The spiritual brothers of every monastic order had in common, it would seem, the gift of discerning for their foundations sites as perfect in natural charms and resources as in their adaptability1 for lives of study and meditation2, and in their security against encroachments from without. Beaulieu and Netley had each in a measure these advantages. At the time of the Dissolution remoteness and inaccessibility3 proved the salvation4 of Netley Abbey. The vast mother-abbey of Beaulieu however lay along tide-water, and its stones were materially available for the king’s purposes. Very little remains5 therefore of this seat of a mitred abbot except a few of the domestic buildings, including the refectory, now used as the parish church of Beaulieu (Early English), some remnants of the cloisters7, and also the fratry and kitchen. On the east side of the cloister6 area three arches of the chapter-house still stand. The ruins of the abbey may be reached through a stone gateway8 adjoining the abbot’s house—now a modern mansion9, in the Decorated hall of which is a particularly fine vaulted10 roof. Surrounding the house is a moat constructed by an Earl of Montague as a defence against the attacks of French privateers.
The site of the abbey church was fully11 disclosed during excavations12 undertaken at the instigation of members of the ducal house of Buccleuch, and we may trace the location of every wall and pier13 of what must once have been a noble church with its great nave14 of nine bays and complete double-aisled choir16 with a circular termination. The body of Isabella, wife of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, known as King of the Romans, has been found in front of the high{94} altar. The loss of Beaulieu is irreparable in the history of English architecture. One can but be thankful that the little that remains is in the hands of so thoughtful and reverent17 a custodian18, and that the exquisite19 natural charms are left, not only undisturbed, but are tended with such appreciation20 and discrimination that “Bellus locus” justifies21 its name as fully as ever it did. Close to the New Forest, surrounded by majestic22 trees, the beauty of the scene is greatly enhanced by the sheet of water which spreads itself in sight of the foliage23—whilst glimpses of a tidal river can be seen winding24 between banks edged with trees towards the not far distant ocean.
“Now sunk, deserted25 and with weeds o’ergrown
Yon prostrate26 walls their awful fate bewail;
Low on the ground their topmost spires27 are thrown,
Once friendly marks to guide the wandering sail.
The ivy28 now with rude luxuriance bends
Its tangled29 foliage through the cloistered30 space
O’er the green windows ’mouldering height ascends31
And fondly clasps it with a last embrace.”
ROMSEY (Benedictine).
907, Founded by Edward the Elder—Greatly enlarged and rebuilt in the reign32 of Edgar, grandson of Edward the Elder, by Ethelwold, Archbishop of Winchester—Benedictine nuns34 placed there—974, Opened by the King on Christmas day—Almost destroyed by the Danes early in 11th century—Subsequently restored, enjoying many privileges and high repute under the Norman and Plantagenet rule—1129-69, Nave built by Bishop33 Henry de Blois—15—, Dissolved. Annual revenue, ￡393, 10s.
The village of Romsey has grown round the venerable abbey church of SS. Mary and Elfleda, where in former days devout35 women lived their secluded36 and consecrated37 lives. There is considerable difference of opinion as to the origin of the name Romsey, for while some authorities see in it a survival of the{95} Roman “Romana insula,” others trace its present form to the Saxon “Rumes-eye”—“the broad island.” Romsey may formerly38 have been a Roman city, its position making it practically equidistant from other well-known Roman stations, whilst the island site of the town, surrounded by the tributary39 stream, the Test, affords some support to the theory of the Saxon origin of the name. The abbey minster has been wisely treated at its various restorations, and although definite types of Early English and Decorated work are represented, the dominating Norman characteristics have not been interfered40 with. Eastern apsidal chapels41, peculiar43 to Norman work, are in both transepts. The nave of eight bays was built by Henry de Blois, Bishop of Winchester in the 12th century, whilst two examples of Norman piscin? may be seen—one in the south choir aisle15 and the other on the south side of the choir. The west window is Early English, the central of the three lights being 40 feet high. The doors at the west of the north and south aisles44, and the graceful45 arch which spans the west front of the nave are all beautiful work of this period. There is a bas-relief of the Crucifixion on the outer wall of the south transept. The apsidal chapel42 of the north transept is now used as a school.
There are many peculiarities46 in the interior of the church—amongst others, the elevation47 of the flooring of the aisles above that of the nave, where the nuns had their stalls. Many of these nuns were of royal blood, and in Saxon times the nunnery enjoyed high patronage48. Under the rule of the Abbess Marivanna the monastery49 was blessed with peace, and Marivanna is said to have miraculously50 warned her successor Elwina of the approach of Sweyn and his band of Danish marauders. Matilda, wife of Henry I. and niece of the Abbess Christina, was educated here; and subsequently Mary, Countess of Boulogne, daughter of King Stephen, was elected abbess. This royal abbess openly defied the Pope and, in spite of her{96} monastic vows51, married the son of the Count of Flanders, without obtaining the necessary dispensation from the Vatican. After ten years of married life, the rash lovers were compelled to separate, the power of the Church proving too strong for them. In the reign of Henry III. power to condemn52 and to hang criminals was restored to the abbess of Romsey—this peculiar privilege having become obsolete53. The rules of the monastery were strict and the discipline well maintained, earning for Romsey a reputation for high moral tone, as well as for liberality and learning. A marvellously beautiful piece of the nuns’ handiwork can still be seen in an altar cloth of the present church. It is of green brocaded velvet54 embroidered55 with golden stars and with lilies exquisitely56 worked into the material. This work belongs to the 12th or 13th century and was formerly intended for a cope.
SHERBORNE (Benedictine)
705, Ina, King of the West Saxons, makes Sherborne the seat of a Bishopric—998, Bishop Wulfsiu builds a priory—1075, Bishop Herman transfers the See to Sarum—1122, Sherborne and Horton made one house—1139, Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, changes the priory of Sherborne into an abbey, that of Horton being destroyed—Benedictine monks58 placed within it—1436, The abbey suffers from fire, and is changed in restoration from Norman to Perpendicular59 style—1539, The monastery surrenders to Henry VIII. Annual revenue, ￡682, 1s.—Sold to Sir John Horsey for ￡200—The parishioners of Sherborne buy the church from him for ￡230—1848-58, Restored at a cost of over ￡32,000.
The old-fashioned town of Sherborne, or “clear brook,” lies on a gentle slope above the river Yeo, in the vale of Blackmore. The first view of Sherborne is delightful60. The narrow, winding, roughly-paved streets make a picturesque61 setting for the solid and stone-built houses, and there is a general impression of peaceful comfort and prosperity about the place.{97} The surrounding country is rich and fertile; the air clear and invigorating. In monastic days the hillsides were covered with vines, so sheltered was Sherborne from extreme severity of weather. It is only from the south that a good view of the parish church—originally the abbey church of the monastery—can be obtained. From the other sides it is much built in.
This abbey of St Mary’s has undergone many vicissitudes62, having been built and rebuilt in remote Saxon times; burnt by the dreaded63 Sweyn when passing through the town on his march from Exeter to Sarum; nearly razed64 to the ground and again rebuilt in the 15th century; dissolved in the 16th century, at which time the church was made parochial and purchased by the inhabitants of the town; and finally restored at an enormous cost in the 19th century, with the result that no church of such antiquity65 was ever in a better state of preservation66. Considering the chequered history of the building, its many examples of different architectural periods is not to be wondered at. Perpendicular work is most largely represented—the abbey having been restored in the reign of Henry VI. (when this style was in vogue) after a fire, which devastated67 particularly the east end of the structure. The Norman period found expression in a peculiar south porch and part of the transepts, while the Lady chapel affords a good example of Early English architecture. The church is cruciform, with transepts, choir, and presbytery. The nave, with its two aisles—the one to the north boasting some Decorated windows—has a beautiful vaulted roof and clerestory. From the central tower there is an extensive view over the undulating country for many miles round Sherborne. In the bell chamber68 below hang ten bells—a sanctus bell, a peal69 of eight, and a fire bell. Cardinal70 Wolsey is said to have given the tenor71 bell—the largest tenor bell in England ever rung in a peal—to the abbey. It was imported{98} from Tournay, and although recast still bears this distich—
“By Wolsey’s gift I measure time for all;
To mirth, to griefe, to church, I serve to call.”
Attached to the church are some ancient chapels, including the Wickham Chantry, where lies Sir John Horsey, also Bishop Roger’s Chantry, with its beautiful Early English window. Sir Thomas Wyatt, the poet, Bishop Asser, tutor to Alfred the Great, more than one of the Saxon kings, and Abbot Clement72 (1163) (of whose tomb but a fragment remains in the north choir aisle) are interred73 in the cathedral church. The cloisters were on the north side of the church—the former dormitory is now used as a schoolroom. A portion of the refectory still remains, also the abbey barn and the abbey house—the latter being rebuilt after the Dissolution.
CERNE (Benedictine)
987, Founded by Egelwaldus or Ethelwerdus—Dedicated74 to St Peter—Endowed by Ethelmer, Earl of Cornwall—15—, Dissolved. Annual revenue, ￡515 17s. 10.
“St Augustine, the monk57, after he had converted Kent, travelled with his companions over the rest of King Ethelbert’s dominions75, which extended as far as the Northumbers, preaching the Gospel of Christ. And being in Dorsetshire, a great company of people offered themselves for baptism in a place where water was wanting, whereupon by miracle a fountain of water burst out of the ground, which was in the succeeding times called St Augustine’s Fountain. Here Edwaldus, brother of St Edmund the King and martyr76, led a hermit’s life and died with a reputation of great sanctity”—(Dugdale’s Monasticon).
These circumstances, according to Dugdale, led to the founding of the abbey of Cerne in 987. Other{99} writers, however, hold the opinion that credit is due to the great Apostle of the Anglo-Saxons for an even earlier foundation.
Only the gateway of this once magnificent abbey remains, and near it the well dedicated to St Augustine. The gateway—a large embattled structure—is in a good state of preservation, and even yet possesses some of its former dignity. When excavating77 on the site of the abbey church, a stone effigy78 of peculiar interest was found. It is 15th century work, representing a lady, of royal birth possibly, who once held the position of abbess in this monastic house. She carries a staff in her right hand and in her left she holds a book. Fragments of a leaden chalice79 and paten and encaustic tiles, chiefly of Perpendicular work, have also been found. The present abbey house has been built from the remains of the abbey.
Near the town of Cerne on the southern slope of Trendle Hill there may be seen the outline of a remarkable80 figure of a man, 180 feet high and with outlines about 2 feet broad. Various traditions are held concerning the origin of this figure; one being that it represents a Saxon deity81 Heil (Hercules), and another that it serves as a memorial to Cendric, king of the West Saxons; while the most popular legend speaks of the figure as that of a giant, who, after eating some sheep, indulged in a post-prandial nap and was pinioned82 by the inhabitants of the town, who in this way judged his dimensions. Chacun à son gout!—for there is doubtless a grain of truth in all three stories, and failing opportunity and inclination83 for authentic84 research, imagination and prejudice may be allowed to have free play.{100}
TAVISTOCK (Mitred Benedictine)
961, Founded by Ordgarus, Earl of Devonshire and father of the infamous85 Elfrida, Queen of Wessex—981, Building completed by Ordulph—King Ethelred endows it with land and liberties—997, Burnt and despoiled86 by the Danes—11—, Henry I. becomes a benefactor87 to this house which is re-established—1513, Tavistock becomes a mitred abbey—1539, Dissolved. Annual revenue, ￡902, 5s. 7d.—The estate given to the first Lord Russell by whom it has descended88 to the family of Bedford.
Tavistock, like Buckland, is on the Tavy, and here, amidst beautiful country in a trough of hills, stands the skeleton of a formerly magnificent structure, once inhabited by Benedictine monks. Typical Devonshire scenery, both stern and gentle, with its bleak89 moorland and well-wooded, peaceful valleys, is nowhere more strongly exemplified than in the surroundings of this abbey, for though sheltered in a fertile valley, the dreary90 Dartmoor lies very close, and stretches away in the far distance, adding a grim and sombre tone to the aspect.
Two gateways92, the fratry, and a porch are the principal portions remaining of the abbey. The frater, which has a fine portico93, is now used as a Unitarian chapel. This Benedictine house of Tavistock was fortunate in gaining (among other benefactions) the goodwill94 and support of King Ethelred, Leving, Bishop of Worcester, and of Henry I. A school for the study of Saxon was founded in connection with the abbey soon after its re-establishment, and later, after the introduction of printing into England, a press was set up there and many books, including a Saxon grammar, were published. History and legend combine with exceptional interest in connection with the foundation of Tavistock—attributed to Ordgarus, whose good work was carried on by his son Ordulph, father and brother respectively of Queen Elfrida, who so treacherously95 and cruelly connived96 at the murder of{101} her stepson. Ordulph is said to have been of such gigantic stature97 as to be able to break the bars of gates and to stride a river 10 feet wide. Huge bones, said to be his, may still be seen in Tavistock church. Ordulph endowed the abbey with many lands, which bounties98, added to the benefactions of King Ethelred, were the cause of the institution becoming both wealthy and flourishing. After total destruction by the Danes, the abbey was rebuilt only to become more prosperous than ever.
There are still evidences of its former grandeur99 and of the sumptuous100 manner in which the dignitaries lived. Risdon relates the following curious circumstance, from which we can gather the unexpectedness of some of the many sources from which wealth accrued101 to the abbey.
“It is lefte us by tradition,” says he, “that one Childe, of Plimstocke, a man of faire possessions, havinge noe issue, ordained102, that wherever he shoulde happen to be buried, to that churche his land should belong. It so fortuned that he, ridinge to hunt in the forest of Dartmoor, casually103 lost his companye, and his waye; likewise the season beinge so colde and he so benumbed therewithe, that he was enforced to kill his horse, and havinge so killed him, to creepe into his bellye to gett heat; which not beinge able to preserve him, he was there frozen to deathe; and so founde was carried by Tavystokemen to be buried in the churche of the Abbeye; which was not so secretlye done, but the inhabitants got knowledge thereof, which to prevent, they resorted to hinder the carryinge of the corpse104 on the bridge where they concluded necessitye compelled them to passe. But they were deceived by a guile105, for the Tavystokemen forthwith builded a slyghte bridge and passed at another place without resistance, buried the bodye, and enjoyed the lands. In memory whereof, the bridge beareth the name of Gylebridge to this daye.”
John Penryn, elected Abbot of Tavistock in 1522, began his rule in peace and quietness, little thinking that he was to be last abbot of Tavistock.{102} In 1526 this dignitary, according to Oliver’s Monasticon, was ordered to supply a servant of the king with a corrody, consisting of “One white loaf, another loaf called Trequarter, a dish called General, another dish of flesh or fish called Pitance, and three pottels, or three halfpence daily; also a furred robe at Christmas yearly, of the same kind as that of our esquires, or the sum of 20 shillings.” Pensions were paid to one John Elyote and William Tyler, M.A., of Oxminster; in the first instance for doing the duties of organist and choirmaster, and in the second for teaching grammar to the boys of the house and for expounding106 Scripture107 in the refectory. One wonders why this work had ceased to be done by the monks themselves. The literature of the time shows plainly that monks and friars were losing hold on popular regard—although some of the best houses were still doing earnest work in study and in relieving distress108. Cromwell had a large share of public opinion on his side when he suppressed nearly four hundred of the smaller houses. John Penryn, among other wise abbots, expecting the blow, had been putting his house in order, and making arrangements for its future good management. He called his twenty brethren together a month or so before the Act of Parliament for the Suppression was passed, and surrendered his monastery—with its manors109, churches, lands, down to books and parchments, into the hands of the king. In doing so he secured fairly good terms for himself and his monks, for the abbot’s pension was equivalent to more than ￡100 a year in our present money, and the monks, with the exception of one, received pecuniary111 compensation in proportion.{103}
BUCKLAND (Cistercian)
1278, Founded and endowed by Amicia, Countess of Devonshire—Dedicated to St Mary and St Benedict and colonised by Cistercian monks from Quarr Abbey—1541, After the Dissolution the site and demesne112 sold by Henry VIII. to Sir Richard Grenville—1571, The new owner converts the abbey church into a private residence and afterwards sells it to Sir Francis Drake.
The history of this Cistercian house is of twofold interest, for in addition to its foundation as a religious establishment in the 13th century, it became eventually, after its reconstruction113 as a manor110 house, the home and favourite residence of one of England’s greatest naval114 heroes, Sir Francis Drake. Buckland Abbey, one of the most notable ancient halls of England, is still in the possession of the Drake family, and many relics115 of the famous explorer are to be seen within its walls, including a Bible which had been his constant companion on all his journeys. The building consists chiefly of stones of the original structure, although totally different in construction.
Of the monastical parts of this foundation, practically only a barn, 180 feet long, and a belfry are still preserved. The fragments in the Vicarage garden are supposed to be all that is left of the last abbot’s house. Still, even in these days, it is quite possible to picture the happy situation and consequent beauty of the monastic demesne. The river Tavy flows past the abbey, which is surrounded on all sides by delightful gardens, including an orchard116 said to have been the first planted in Devonshire. To the industry and discernment of the monks is greatly due the fame of Devonshire for the excellence117 of its cider—the greatest care having been taken in those early days to secure the very best grafts118 from Normandy. Nothing particular is recorded of the fortunes of this religious house. Disgrace fell upon it at one time—the monks having presumed to perform certain ceremonies without the necessary permission of Walter de{104} Bronescombe, Bishop of Exeter, and being consequently excommunicated. From this suspension they were happily relieved by the interposition of Queen Helena.
Buckland Abbey, as in the case of all religious foundations, succumbed119 to the demands of the insatiable Henry VIII., but was fortunate in eventually passing into the hands of Richard Grenville, who did not utterly120 remove all vestiges121 of the original structure when building the present noble house called Buckland Abbey. The connection of the great Drake with the manor house was not limited to his ownership of the old abbey, for here he spent the earliest, and not a few of the later years of his life; while many of his triumphs were won on the waters which washed this lovely county of Devon. It is sad that at the close of a life so full of successful effort, a life almost unparalleled in its daring initiative of action, Sir Francis Drake should not have found a resting place in his beloved home. Failure attended his expedition to the West Indies, where he had hoped to strike a blow at the gigantic power of Spain. By the capture of the Spaniards of one of Drake’s smaller vessels122, the plans of the English admiral became known to his enemies and all his schemes were more or less defeated. Bent123 down and disheartened by failure, Drake succumbed after twenty days’ illness to disease which had broken out among his men, receiving a sailor’s funeral off the shores of Puerto Bello, December 1595.
BUCKFASTLEIGH (Cistercian)
Founded and endowed for Cistercian monks by Richard Bauzan in the 12th century on the site of a Saxon Benedictine house—15—, Dissolved. Annual revenue, ￡466, 11s. 2d.—Used as a stone quarry—1882, French Benedictine monks buy the Gothic mansion built in this century on part of the original site—1886, The abbey partially124 rebuilt by the monks and the restored portion opened on April 26th.
In an opening of the forest near the river Dart91 a small band of Cistercian monks built an abbey for{105} their order in the 12th century, hoping in the seclusion125 of the spot to be free from the prevalent disturbances126 of those early times. The name Buckfastleigh implies a spot where deer may safely venture to drink, “buckfast”—the fastness of the deer—and “leigh”—a lea or pasture,—and is probably symbolical127 also of the peace and quiet so essential to the retired128 lives led by the holy men of old. The actual beginning of this religious house reaches back into antiquity, and in the course of its long history it has twice changed its order of rule. In the Saxon time it was subjected to Benedictine sway, after the Conquest it was refounded for Cistercian monks, and lastly, some years ago, a mansion was built on a portion of the site which has since been inhabited by Benedictine brothers from France who have partially rebuilt the old abbey.
The remains of the 12th century building are somewhat insignificant129. They are situated130 on the north side of the village on the right bank of the river, and consist of a tower covered with ivy, and a large tithe131 barn, together with a Saxon crypt. A woollen factory now occupies part of the abbey site, and in connection with this fact it is interesting to note that trading in wool was an important source of revenue in the days of the Cistercians. Still further back the woollen fabrics132 of Rome had obtained special excellence, and in time, the Roman manufactures were carried to the countries in which Roman colonies had been established. In England the making of woollen cloths was introduced by the Romans, but it was in the hands of a few only. The Cistercians at Buckfastleigh were all wool-traders, and to this day there is a road called “Abbot’s Way”—said to be the former post road by which the wool of the community was conveyed to Plymouth for export.
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adaptability
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| n.适应性 | |
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meditation
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| n.熟虑，（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思，（pl.）冥想录 | |
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inaccessibility
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| n. 难接近, 难达到, 难达成 | |
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salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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cloisters
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| n.（学院、修道院、教堂等建筑的）走廊( cloister的名词复数 )；回廊；修道院的生活；隐居v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的第三人称单数 ) | |
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gateway
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| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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vaulted
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| adj.拱状的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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excavations
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| n.挖掘( excavation的名词复数 )；开凿；开凿的洞穴（或山路等）；（发掘出来的）古迹 | |
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pier
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| n.码头；桥墩，桥柱；[建]窗间壁，支柱 | |
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nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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aisle
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| n.（教堂、教室、戏院等里的）过道，通道 | |
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choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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reverent
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| adj.恭敬的，虔诚的 | |
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custodian
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| n.保管人，监护人；公共建筑看守 | |
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exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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appreciation
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justifies
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| 证明…有理( justify的第三人称单数 )； 为…辩护； 对…作出解释； 为…辩解（或辩护） | |
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majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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foliage
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winding
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deserted
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prostrate
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spires
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| n.（教堂的） 塔尖，尖顶( spire的名词复数 ) | |
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ivy
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tangled
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| adj. 纠缠的，紊乱的 动词tangle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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cloistered
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| adj.隐居的，躲开尘世纷争的v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ascends
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reign
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bishop
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nuns
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| n.（通常指基督教的）修女， （佛教的）尼姑( nun的名词复数 ) | |
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devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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36
secluded
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| adj.与世隔绝的；隐退的；偏僻的v.使隔开，使隐退( seclude的过去式和过去分词) | |
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37
consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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38
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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39
tributary
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| n.支流；纳贡国；adj.附庸的；辅助的；支流的 | |
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interfered
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| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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41
chapels
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| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
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42
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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43
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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44
aisles
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| n. (席位间的)通道, 侧廊 | |
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45
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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46
peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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47
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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48
patronage
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| n.赞助，支援，援助；光顾，捧场 | |
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49
monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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50
miraculously
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| ad.奇迹般地 | |
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51
vows
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| 誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿 | |
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52
condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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53
obsolete
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| adj.已废弃的，过时的 | |
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54
velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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55
embroidered
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| adj．绣花的 | |
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56
exquisitely
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| adv.精致地；强烈地；剧烈地；异常地 | |
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57
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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58
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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59
perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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60
delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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61
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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62
vicissitudes
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| n.变迁，世事变化；变迁兴衰( vicissitude的名词复数 )；盛衰兴废 | |
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63
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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64
razed
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| v.彻底摧毁，将…夷为平地( raze的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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65
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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66
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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67
devastated
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| v.彻底破坏( devastate的过去式和过去分词)；摧毁；毁灭；在感情上（精神上、财务上等）压垮adj.毁坏的；极为震惊的 | |
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68
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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69
peal
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| n.钟声；v.鸣响 | |
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70
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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71
tenor
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| n.男高音（歌手），次中音（乐器），要旨，大意 | |
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72
clement
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| adj.仁慈的；温和的 | |
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73
interred
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| v.埋，葬( inter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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74
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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75
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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76
martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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77
excavating
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| v.挖掘( excavate的现在分词 )；开凿；挖出；发掘 | |
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78
effigy
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| n.肖像 | |
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79
chalice
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| n.圣餐杯；金杯毒酒 | |
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80
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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81
deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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82
pinioned
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| v.抓住[捆住]（双臂）( pinion的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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83
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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84
authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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85
infamous
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| adj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，邪恶的 | |
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86
despoiled
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| v.掠夺，抢劫( despoil的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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87
benefactor
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| n. 恩人，行善的人，捐助人 | |
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88
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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89
bleak
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| adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的 | |
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90
dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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91
dart
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| v.猛冲，投掷；n.飞镖，猛冲 | |
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92
gateways
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| n.网关( gateway的名词复数 )；门径；方法；大门口 | |
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93
portico
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| n.柱廊，门廊 | |
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94
goodwill
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| n.善意，亲善，信誉，声誉 | |
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95
treacherously
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| 背信弃义地； 背叛地； 靠不住地； 危险地 | |
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96
connived
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| v.密谋 ( connive的过去式和过去分词 )；搞阴谋；默许；纵容 | |
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97
stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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98
bounties
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| （由政府提供的）奖金( bounty的名词复数 )； 赏金； 慷慨； 大方 | |
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99
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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100
sumptuous
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| adj.豪华的，奢侈的，华丽的 | |
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101
accrued
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| adj.权责已发生的v.增加( accrue的过去式和过去分词 )；（通过自然增长）产生；获得；（使钱款、债务）积累 | |
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102
ordained
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| v.任命（某人）为牧师( ordain的过去式和过去分词 )；授予（某人）圣职；（上帝、法律等）命令；判定 | |
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103
casually
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| adv.漠不关心地，无动于衷地，不负责任地 | |
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104
corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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105
guile
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| n.诈术 | |
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106
expounding
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| 论述，详细讲解( expound的现在分词 ) | |
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107
scripture
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| n.经文，圣书，手稿；Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》，《圣经》中的一段 | |
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108
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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109
manors
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| n.庄园（manor的复数形式） | |
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110
manor
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| n.庄园，领地 | |
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111
pecuniary
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| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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112
demesne
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| n.领域，私有土地 | |
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113
reconstruction
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| n.重建，再现，复原 | |
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114
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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115
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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116
orchard
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| n.果园，果园里的全部果树，(美俚)棒球场 | |
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117
excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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118
grafts
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| 移植( graft的名词复数 )； 行贿； 接穗； 行贿得到的利益 | |
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119
succumbed
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| 不再抵抗（诱惑、疾病、攻击等）( succumb的过去式和过去分词 )； 屈从； 被压垮； 死 | |
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120
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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121
vestiges
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| 残余部分( vestige的名词复数 )； 遗迹； 痕迹； 毫不 | |
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122
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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123
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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124
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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125
seclusion
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| n.隐遁，隔离 | |
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126
disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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127
symbolical
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| a.象征性的 | |
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128
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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129
insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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130
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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131
tithe
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| n.十分之一税；v.课什一税，缴什一税 | |
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132
fabrics
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| 织物( fabric的名词复数 )； 布； 构造； （建筑物的）结构（如墙、地面、屋顶）：质地 | |
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