perpendicular tower at the west end are of later date than the rest of the ruin. The tower was in course of erection by the last abbot, Richard Moon, when, in the 16th century, the dread67 order for dissolution fell upon the abbey. The superstructure has fallen, but in the lower portion a large Perpendicular window of five lights in two tiers, placed within panelled buttresses68, still remains. Over the entrance to the tower may be seen the arms of the house of Clifford, a family always friendly to the monks. It is evident that the refectory was to the south of the sacred structure, the dormitory and store cellar toward the west, and other offices on the east side. On the south side of the nave, signs of conventual buildings are to be seen. This side of the church is of more ancient date than that of the north, and boasts six beautiful lancet-windows in the clerestory. At the east end of the north aisle40 is a chantry to the Mauleverer family, whose bodies were, it is said, buried standing—
“There face to face and hand by hand
The Claphams and Mauleverers stand.”
An engraving69 of Landseer’s famous picture “Bolton Abbey in the Olden Times,” was at one time on the walls of every middle-class dwelling70, and to-day it is one of the select few dear to the cottager’s heart. This throws a side-light on the affection which the toilers of the West Riding have for Bolton. Taking their history from the picture, they doubtless look upon Bolton as a place where abundant good cheer was the daily rule. Some colour is lent to this by the Compotus, or household book of Bolton Priory still in the possession of the Duke of Devonshire, a list of the members of the household and its expenses during the years 1290-1325. Such items as 636 quarterns of malted oats used in one year’s brewing71, and 1800 gallons of wine, bought for a similar period, naturally suggest a generous course of life, especially when it is remembered that the ecclesiastics72 (réligieux) did not exceed two dozen in number. But Bolton was nevertheless a large establishment. The prior was attended by twenty gentleman-retainers, each with his body servant. Scores of other servants had various duties on the priory estates, and these were daily supplied by the priory. The prior in short was a great feudal73 dignitary, who kept state in accordance with that position. No small part of his expenses{70} must have been incurred74 in entertainment, the monastery being ever open to all and sundry75, and the Compotus tells us that the visit of a single hunting party was responsible for the consumption of twenty-two quarters of wheat. We do not find that much money went on books, the purchase of but three being recorded in the thirty-five years covered by the Compotus. On the other hand Bolton did its share in the preparation of illuminated76 manuscripts, the same faithful authority telling of various purchases of gold, colours, and inks.
Historical criticism, so fatal to popular story, has not left Bolton unvisited. Wordsworth has consecrated77 the time-worn tradition of the Boy of Egremont, drowned by the straining of his dog in the leash78 whilst attempting to jump the Strid. Some such incident doubtless occurred, for minute detail is not wanting, as for example that young Romillé had gained the other side but was pulled into the swift stream by the resisting hound—a not improbable story when the scene is before us. Sentiment is still aroused by the story of the forester who bore the dread news to the mother and began, “What is good for a bootless bene?” receiving the prophetic reply, “Endless sorrow” in answer to that ominous79 opening. The first madness of grief passed, the Lady Alice de Romillé, after the fashion of those days, transferred the religious foundation of her father, William de Meschines and her mother, the heiress Cecile de Romillé, from Embsay to Bolton, housing the good monks in sumptuous80 quarters in memory of him who had been heir to the vast de Romillé possessions. But whatever substratum of truth there may be in the whole romantic legend, it is established by historical documents that her only son William de Romillé (and in the legend the Boy of Egremont is the younger of the two) was a consenting party to the transfer of estates whereby in 1151 the monks of Embsay entered into possession of Bolton. What of{71} romantic tradition is further associated with Bolton lingers round the name of the Shepherd Lord, though this legend has strictly81 speaking no connection, save in popular fancy, with the priory itself. Most visitors to Bolton, however, naturally walk the four miles of exquisite82 river scenery between the abbey and Barden Tower—an old possession of the Cliffords. These fierce supporters of the Lancastrian cause came, for the moment, to grief with the triumph of the Yorkist party at Tewkesbury. The youthful heir was smuggled83 away into the wilds of Cumberland, and then hid and cherished by some faithful retainer. With the settlement of Henry VII., young Clifford, rough and untutored, was revealed as the heir and received the family estates. Quiet and contemplative by nature, he spent much time at Barden, and being devoted84 to astronomy received the reputation among the simple folk of the district of being an astrologer and magician, though his constant association with the canons of Bolton should have saved him from the imputation85.
Bolton was included in the Act of 1539, and early in the next year Richard Moon surrendered his possessions into the hands of the Crown. How far Bolton was open to the grave charges levelled at monastic institutions as a whole we do not know. What is certain, is, that the number of canons in residence had declined, and with them the revenues likewise. The estates were sold in 1542 to Henry Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, and held by his successors till 1635, when they passed by marriage to the Earls of Burlington, and by marriage again in 1748 to their present owners, the ducal house of Devonshire. There are monuments near the priory to the memory of a distinguished86 member of this family, the unfortunate Lord Frederick Cavendish, assassinated87 in the Ph?nix Park, Dublin, 1882.{72}
KIRKSTALL (Cistercian)
1147, Founded by Henry de Lacy—1540, Surrendered by John Ripley, last abbot, to the Commissioners88 of Henry VIII. Annual revenue, ￡329, 2s. 11d.—1889, Colonel North buys the abbey from the Earl of Cardigan, and presents it to the Corporation of Leeds.
Perhaps no abbey has a more uninteresting history or less result to show of labour undertaken, than this monastic house of St Mary’s in Airedale. Certainly the populous89 city of Leeds has the advantage of possessing a very necessary lung for her toilers in the cool retreat and quiet shade of the abbey grounds. The site of the abbey would at its foundation, and for many centuries afterwards, be a very beautiful one; for then the river flowed between gently rising hills in a well-wooded part of Airedale, where now a forest has sprung up in every direction, not of stately trees, alas90! but of multitudinous chimneys, houses, etc.; and though these only extend a part of the way between the heart of Leeds and Kirkstall, they are well in sight when the ruins are reached, while these again are surrounded by numbers of the jerry-built monstrosities so beloved by the modern master builder. How different the aspect must have been even in 1770 when Gray thus describes his visit.
“It was a delicious quiet valley: there are a variety of chapels and remnants of the Abbey, shattered by the encroachments of the ivy91, and surrounded by many a sturdy tree, whose twisted roots break through the fret92 of the vaulting and hang streaming from the vaults93. The gloom of these ancient cells, the shade and verdure of the landscape, the glittering and murmur94 of the stream, the lofty towers and long perspectives of the church in the midst of a clear bright day detained me for many hours.”
The abbey lies on a level piece of land on the right bank of the river if approached from Leeds; and though its dark and reverend walls form the centre of a pleasure ground, not a whit of its dignity is dispelled95, nor is its solemnity intruded96 upon by the sight of the usual seats, refreshment97 stalls, penny-in-the-slot machines and placards imploring98 visitors not to walk on the grass, common in such places. No ancient building could more easily be restored than Kirkstall, but when, if ever, this most desirable necessity will be accomplished99 it is impossible to guess.
The ruins, now stripped of the clinging ivy have an area of 340 feet north to south, by 445 feet east to west, and are an example of Transitional Norman work. They include a quadrangle or cloister of considerable size, on the west of which was an ambulatory with a dormitory above; also a chapter-house—a fine apartment in a fairly good state of preservation; portions of the refectory, the kitchen and lavatory100.
Of the church not very much remains, but quite sufficient to show the visitor that in its maturity101 it must have been of noble and imposing dimensions characterised by the dignified102 simplicity103 of all the churches of the Cistercian order. The nave, divided from its aisles by massive columns, is long and lofty, and in times past must have been but dimly lighted by its small round-headed windows of single lights in the clerestory. In each end of the transepts are two stages of triple lights. The choir is aisleless, and of a central tower, unskilfully restored in the reign104 of Henry VII., only a portion remains—the rest having fallen in 1779. The west front has a deeply recessed105 Norman door of five orders, and two aisle windows also of the same period. The stately gate-house, north-west of the abbey, part of which is Abbot Alexander’s work, is now converted into a farm-house.
There is much to interest the student of architecture at Kirkstall—and possibly some among the masses of{74} people who resort there at holiday time may appreciate these sermons in stones. The principal historical interest of the abbey is associated with its foundation. It was never distinguished for its benefactions, nor for its learning, and its historical records do not enlighten one as to whether it served any useful purpose whatever. Legend tells the following story of the occupation of its site by Saleth the hermit106. In obedience to a voice which bade him “Arise, go into the province called York, and there search diligently107 until thou findest a valley called Airedale, and a place therein called Kirkstall, where thou shalt provide a place for the future habitation of brethren to serve Jesus of Nazareth, the Saviour108 of the world,” Saleth, with a few others, founded a hermitage. This retreat was discovered by Alexander, former prior of Fountains, to whom had been granted by Henry de Lacy, Baron109 of Pontefract, land at Barnoldswick as a thank-offering for recovery from illness. The community (which he had settled at Barnoldswick) was harassed110 in so many ways that Alexander, its abbot, determined111 to seek fresh pastures—and so pleased was he with the combination of wood and stream in this particular spot of Airedale, that he begged his patron Henry to sanction the removal of the house from Barnoldswick to Kirkstall. Henry agreed readily, and after laying the foundation of the building with his own hands, continued his favours and endowments, providing subsequently for a lamp to be kept burning day and night before the high altar. After the death of de Lacy and Alexander, the monks of Kirkstall had many anxious experiences. By 1284 the community was over ￡4000 in debt—this sum, however, was reduced in the course of less than twenty years to ￡160 by the exertions112 of Abbot Hugh Grimstone.
After the abbey was surrendered in 1540, the site and demesnes passed through various hands—among others the Saviles of Howley, the ducal house of{75} Montague, and the Earls of Cardigan, a member of which noble family sold them to the “Nitrate King,” Colonel North, on whose suggestion, and at whose cost, they are now the property and, we trust, the proud possession of the citizens of Leeds.
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1
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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benefactors
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| n.捐助者，施主( benefactor的名词复数 )；恩人 | |
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annexes
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| 并吞( annex的名词复数 )； 兼并； 强占； 并吞（国家、地区等）； 附加物，附属建筑( annexe的名词复数 ) | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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cleansing
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| n. 净化(垃圾) adj. 清洁用的 动词cleanse的现在分词 | |
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potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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pliant
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| adj.顺从的；可弯曲的 | |
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vows
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| 誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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spires
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| n.（教堂的） 塔尖，尖顶( spire的名词复数 ) | |
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sylvan
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| adj.森林的 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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attainment
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| n.达到，到达；［常pl.］成就，造诣 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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yew
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| n.紫杉属树木 | |
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bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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austere
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| adj.艰苦的；朴素的，朴实无华的；严峻的 | |
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grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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whit
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| n.一点，丝毫 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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enchantment
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| n.迷惑，妖术，魅力 | |
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eminences
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| 卓越( eminence的名词复数 )； 著名； 高地； 山丘 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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ravages
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| 劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹 | |
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inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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spaciousness
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| n.宽敞 | |
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nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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aisles
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| n. (席位间的)通道, 侧廊 | |
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aisle
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| n.（教堂、教室、戏院等里的）过道，通道 | |
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interred
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| v.埋，葬( inter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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primates
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| primate的复数 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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chapels
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| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
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choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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48
cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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49
cloisters
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| n.（学院、修道院、教堂等建筑的）走廊( cloister的名词复数 )；回廊；修道院的生活；隐居v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的第三人称单数 ) | |
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50
vaulting
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| n.（天花板或屋顶的）拱形结构 | |
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51
subterranean
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| adj.地下的，地表下的 | |
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52
enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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53
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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54
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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scriptures
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| 经文，圣典( scripture的名词复数 )； 经典 | |
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vaulted
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| adj.拱状的 | |
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57
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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59
relic
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| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
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dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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61
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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62
erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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picturesquely
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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67
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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buttresses
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| n.扶壁，扶垛( buttress的名词复数 )v.用扶壁支撑，加固( buttress的第三人称单数 ) | |
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engraving
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| n.版画；雕刻（作品）；雕刻艺术；镌版术v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的现在分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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brewing
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| n. 酿造, 一次酿造的量 动词brew的现在分词形式 | |
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ecclesiastics
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| n.神职者，教会，牧师( ecclesiastic的名词复数 ) | |
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feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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illuminated
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| adj.被照明的；受启迪的 | |
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consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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leash
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| n.牵狗的皮带，束缚；v.用皮带系住 | |
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ominous
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| adj.不祥的，不吉的，预兆的，预示的 | |
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sumptuous
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| adj.豪华的，奢侈的，华丽的 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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smuggled
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| 水货 | |
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84
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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85
imputation
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| n.归罪，责难 | |
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86
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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assassinated
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| v.暗杀( assassinate的过去式和过去分词 )；中伤；诋毁；破坏 | |
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commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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ivy
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| n.常青藤，常春藤 | |
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92
fret
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| v.(使)烦恼；(使)焦急；(使)腐蚀，(使)磨损 | |
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vaults
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| n.拱顶( vault的名词复数 )；地下室；撑物跳高；墓穴 | |
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murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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dispelled
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| v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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intruded
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| n.侵入的，推进的v.侵入，侵扰，打扰( intrude的过去式和过去分词 )；把…强加于 | |
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97
refreshment
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| n.恢复，精神爽快，提神之事物；（复数）refreshments:点心，茶点 | |
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98
imploring
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| 恳求的，哀求的 | |
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99
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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100
lavatory
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| n.盥洗室，厕所 | |
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101
maturity
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| n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期 | |
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102
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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103
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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104
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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105
recessed
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| v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的过去式和过去分词 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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106
hermit
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| n.隐士，修道者；隐居 | |
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107
diligently
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| ad.industriously;carefully | |
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108
saviour
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| n.拯救者，救星 | |
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109
baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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110
harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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111
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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112
exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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