CROYLAND: THORNTON: SWINESHEAD: BURY ST EDMUNDS: WALTHAM
CROYLAND (Mitred Benedictine)
716, Founded in the isle1 of Croyland by Ethelbald, King of Mercia, in memory of St Guthlac—870, Church and monastery2 destroyed by the Danes—948, The abbey rebuilt and re-endowed by King Edred—1060, A new church begun by Abbot Ultcyter—1091, New church destroyed by fire—1113, Restored by Abbot Geoffrey, subsequently becoming a mitred abbey of great magnificence—15—, Dissolved. Annual revenue, ￡1082, 15s. 10d.
THE ruins of Croyland Abbey are of exceptional interest and show many styles of architecture. The west arch of the central tower with its zig-zag moulding is Norman work, and is undoubtedly3 the most ancient part of the ruin. The west front consists of two styles—Early English in the lower part and Perpendicular4 in the upper. The north-west tower was erected5 in 1427; its buttresses6 and spire8, and also the adjoining west porch are, however, 16th century work. The remainder of the ruins are mostly Perpendicular—the nave9, aisle10, transepts and Lady chapel11 having been built in the 15th century. The north aisle of the abbey church has been used as the parish church since 1688 when the roof of the abbey fell in. Croyland in its prosperity was one of the most wealthy and magnificent monastic foundations in England.
Founded in Saxon times, it was re-established after{107} the Norman invasion and subsequently became a mitred abbey. The original church and monastery suffered greatly at the hands of the Danes in the 9th century, the “Abbot being slain12 at the altar where he was celebrating the Holy Communion and many of the monks13 being tortured and killed in the most cruel manner.” Shrines15 and monuments were specially17 singled out by the Danes for destruction, the sacred contents being irreverently scattered19 in all directions, and the costly20 memorials rifled. But for the influence of monasticism, Croyland (derived from the Latin Crudam terram—muddy land) might still be a small and insignificant21 island. Owing to the religious enterprise and enthusiasm of King Ethelbald, the abbey was built on the tract22 of land with which he endowed it. At his instigation oak and alders23 were driven in as piles, and hard earth brought in boats from the upland. An excellent system of drainage, too, was carried out, converting marsh24 into rich pasture land, watered by the Welland alone instead of the four streams by which it was originally enclosed.
A curious triangular25 bridge, the most ancient of all non-Roman bridges in Europe, stands high and dry in the centre of the village. From its steep ascent26 it is not used by carriages—the ascents27 having been made into steps paved with small stones. In connection with the history of Croyland and its abbey one may learn another of the means by which so many rich and sumptuous28 religious houses were built in the kingdom. Joffrida or Geoffrey, Abbot of Croyland, obtained indulgence from the Archbishop for the third part of the penance30 enjoined31 for any particular sin and to everyone who helped in any way towards the building of the monastery. Monks were sent out to collect money and before long a foundation stone was laid with great ceremony. The abbot laid the first cornerstone, every nobleman according to his rank laying his stone, accompanied in{108} every case by substantial gifts in kind. The poorer people offered one day’s work a month, small gifts of money—certain numbers of them holding themselves responsible for whole pillars, pedestals, etc. The abbot in return made every helper a member of the fraternity, to which in later years Henry VI., King of England, was also admitted. In the time of the Civil wars, Croyland became a garrison32 for one or other of the contending sides, and the abbey was taken by Cromwell in 1642.
THORNTON (Mitred Augustine Canons)
1139, Founded by William de Gross, Earl of Albemarle—Canons regular introduced from Kirkham—1148, Richard, their prior, elected abbot by Pope Eugenius III.—Richard I. “confirmed all the possessions given to the abbey of St Mary of Thornton and the canons there, with the grant of large Liberties and Immunities” (Dugdale’s Monasticon)—1517, The abbey mitred—15—, Dissolved. Annual revenue, ￡594, 17s. 10d.
The ruins of this Augustine house are at a distance of a little over a mile from the village of Thornton Curtis, and about five miles from Barton-on-Humber, in the county of Lincoln. In former days the abbey demesne33 extended to 100 acres, and was surrounded by a moat and wall. The beautiful early Perpendicular gate-house, undoubtedly one of the finest of the period existing in this country; a fragment of the south transept of the church (Decorated); the abbot’s house, now converted into a farm; and a small portion of the chapter-house still remain—the latter dating from between 1282-1308. Several slabs34 and stone coffins35 lie about in the area of the nave of the abbey church. It is evident that the choir36 was built in the 14th century, the presbytery, however, was probably work of a later period.
Old associations ensure reverent18 treatment for the scanty37 remains38, and although the rude hand of Time cannot be stayed, still such wanton destruction as{109} was meted39 out to the sacred establishment by some of the former possessors is not likely to be repeated in the present healthy state of popular opinion in such matters. The mode of capital punishment, not uncommon40 in monasteries41, and described with such thrilling and awful detail in the second Canto42 of Marmion, had evidently been exercised within the walls of Thornton, for in taking down a wall in the ruins, a skeleton, supposed to have been the remains of the 14th abbot, was found with a table, book and candlestick. Mingled44 feelings must have moved the obsequious45 monks, when a few years before the impending46 storm of the Dissolution, Henry VIII. with his gentle consort47, Jane Seymour, visited the abbey in solemn state. Sumptuous hospitality and flattering attentions were showered upon the royal guests, and not without effect, for, though Thornton shared in the general suppression of monastic houses, its coffers were left unplundered, and the money used towards the endowment of a college which was established there. This institution in turn was suppressed—liberal provision being made for several of its members. Thornton was part of the estate of Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and afterwards belonged to Henry, son of Hotspur, who distinguished48 himself in the Civil War of York and Lancaster.
SWINESHEAD (Cistercian)
1134, Founded and endowed by Robert Greslei—Dedicated49 to the Virgin50 Mary—Henry II. confirms all the grants given to the abbey and the monks—1216, King John shelters here for one night—15—, Dissolved. Annual revenue, ￡167, 15s. 3d.—1551, Site granted to Edward, Lord Clinton—c. 1610, Entire building demolished51 by Sir John Stockton. The materials of the abbey used to build the present mansion52 known as Swineshead abbey.
Many interesting records are extant of religious life in the county of Lincoln. In the 13th and 14th centuries hundreds of pilgrims made their way from{110} Lincolnshire to Rome and to the Holy Land, inspired doubtless, in great measure, by the spiritual influence emanating53 from the abbeys of Swineshead, Thornton, and Croyland. The monastic chronicles, with their references to larger incidents of history beyond monastic bounds, were introduced into England by the Normans. The writers in such chronicles were usually monks, drawn54 from the lower or middle classes, who spoke55 chiefly of events as they touched the religious and substantial welfare of the people. We read therefore that the gild56 of the Resurrection at Lincoln (founded in 1374) had among its rules, “If any brother or sister wishes to make a pilgrimage to Rome, St James of Galicia, or the Holy Land, he shall forewarn the gild; and all the brethren and sistern shall go with him to the city gate, and each shall give him a halfpenny at least.” The same rule is found in the Gild of Fullers of Lincoln, founded in 1297; the pilgrim going to Rome was accompanied, as far as the Queen’s Cross outside the town if he left on a Sunday or Feast; and if he could let them know of his return, and it were not a working day, all went to meet him at the same place and accompanied him to the monastery. Again, the tailors also gave a halfpenny to him among them who is going to Rome or St James, and a penny to him who goes to the Holy Land. The activities of these Gilds57 were probably directed to some extent from the Abbey of Swineshead or Swinestead, seven miles from Boston in Lincolnshire.
Founded in 1134, the abbey was at first of small importance. One of the early abbots, Gilbert de Holland—particular friend and biographer of St Bernard—worked strenuously58 to promote the welfare of the new order of Cistercian or “white monks.” Little is known of the work of this religious establishment, but history has familiarised the name of Swineshead to many readers, for it was here that King John sought refuge after the misfortune which befell him on{111} the banks of the Wash. Greatly annoyed at the loss of his treasures and baggage carriages, which were suddenly swept away by the return of the tide, the king and his men proceeded to Swineshead Abbey. On the night of their arrival the king was seized with a violent fever which, after a few days’ illness, proved fatal. One authority attributes his sudden death to a surfeit60 of fruit and new cider. Shakespeare evidently ignores both versions of the king’s sudden demise61, for in King John, Act V. Scene VI., in a conversation near Swineshead Abbey, Hubert de Burgh speaking to Philip Falconbridge says:
“The King, I fear, is poisoned by a monk14;
I left him almost speechless....
Philip. How did he take it? Who did taste to him?
Hubert. A monk, I tell you; a resolved villain62.”
There are very few adherents63 to this theory, for, such an act on the part of a monk, unless inspired by the King’s enemy, would have been motiveless64 and contrary to the prevailing65 spirit in the hospitable66 monasteries. Among other ancient customs still prevalent in Swineshead are the daily curfew at 8 p.m. and the cutting of a large cross in the turf on the spot where death by violence has befallen any one. An interesting Danish encampment near the town, and known as Manwarings, is 60 yards in diameter and surrounded by a double fosse.{112}
BURY ST EDMUNDS (Mitred Benedictine)
c. 637, Monastery founded in Beodericsworth by Sigberct, King of the East Angles—903, King Edmund the Martyr67 buried in the church—925, Church receives benefactions from King Athelstan, King Edmund, son of Edward the Elder, and King Edwy—1020, Benedictine monks introduced in place of secular68 priests by Canute—1021, A new church built by Aldwius, Bishop29 of East Anglia—1032, Consecrated69 in honour of Christ, the Blessed Mary and St Edwin—1065, Edward the Confessor visits the abbey in the guise70 of a pilgrim, greatly enriches the house, and grants to the abbot and monks the right of coining within the monastery—1071, Pope Alexander II. grants to the abbot and his successors episcopal jurisdiction—1081, The church and town of Bury declared to be exempt71 from the Bishop’s jurisdiction—c. 1097, The newly erected church pulled down by Abbot Baldwin, who builds another of hewn stone. 11—, Henry I. visits the abbey and offers his crown before St Edmund’s shrine16—1214, King John receives hospitality from the monks—1327, The burgesses of Bury gain forcible possession of the monastery and for several months harass72 the community; the king’s judges put an end to these disgraceful riots in December; a claim of ￡140,000 lodged73 against the townspeople by the monastery, which is defrayed by Edward III.—1447, Henry VI. and Queen Margaret visit the abbey—Humphrey Duke of Gloucester arrested and foully74 murdered by Suffolk during the Royal visitation—1465, Abbey suffers great destruction from fire—15—, Dissolved. Annual revenue, ￡1659, 13s. 11d.
The history of the abbey of Bury St Edmunds, although veiled in much legendary76 and mythical77 lore78, tells nevertheless in its actual history of the progress of civilisation79 and of the enlightenment of the human mind. Sigberct, King of the East Angles, is said to have founded the first monastery at Beodericsworth (a town known to the Romans, ancient Britons, Saxons and Danes), and to have subsequently laid aside his royal dignity by joining the brotherhood80 which he had established. Following his example of religious devotion, Edmund, last King of the East Angles, sacrificed not only his crown but his life in defence of the Christian81 faith, for he was beheaded by the Danes at Eglesdene in 870.{113}
“Off this language Hyngwar wex[2] nyh wood,[3]
Made the Kyng strongly to be bonde,[4]
And commanded afform him as he stood,
Ffirst to be bete with shorte battis ronde.[5]
His body brused with many mortal wounde,
As ever the martyr among his peynes alle,
Meekly82 to Jhu for helpe began to calle.
The cheef refuge and supportacion
In his sufferance was humble83 pacience,
Loved to his herte gaff consolation84,
With ghostly feer quickid the fervence.
Ffor charite feeleth no violence,
Ffor wher charite afforceth a corage
Ther is of peyne fonde non outrage85.
The cursed Danys of new cruelte,
This martyr took, most gracious and benign86,
Of hasty rancour bound him to a tree,
As for their mark to sheete[6] at and ther signe
And in this wise ageyne him ther maline
Made hym with arwis[7] of ther malis most wikked
Rassemble an yrchon[8] fulfilled with spryngs[9] thkke.”
His head was cast into a forest and, as the story goes, was miraculously88 discovered and found to be guarded by a wolf. It was then buried with the body at the village of Hoxne where it remained until 903. In this year, “the precious, undefiled, uncorrupted body of the glorious king and martyr” was translated to the care of the secular priests at Beodericsworth, since when the town has been called St Edmundsbury in memory of the sainted monarch89. Other wonderful traditions are associated with the shrine of St Edmund. Sweyn, the violent Danish king, coming in hot pursuit of a woman who had claimed sanctuary90, was miraculously killed by an imaginary spear which came out of the shrine when he was about to seize the{114} woman who was clinging to its side. Bishop Herfastus, too, was struck blind, when on a visit to the abbot, in the attempt to establish his new See in the monastical demesne, and afterwards miraculously healed. For centuries the highest in the land brought gifts and laid them before the venerated91 shrine.
Canute was the actual founder92 of the monastery proper, for in the 11th century he brought over Benedictine monks from Hulm, granting them a charter and many benefactions. The monastery yearly became more prosperous, and, with the exception of Glastonbury, exceeded in magnificence and privileges all other ecclesiastical establishments in the country. In the height of its glory it must have been a most beautiful and dignified93 structure. Leland writes:—
“A monastery more noble, whether one considers the endowments, largeness, or unparalleled magnificence, the sun never saw. One might think the monastery alone a city: it has three grand gates for entrances, some whereof are brass94, many towers, high walls and a church than which nothing can be more magnificent.”
The immense minster with its lofty western and central towers rose above the monastic buildings which were enclosed by a wall. To the north was a great cloister95 with the various conventual offices, to the south-west lay the cemetery96 and church of St Mary, while immediately before the west front of the church stood the Norman tower leading to St James’ Church.
Sufficient is left of the reverend walls to convey some idea of the former vastness of the abbey and its attendant buildings. Of the minster itself little remains—some arches of the west front, now converted into private houses, and the bases of the piers97 which supported the central tower. The site of St Edmund’s chapel—the part of the building which contained the famous and much visited shrine—is at the east end of the church. Besides these relics98 of the{115} minster, there still exists the Norman tower—built during the time of Abbot Anselm and formerly99 known as the principal entrance to the cemetery of St Edmund, and latterly as the “Churchgate” and bell tower of St James’ church;—the abbot’s bridge (Decorated) of three arches; portions of the walls; and the abbey gateway100. The latter was restored in 1327 after one of the many quarrels between the monks and townspeople and is of rich Decorated work. Within the extensive abbey demesne lie the churches of St James—another piece of Anselm’s work—and St Mary. The latter was built by the parish folk. A small portion of its west end protrudes101 beyond the abbey precincts and was built thus with the intention of distinguishing it as the work of the town and not of monastical enterprise. It is a beautiful and imposing102 edifice103 in the Perpendicular style, and among its many beauties is the unique waggon-roof of the chancel. The remains of Mary Tudor, Queen of France, and afterwards those of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, were brought from the abbey and reinterred there.
First among the abbots of Bury stands the name of Samson, “the wolf who raged among the monks.” Many of the brothers had become entangled104 with Jewish moneylenders in the 12th century, and Abbot Samson, while protecting the Jews at the time of the massacre105, discharged all the debts of his house, established many new rules, and set a godly and strenuous59 example to his followers106. Later, in 1205, the chief barons107 met at Bury in opposition108 to King John and swore at the second meeting, four years later, in the presence of the King and Archbishop Langton, to stand by their cause till the King should be induced to sign the Great Charter, and to establish those liberties which we still enjoy.
“Where the rude buttress7 totters109 to its fall,
And ivy110 mantles111 o’er the crumbling112 wall;{116}
Where e’en the skilful113 eye can scarcely trace
The once high altar’s lowly resting-place—
Let patriotic114 fancy muse115 awhile
Amid the ruins of this ancient pile—
Six weary centuries have passed away;
Palace and abbey moulder116 in decay—
Cold Death enshrouds the learnèd and the brave—
Langton—Fitzwalter—slumber in the grave.
But still we read in deathless records how
The high-soul’d priest confirmed the Barons’ vow117
And Freedom, unforgetful, still recites
This second birthplace of our Native Rights.”
J. W. Donaldson and J. Muskett.
On the roll of illustrious visitors to the abbey are the names of Edward the Confessor, who always dismounted and approached the gates on foot; Richard I.; Henry I.; Henry II.; King John; Henry III.; Edward II.; Edward III.; and Richard II. The visit of Henry VI., with his Queen, took place during the rule of Abbot Curteys, at which time the poet Lidgate was a member of the fraternity. The foul75 murder of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, by the Duke of Suffolk (described by Shakespeare in Henry VI.) is supposed to have taken place in St Saviour’s Hospital, which formed part of the abbey buildings. The writer, who had the pleasure of viewing the pageant118 presented at Bury St Edmunds in 1907, on a site near St Edmund’s chapel, was impressed by the historical fitness of the environment as the procession of black-robed monks filed slowly by, chanting an old Gregorian mode as they walked. Less realistic, if more diverting, was the spectacle of tonsured119 figures darting120 in and out of 20th century hostelries, and of Argyll cars filled with Roman and Elizabethan ladies and driven possibly by an Edwardian knight121. These pageants122, despite their incongruities123, have much to commend them, reminding the English people, as they cannot fail to do, of the sources of their greatness, and illustrating{117} to them so graphically124 the customs of the so frequently regretted “good old times.”
WALTHAM (Augustine Canons)
1017-35, Village and church founded by Tovi—1060, Rebuilt and endowed by Earl Harold—1117, Regular Canons appointed in place of secular Canons by Henry II.—1216-70, A favourite residence of Henry III.—1444, Campanile of the church struck by lightning—1539-40, Surrendered to Henry VIII. by Abbot Robert Fuller. Annual revenue, ￡170, 4s. 9d—The site granted to Sir Anthony Denny, eventually passing to the family of Sir William Wake, Bart., D.C.L.—1847-63, Church restored—1875, North aisle added.
Waltham, or Wealdham, from the Saxon “a dwelling125 near the forest,” an ancient and quaint126 market town, lies on the great North road. Tovi, standard-bearer to Canute, after building a few houses, set up a church here in the 11th century in which the Holy Rood, accredited127 with miraculous87 power, was guarded by priests. Dugdale in his Monasticon states that Harold, when visiting Waltham, was healed of the palsy, and, being overcome with gratitude128, granted lands and endowments to the priests, increased their number, rebuilt the church, and set up an establishment for the furtherance of learning. Harold is supposed to have been buried in Waltham Abbey after the battle of Senlac, “in confirmation129 of which it is stated that in the reign130 of Elizabeth a rich grey marble tomb was discovered, and from the pillarets which support the cross fleury upon it, little doubt exists that it covered the remains of the ill-fated Harold and his brothers” (Cassell’s Gazetteer). This was situated131 at the end of the church near the altar, and two inscriptions132 are ascribed to it, one of which is half a dozen lines of Latin, the other, more simple and consequently impressive, consists of two words, “Harold infelix.” The tomb was destroyed in 1540.
The venerable church was founded by a king of England; deprived of many of its valuables by the{118} Norman Conqueror133; firmly established by the Plantagenets—receiving both from Henry II. and Henry III. peculiar134 marks of favour—and finally was overwhelmed by Henry VIII. It is said that this monarch once visited the abbey in disguise, and after faring well on the sirloin of beef set before him by the abbot, the latter observed that he would give the king ￡100 if he too could enjoy his food, and lamented135 the state of his digestion136 which even prevented him from enjoying the breast of a chicken. Shortly after this the abbot was forcibly taken to London and lodged in the Tower, where he for some time enjoyed only bread and water for sustenance137. At length a sirloin of beef was brought, upon which he fed in a most hearty138 manner. At this point King Henry strode into his cell and demanded ￡100, to which request the unfortunate abbot very reluctantly was obliged to concede.
Apart from its old associations, the town of the present day is of no special interest. Its streets are crooked139 and narrow and there is no particularly attractive feature about either the town or the exterior140 of the abbey church—one mile distant from the station. The present edifice of Norman origin, and dedicated to St Mary and St Lawrence, has been restored at various times since the Dissolution.
Of the early building practically only the nave remains—a very fine specimen141 of Norman architecture. Of seven bays—the two easternmost of which form the present chancel—and having massive circular columns with chevron142 or spiral channels, it is somewhat akin43 to the nave of Durham Cathedral. Other interesting features include the Lady chapel (now used as a schoolroom), beneath which is a crypt—“the fairest,” says Fuller, “that I ever saw,”—a chantry on the south-east side of the nave, of the time of Henry VII., and the western tower, erected in 1556 after the fall of the original tower. During the restoration of 1847 some fine fresco143 paintings,{119} composed of life-sized figures, were discovered on the walls, and in 1875 the north aisle was added. There are several monumental brasses144 in the church, and in the south aisle is a large tomb to Sir E. Denny, Knight, and Margaret his wife, with recumbent effigies145. The site of the abbey passed into the possession of this family after the Dissolution, then to the celebrated146 James Hay, Earl of Carlisle, and lastly to the family of Sir W. Wake, Bart., D.C.L. A few walls, a small bridge, and a gateway are all that remain of the monastery.
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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buttresses
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| n.扶壁，扶垛( buttress的名词复数 )v.用扶壁支撑，加固( buttress的第三人称单数 ) | |
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buttress
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spire
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| n.(教堂)尖顶，尖塔，高点 | |
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nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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aisle
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| n.（教堂、教室、戏院等里的）过道，通道 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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shrines
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shrine
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specially
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reverent
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| adj.恭敬的，虔诚的 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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alders
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| n.桤木( alder的名词复数 ) | |
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marsh
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triangular
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| adj.三角（形）的，三者间的 | |
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ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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ascents
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sumptuous
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bishop
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penance
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enjoined
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garrison
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demesne
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slabs
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coffins
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| n.棺材( coffin的名词复数 )；使某人早亡[死，完蛋，垮台等]之物 | |
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36
choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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37
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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38
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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39
meted
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| v.（对某人）施以，给予（处罚等）( mete的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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40
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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41
monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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42
canto
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| n.长篇诗的章 | |
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43
akin
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| adj.同族的，类似的 | |
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44
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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45
obsequious
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| adj.谄媚的，奉承的，顺从的 | |
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46
impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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47
consort
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| v.相伴；结交 | |
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48
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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49
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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50
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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51
demolished
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| v.摧毁( demolish的过去式和过去分词 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光 | |
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52
mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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53
emanating
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| v.从…处传出，传出( emanate的现在分词 )；产生，表现，显示 | |
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54
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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55
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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56
gild
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| vt.给…镀金，把…漆成金色，使呈金色 | |
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57
gilds
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| 把…镀金( gild的第三人称单数 )； 给…上金色； 作多余的修饰（反而破坏原已完美的东西）； 画蛇添足 | |
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58
strenuously
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| adv.奋发地，费力地 | |
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59
strenuous
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| adj.奋发的，使劲的；紧张的；热烈的，狂热的 | |
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60
surfeit
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| v.使饮食过度；n.(食物)过量，过度 | |
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61
demise
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| n.死亡；v.让渡，遗赠，转让 | |
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62
villain
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| n.反派演员，反面人物；恶棍；问题的起因 | |
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63
adherents
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| n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙 | |
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64
motiveless
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| adj.无动机的，无目的的 | |
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65
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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66
hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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67
martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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68
secular
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| n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的 | |
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69
consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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70
guise
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| n.外表，伪装的姿态 | |
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71
exempt
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| adj.免除的；v.使免除；n.免税者，被免除义务者 | |
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72
harass
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| vt.使烦恼，折磨，骚扰 | |
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73
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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74
foully
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| ad.卑鄙地 | |
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75
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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76
legendary
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| adj.传奇（中）的，闻名遐迩的；n.传奇（文学） | |
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77
mythical
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| adj.神话的；虚构的；想像的 | |
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78
lore
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| n.传说；学问，经验，知识 | |
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79
civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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80
brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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81
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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82
meekly
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| adv.温顺地，逆来顺受地 | |
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83
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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84
consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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85
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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86
benign
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| adj.善良的，慈祥的；良性的，无危险的 | |
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87
miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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88
miraculously
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| ad.奇迹般地 | |
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89
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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90
sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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91
venerated
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| 敬重（某人或某事物），崇敬( venerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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92
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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93
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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94
brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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95
cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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96
cemetery
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| n.坟墓，墓地，坟场 | |
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97
piers
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| n.水上平台( pier的名词复数 )；（常设有娱乐场所的）突堤；柱子；墙墩 | |
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98
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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99
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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100
gateway
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| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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101
protrudes
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| v.（使某物）伸出，（使某物）突出( protrude的第三人称单数 ) | |
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102
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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103
edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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104
entangled
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| adj.卷入的；陷入的；被缠住的；缠在一起的v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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105
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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106
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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107
barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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108
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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109
totters
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| v.走得或动得不稳( totter的第三人称单数 )；踉跄；蹒跚；摇摇欲坠 | |
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110
ivy
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| n.常青藤，常春藤 | |
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111
mantles
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| vt.&vi.覆盖（mantle的第三人称单数形式） | |
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112
crumbling
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| adj.摇摇欲坠的 | |
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113
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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114
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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115
muse
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| n.缪斯（希腊神话中的女神），创作灵感 | |
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116
moulder
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| v.腐朽，崩碎 | |
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117
vow
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| n.誓(言)，誓约；v.起誓，立誓 | |
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118
pageant
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| n.壮观的游行；露天历史剧 | |
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119
tonsured
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| v.剃( tonsure的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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120
darting
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的现在分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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121
knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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122
pageants
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| n.盛装的游行( pageant的名词复数 )；穿古代服装的游行；再现历史场景的娱乐活动；盛会 | |
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123
incongruities
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| n.不协调( incongruity的名词复数 )；不一致；不适合；不协调的东西 | |
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124
graphically
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| adv.通过图表；生动地，轮廓分明地 | |
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125
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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126
quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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127
accredited
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| adj.可接受的；可信任的；公认的；质量合格的v.相信( accredit的过去式和过去分词 )；委托；委任；把…归结于 | |
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128
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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129
confirmation
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| n.证实，确认，批准 | |
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130
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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131
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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132
inscriptions
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| （作者）题词( inscription的名词复数 )； 献词； 碑文； 证劵持有人的登记 | |
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133
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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134
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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135
lamented
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| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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136
digestion
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| n.消化，吸收 | |
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137
sustenance
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| n.食物，粮食；生活资料；生计 | |
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138
hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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139
crooked
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| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
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140
exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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141
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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142
chevron
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| n.V形臂章；V形图案 | |
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143
fresco
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| n.壁画；vt.作壁画于 | |
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144
brasses
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| n.黄铜( brass的名词复数 )；铜管乐器；钱；黄铜饰品（尤指马挽具上的黄铜圆片） | |
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145
effigies
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| n.（人的）雕像，模拟像，肖像( effigy的名词复数 ) | |
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146
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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