MINSTER: FAVERSHAM: BATTLE: CHERTSEY: READING: ABINGDON
MINSTER (Benedictine)
710, Founded by Queen Sexburga, widow of Ercombert, King of Kent, on land given to her by her son Edward—Benedictine nuns1 established here—885, Danes burn the Abbey Church and disperse2 the nuns—1130, William de Corbeuil, Archbishop of Canterbury, restores the monastery4 and church—15—, Dissolved. Annual revenue, ￡129, 7s. 10d.—1881, Restored.
THESE ruins, containing the remains6 of what is probably the most ancient abbey church in England, stand on the north coast of the isle7 of Sheppey near Kent. In former times the monastery, dedicated8 to St Mary and St Sexburga, was situated9 about the centre of the island, but is now, owing to the rapid encroachments of the sea, not so far inland. Sheppey, or “isle of sheep,” a barren, treeless island, is eleven miles long, and is bounded by the ocean to the north and east, the Thames and Medway to the west, and the Swale to the south. Very little of the conventual church exists in the present somewhat peculiarly constructed building, which consists of two aisles11, a south porch, and an unfinished tower at the west end. The middle wall of the church, with its Saxon windows, was formerly13 the south wall of the original Saxon building, this being pierced in 1130 to allow of the addition of St Katherine’s aisle12. Many alterations14 took place in the 15th century, when also the erection of the present tower was begun. At this time the{77} nuns used the north side of the church, whilst the south side was appropriated by the parish folk. Nowadays one aisle forms both chancel and nave16.
Among the many interesting memorials in this church may be mentioned a Decorated tomb in the south wall, on which lies a cross-legged effigy17, supposed to be Sir Robert de Shurland, knight18 banneret in the time of Edward I.; an effigy in Purbeck marble of a knight who holds in his hand a symbol representing a soul in prayer; and also, in the chancel, a monumental brass19 of the 14th century. The latter commemorates20 Sir John de Northwode and Joan his wife. De Northwode was knighted by Edward I. at the siege of Caerlaserock in 1300. The knight’s shield hangs on his left hip21, instead of on his arm, from which fact we may infer the brass to be of French origin, the French knights22 of that day having adopted the custom known as “Ecu eu Cauteil.” Sir John’s lady wears a fur-lined mantle23, and the stiff wimple covering her neck and throat, which was then the mark of widowhood, indicates that she survived her husband. In the 13th century the legs of the knight having entirely24 disappeared they were replaced by modern ones with very incongruous effect, and in addition to this ill-judged restoration, a strip was cut out of the middle of the effigy in order to make the knight’s figure correspond in size to his lady’s.
FAVERSHAM (Cluniac)
1148, Founded by Stephen and Maud—Dedicated to St Saviour—153—, Dissolved—The site given to Sir Thomas Cheney, Lord Warden25 of the Cinque Ports—The greater part of the monastical buildings pulled down. Annual revenue, ￡286, 12s. 6d.
The town of Faversham, formerly a Saxon centre of some importance, and situated on the river Swale, south of the Isle of Thanet, contains some scanty26 ruins of an abbey, in the precincts of which were buried its founder27, King Stephen, as also his{78} Queen and son. Faversham was known in Saxon times as “Favresfield,” and there, in 930, King Athelstan held a Wittenagemot, or council of wise men. The town sheltered a succession of royal and distinguished28 visitors in the 16th and 17th centuries—amongst others, Mary, Queen of France, King Henry VIII., with Catherine of Aragon, Cardinal29 Wolsey and Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury. Queen Elizabeth “lay two nights” there. Nor was the place less favoured by the succeeding house of Stuart, for Charles II. dined with the Mayor of Faversham in 1660 at an expense to the town of ￡56, 0s. 6d. In the year 1688 James II. was arrested at Faversham whilst making his first attempt to leave England after the landing of the Prince of Orange.
At the time of the Dissolution of the monasteries30, the site of this Cluniac monastic house and its adjoining lands came into the possession of Sir Thomas Cheney, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, and by him they were afterwards alienated31 to Thomas Ardern, the hero of probably the most notable domestic tragedy ever dramatised in this country. There are three old editions of the drama, and at least one popular ballad32 on the subject. Thomas Ardern came from the neighbourhood of Canterbury to Faversham at the age of 56, with a wife 30 years his junior—who became so blindly infatuated with one Mosbie that “with callous33 depravity and cruelty she engaged hirelings to despatch34 her husband during the fair of St Valentine.” It says little for the morality of Faversham and its neighbourhood that no less than ten persons of decent social position were found ready to lend themselves to the murderous undertaking35. Eight of these were in the long run actually executed. “Ardern of Faversham” (1592) is a drama of very slight pretension36 to literary art, and the republication of 1887 adds further errors to those of the original carelessly printed drama.{79}
BATTLE (Benedictine)
1067, Built and endowed by William the Conqueror37—Rebuilt in the time of the Plantagenets in the form of a large quadrangle, one side of which was, after the Dissolution, converted into a private house by Sir Anthony Browne. Annual revenue ￡880, 14s. 7d.—1857, Sir Harry38 Fane restores the abbey and converts it into a mansion39.
Battle Abbey was founded in 1067 by William I. in gratitude40 to God for the victory vouchsafed41 to the Norman arms at Hastings “that perpetual praise and thanks might be given to God for the said victory and prayers made for the souls of those who were slain” (Dugdale’s Monasticon). Of the few remaining portions of the abbey buildings, the grand entrance gate, consisting of a three-storeyed tower, embattled with octagonal turrets42 of the late Decorated period, is still in a good state of preservation43. Adjoining it are the monastic offices, with square windows and an embattled parapet. A short drive from the abbey gate brings one to the Abbot’s Lodge44—of picturesque45 and medi?val aspect, although hardly any of the ancient features are intact. The Abbot’s Lodge is now the residence of the Duchess of Cleveland, in whose absence only, the interior is open to visitors. The great hall is remarkable46 in its proportions—being as high as it is long—but all its details show signs of modern restoration. A few ruins lying a little to the south of the house are known as the old refectory. These are the remains of a fine Early English building, of which the roof has unfortunately disappeared, and beneath it are some vaulted47 crypts—also of the same period. During the excavations48 in 1817 the foundations of the eastern part of the abbey church were exposed, disclosing a triple apse and several bases of a crypt. Of the abbey church hardly one stone remains, its former site being now a flower garden.
William the Conqueror had planned the erection of the abbey on a vast scale, intending to endow it with{80} sufficient land to maintain seven score monks49. Several Benedictine monks were transported from Marmontier in Normandy, and one of their number, Gausbertus, elected abbot. Many privileges were granted to the abbey by its royal founder, including sanctuary50; freedom from the Bishop3’s jurisdiction51, treasure trove52, and to the abbot, the right to forgive any condemned53 thief he might meet going to execution. According to some accounts William was present at the consecration54 of the abbey—while other historians write of that ceremony as taking place in 1094, seven years after the king’s death. The Roll of Battle Abbey was supposed to be a list of the barons55, and other eminent56 persons, who accompanied the Conqueror to England, and to have been compiled by the monks of Battle and hung up in their monastery. An English version of some verses referring to the Roll was inscribed57 on a tablet in the parish church of Battle and ran thus:—
“This place of war is Battle called because in battle here,
Quite conquered and overthrown58 the English nation were;
This slaughter59 happened to them upon St Cecilia’s day,
The year thereof (1066) this number doth array.”
A considerable amount of historical research has been undertaken at different times with a view to establishing the authenticity60 of this list of names (notably by the Rev5. Joseph Hunter, F.S.A.), and not a few of our English aristocracy, whose ancestors came over with the Conqueror, trace their pedigree from some forefather61 whose name they claim to have been inscribed on the Roll of Battle Abbey. The site of the abbey at the Dissolution was granted to one Gilmer and passed through the hands of many families of distinction. In 1857 the estate was bought by Sir Harry Fane. Public admission to the historical field of Senlac is given only once a week. It is to be hoped that the site of one of the most memorable62 events in English history may some day{81} become national property and that the many tourists attracted to Battle Abbey may help towards safeguarding its interests as a sacred possession of the people.
CHERTSEY (Mitred Benedictine)
666, Founded by Frithwaldus, governor of the province of Surrey under Wulfar, King of Mercia—Church and conventual building burnt by the Danes in the 9th century—964, Refounded by King Edgar for Benedictine monks—1110, The abbey rebuilt—15—, Dissolved. Annual revenue, ￡659, 15s. 8d.
It is indeed a national loss that of this noble and extensive foundation, consisting formerly of a monastic church, a hospitium, two mills, a bridge and a few buildings beyond the Thames, practically nothing should remain save two walls and an arched gateway63.
“So total a dissolution I scarcely ever saw,” says Dr Stukeley, “human bones of the abbots, monks, and great personages who were buried in great numbers in the church and cloisters65 were spread thick all over the garden so that we may pick up handfuls of bits of bones at a time everywhere among the garden stuff.”
Excavations undertaken by the Surrey Arch?ological Society have brought to light some of the foundations of the abbey, carved stones, stone coffins66, and several monumental tiles illustrating67 the Arthurian legends. A piece of the chapter-house flooring and part of a stone chair have also been discovered. This ancient monastic foundation in Chertsey attained68 to great magnificence, its head becoming one of the mitred abbots, and consequently enjoying all the privileges of a seat in Parliament. The abbots of Chertsey suffered little, if at all, from molestations from without, or from rebellion and schism69 within. They cultivated vineyards, hunted hares and foxes, and retained peaceful and uninterrupted possession of the manor70 for close on 500 years. Though at the time of the Dissolution Henry VIII. appeared to{82} relent his drastic measures with regard to this foundation, yet one year only elapsed between the placing of the Chertsey monks in the refounded priory of Bisham in Berkshire and the compulsory71 surrender to the Crown of the newly formed religious establishment.
The irregularly built market town of Chertsey in Surrey is situated on the banks of the Thames, and is connected with Middlesex by the seven-arched stone bridge which spans the river. Here lived and died Abraham Cowley, a poet of great celebrity72 in his day, who, after being ejected from Cambridge as a Royalist in 1643, engaged actively73 in the royal cause and obtained at the Restoration the lease of a farm at Chertsey which he held under the Queen. In the old church of Chertsey the curfew is regularly tolled74 upon a bell which was used for generations in the abbey.
READING (Mitred Benedictine)
1126, Built and endowed by Henry I.—Dedicated to the Virgin75 Mary and St John the Baptist—1121-1467, Parliaments held here—15—, Dissolved. Henry Farringdon, last abbot of Reading, executed at Tyburn.
“Hugh, Abbot of Reading, and his convent, reciting by their deed that King Henry I. had erected76 that abbey for the maintenance of monks then devoutly77 and religiously serving God, for the receipt of Strangers and Travellers, but chiefly Christ’s poor people, they therefore did erect15 an Hospital without the gate of the abbey there to maintain 26 poor people; and to the maintenance of Strangers passing that way they gave the profits of their mill at Leominstre. Also Aucherius, Abbot of Reading, built near this abbey a house for lepers that was called St Mary Magdelene’s, allotting78 for their sustenance79 sufficient of all things as well in diet as other matters.”
The foregoing extract from Dugdale’s Monasticon indicates the pious80 and generous motives81 which inspired the endowment of the once important mitred{83} abbey of Reading. The abbots of Reading ranked next to those of Glastonbury and St Albans, their influence extending far beyond the precincts of the monastery.
Built upon the site of an ancient nunnery, the abbey ruins are beautifully situated on an eminence82 overlooking the river Kennet to the south and the Thames to the north. From the remaining portions it can be seen that the abbey church consisted of a nave and choir83, both with aisles, transepts with eastern chapels85, and also a Lady chapel84—the entire length being 420 feet. The chapter-house on the east side of the cloister64 adjoins the south transept and possessed86 an apse in which were five large windows. On the south side of this cloister garth stood the Norman refectory. The stone facings of the buildings have been removed, leaving only flintstone, but fortunately the abbey mill still stands intact. Henry I. and his two queens, Matilda and Adeliza, were buried in Reading Abbey, though by some strange fancy of disseveration the king’s bowels87, brains, heart, eyes and tongue were buried at Rouen. Many real or fancied relics88 of saints were presented to the abbey. Among other singular objects of the time was one assumed to be the head of the Apostle James—later the hand of this Apostle was brought from Germany by the Empress Maud—carefully enclosed in a case of gold, of which it was afterwards stripped by Richard I. It seems like some curious pioneer movement of foreign missions when one reads that the “maintenance of two Jewish female converts” was imposed on this house by King Henry III.{84}
ABINGDON (Mitred Benedictine).
675, Built and endowed by Heane, Viceroy of Wiltshire—955, Monks reinstalled by Edred, King of all England, after the ravages89 of the Danes—c. 955, Abbot Ethelwold builds the church, dedicates it to St Mary and institutes the rule of St Benedict—1071, Egclwya, Bishop of Durham, dies after imprisonment90 in the dungeons91 of the abbey—1084, William the Conqueror keeps the Easter festival at Abingdon—1146, Pope Eugenius III. grants many privileges to the Abbey—15—, Dissolved. Annual revenue, ￡1876, 10s. 9d.
One Aben, having escaped the cruel treatment Hengist perpetrated on the Barons and great men of the land, hid himself in the south of Oxfordshire for a great while, and the people of the place, pitying him, built him a house and chapel. This then was the beginning of the monastical institution in “Abendun,” so called, after the fugitive92. The town of Abingdon, with its narrow winding93 streets and quaintly94 gabled houses, has grown up round the mitred monastery of many centuries ago. So closely are the ruins surrounded by houses that there is some difficulty in defining the original site of the abbey. The approach to the ruins is through a gateway of Perpendicular95 work, built probably about the end of the 14th century. The parapet is battlemented, and over the centre arch may be seen a canopied96 niche97 containing the figure of the Blessed Virgin, the patronal saint of the abbey. A few yards further on after turning slightly to the right one reaches the rest of the monastical remains, which consist only of the guest house, with its adjoining abbot’s or prior’s house.
The guest house presents at first sight a somewhat barn-like appearance; it is worthy98 however of closer inspection99. It has two storeys—the ground floor forming the day room and the upper the dormitory. The prior’s house, built in the 14th century, is also a two-storeyed building. A flight of wooden steps, put up for the convenience of the visitor, leads through{85} a pointed100 doorway101 into the upper apartments. In a direct line with the entrance is a wall dividing the storey into two rooms, of which the one to the right contains some imposing102 remains of a columned fireplace, a blocked-up pointed window and stairway door; and the other to the left, a blocked-up window. There are open windows on either side of the entrance, each lighting103 up one of the apartments. The kitchen or crypt forms the ground floor of the prior’s house, from the one single octagonal column of which spring the ribs104 that support the groined roof. The fireplace is to the right and facing the entrance is a doorway which formerly communicated with the abbey brook105, now known as the mill stream. After being used as a malt house for several years the buildings have been restored by the Abingdon Corporation, by whom the room over the gateway is used as council chamber106. To the left on passing through the gateway is the site of the former magnificent abbey church, enclosed in the private grounds of the Bishop of Reading. The whole of the foundations are unfortunately covered by greensward; but it is still possible to gain some idea of the immense size and bold outline of the structure. William of Worcester gives the following dimensions—
Nave, 180 feet.
Two Towers west end, 100 feet high.
Large central tower, 36 feet square.
Choir, with chapel at east end, 162 feet.
Central transepts, 174 feet broad.
Other transepts, 138 feet broad.
At the upper end of the guest house a half circle of stone marks the site of Ethelwold’s church, built on the site of an earlier church erected by Heane in the 7th century. This was peculiar10 in form, having a circular east end. The fine carved roof of the Lady chapel in St Helen’s church is said to have been{86} removed from the abbey. Along its shields are slight indications of these words
“In the worship of our Lady
Pray for Nicholas Gold and Amy.”
The Chronicle of Abingdon, written by the monks at a time when they were sure of the confidence of the people, is a faithful record of the monastic life-work. A quotation107 from Mr Stevenson’s review on the translation of the Abingdon Chronicle may be of some interest, as it portrays108 not only the daily customs of the monks at Abingdon, but of many other monastic establishments.
“Most persons who have bestowed109 any attention to our early annals will admit, however strong may be their Protestant prejudices, that the best features of our modern civilisation110 are due to the social organisation111 introduced by the monks. Agriculture, for example, the parent of all other arts, was despised and neglected by the pagan tribes of German origin, whereas the rule of St Benedict, which was of primary authority with every monastic establishment, proclaimed the ‘nobility of labour’ as a religious duty, inferior in its responsibility only to prayer and study.
“Benedict thought it good that men should be daily reminded that in the sweat of their face they should eat bread, and day by day they toiled112 in the field as well as prayed in the church. After having been present at the service of Prime, the monks assembled in the chapter-house, each individual received his allotted113 share of work, a brief prayer was offered up, tools were served out, and the brethren marched two and two, and in silence, to their task in the field. From Easter until the beginning of October they were thus occupied from six o’clock in the morning until ten, sometimes until noon. The more widely the system was diffused114 the more extensive were its benefits. Besides the monks lay brethren and servants were engaged, who received payment in coin, and as by degrees more land was brought into tillage than the monastery needed, the surplus was leased out to lay occupiers. Thus, each{87} monastery became a centre of civilisation, and while the rude chieftain, intent on war or the chase, cared little for the comfort either of himself or his retainers, the monks became the source, not only of intellectual and spiritual light, but of physical warmth and comfort, and household blessings115.”
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nuns
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| n.（通常指基督教的）修女， （佛教的）尼姑( nun的名词复数 ) | |
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disperse
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| vi.使分散；使消失；vt.分散；驱散 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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aisles
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| n. (席位间的)通道, 侧廊 | |
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aisle
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| n.（教堂、教室、戏院等里的）过道，通道 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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alterations
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| n.改动( alteration的名词复数 )；更改；变化；改变 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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effigy
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| n.肖像 | |
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knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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commemorates
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| n.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的名词复数 )v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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hip
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| n.臀部，髋；屋脊 | |
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knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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warden
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| n.监察员，监狱长，看守人，监护人 | |
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scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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alienated
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| adj.感到孤独的，不合群的v.使疏远( alienate的过去式和过去分词 )；使不友好；转让；让渡（财产等） | |
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ballad
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| n.歌谣，民谣，流行爱情歌曲 | |
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callous
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| adj.无情的，冷淡的，硬结的，起老茧的 | |
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despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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pretension
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| n.要求；自命，自称；自负 | |
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conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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harry
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| vt.掠夺，蹂躏，使苦恼 | |
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mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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vouchsafed
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| v.给予，赐予( vouchsafe的过去式和过去分词 )；允诺 | |
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turrets
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| （六角）转台( turret的名词复数 )； （战舰和坦克等上的）转动炮塔； （摄影机等上的）镜头转台； （旧时攻城用的）塔车 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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vaulted
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| adj.拱状的 | |
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excavations
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| n.挖掘( excavation的名词复数 )；开凿；开凿的洞穴（或山路等）；（发掘出来的）古迹 | |
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monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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52
trove
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| n.被发现的东西，收藏的东西 | |
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53
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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54
consecration
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| n.供献，奉献，献祭仪式 | |
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55
barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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57
inscribed
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| v.写，刻( inscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；内接 | |
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58
overthrown
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| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
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59
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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60
authenticity
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| n.真实性 | |
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61
forefather
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| n.祖先；前辈 | |
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62
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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gateway
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| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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64
cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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cloisters
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| n.（学院、修道院、教堂等建筑的）走廊( cloister的名词复数 )；回廊；修道院的生活；隐居v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的第三人称单数 ) | |
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66
coffins
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| n.棺材( coffin的名词复数 )；使某人早亡[死，完蛋，垮台等]之物 | |
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67
illustrating
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的现在分词 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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68
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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69
schism
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| n.分派，派系，分裂 | |
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70
manor
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| n.庄园，领地 | |
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71
compulsory
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| n.强制的，必修的；规定的，义务的 | |
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celebrity
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| n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望 | |
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actively
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| adv.积极地，勤奋地 | |
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tolled
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| 鸣钟（toll的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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devoutly
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| adv.虔诚地，虔敬地，衷心地 | |
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allotting
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的现在分词 ) | |
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sustenance
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| n.食物，粮食；生活资料；生计 | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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83
choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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85
chapels
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| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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bowels
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| n.肠，内脏，内部；肠( bowel的名词复数 )；内部，最深处 | |
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relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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ravages
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| 劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹 | |
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imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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dungeons
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| n.地牢( dungeon的名词复数 ) | |
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fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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quaintly
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| adv.古怪离奇地 | |
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perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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canopied
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| adj. 遮有天篷的 | |
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niche
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| n.壁龛；合适的职务(环境、位置等) | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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99
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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100
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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101
doorway
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| n.门口，(喻)入门；门路，途径 | |
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102
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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103
lighting
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| n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光 | |
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104
ribs
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| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
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105
brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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106
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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107
quotation
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| n.引文，引语，语录；报价，牌价，行情 | |
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portrays
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| v.画像( portray的第三人称单数 )；描述；描绘；描画 | |
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109
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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110
civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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111
organisation
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| n.组织，安排，团体，有机休 | |
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112
toiled
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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113
allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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114
diffused
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| 散布的，普及的，扩散的 | |
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115
blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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