DEER: KINLOSS: FEARN: INCHAFFRAY: CAMBUSKENNETH
DEER (Cistercian)
c. 580, Founded by St Columba and his nephew Drostan—1219, Refounded by William Comyn, Earl of Buchan.
AMIDST the low lying hills of the vicinity, the ruins of Deer abbey still lift their shattered walls towards the sky. Founded by St Columba and his nephew, and dedicated1 to St Drostan, they are situated2 in the older portion of the parish of Deer, where the incidents related in “Sir John of the Rose” are supposed to have been laid. Of the fine building, which was formerly3 erected4 “to the glory of God,” only very little remains5; but although the ruins are so scanty6 that they afford but little pleasure to the arch?ologist or the tourist, they are treasured and reverenced7 on account of the immense service they have rendered literature in keeping safely hidden from the ravages8 of time documents of great antiquity9, and consequently of great value as recording10 the customs and mode of living of our ancestors. The manuscripts, written in Latin, were discovered in the 18th century, but little attention was directed to them until these precious fragments of monastic literature found their way to Cambridge, and in 1860 the attention of{170} students was drawn11 to them by the learned librarian, Mr Bradshaw. It was then found that the small octavo of 86 pages contained St John’s Gospel, portions of the other three Gospels, the Apostle’s Creed12, a fragment of an office for the visitation of the sick, and lastly, a G?lic Rubric. Some notes on the various endowments to the monastery13 were written on the blank sheets—evidently penmanship of the 12th century. These are of the greatest interest as being the earliest examples of Scottish G?lic known. The Gospels mentioned above were chiefly in the Vulgate version of St Jerome.
The old family of Comyn, a member of whom re-founded the abbey in the 13th century, was defeated in battle at Deer by the followers14 of Edward Bruce.
KINLOSS (Cistercian)
1150, Founded by David I.—1303, Edward I. makes the abbey his headquarters—After the Reformation the abbey demesne15 passes into the Bruce family.
Situated near the Moray Firth, these few ruins, often, doubtless, the scene of warfare16, owe their origin, as is so often the case, to supernatural agency. King David—a hardy17 and brave man, though at times relentless18 and cruel towards his victims—is supposed on one occasion to have lost his way while hunting in the forest, and, like many poor mortals when threatened with personal danger, to have invoked19 his Maker’s aid to extricate20 him out of his dilemma21. In answer to his prayer a dove appeared and led him to the site on which subsequently he built the abbey of Kinloss, and which was in due time inhabited by Cistercian monks22. About a century and a half later, Edward I., King of England, having won a decisive victory over the Scots at Falkirk, had reason again to assemble a large force—the Scots not being entirely23{171} subjugated24, having gained several successes in the meantime. In 1303 he led his army over the frontier, and making the abbey his headquarters, “marched victorious26 from one end of the kingdom to the other.” Wallace, through the treachery of a friend, fell into Edward’s hands, but though deprived of her heroic leader, Scotland was not to be entirely overcome. Edward I., secure of success, invaded the northern country four years later, and was, as we know, attacked by a fatal illness at Berwick. His son then succeeded to the throne, but having neither the wish nor the capability27 to follow in his father’s footsteps, the battle of Bannockburn eventually gave Scotland her longed-for independence in 1314. Edward III. also paid a visit to this abbey in the year 1336. The abbey demesne passed after the Reformation into the possession of the Bruce family, whose ancestor, Robert, so bravely led his men to victory at Bannockburn; and, though they in turn sold it, they acquired, as Earls of Elgin, the title of baron28 through it.
Only the foundations of the abbey church are visible, and not a remnant of the walls remains. For this, Cromwell is to be held partially29 responsible. His soldiers carried away the stones of the sacred building for the purpose of erecting30 the Pretender’s Castle at Inverness. But that unfortunate man, on whom there is perhaps more malice31 and spite vented32 than on any other of England’s celebrities33, was not altogether responsible for the present dilapidated state of the abbey, as for years, nay34 centuries, in common with so many other religious edifices35, the building served as a quarry36 for all the houses and walks in the neighbourhood. Of the domestic buildings some remnants still remain, consisting of a cloister37 wall, two arches, a prior’s house and part of a dwelling-house.{172}
FEARN (Pr?monstratensian Canons)
c. 1230, Founded by the Earl of Ross in the reign38 of Alexander III.—1607, Annexed39 to the bishopric of Ross by James VI.—1742, Some slates41 and part of the roof fall during service, killing42 forty-four people.
As is so often the case in regard to various abbeys, the mutilated remains of this conventual church, once belonging to the Pr?monstratensian monastery, founded at Fearn in the 13th century, are now appropriated for the religious worship of the inhabitants of the town—the nave43, chancel, and two side chapels44 (all of the Early English period), being converted into the parish church of the district. The abbey, curiously46 enough, was originally founded at Edderton, twelve miles to the north-west, but was subsequently placed in its present position, owing, it is thought, to the fertility of the soil. It was built by Farquhar, first Earl of Ross. Patrick Hamilton, the noted47 Scotch48 reformer of the 16th century, was abbot there. He and George Wishart—both ardent49 followers of John Knox—were burnt at the stake for heresy50 during the primacies of Archbishop Beatoun, and his successor.
It may be of interest to follow the various stages of Scottish religion from early Celtic times until the Reformation.
“From the days of St Columba up to the 12th century, the old Celtic Church of Scotland preserved its independence; but it had to bow before the onward51 march of papal usurpation52 just as the Church of England had done. Their wild nature and their tribal53 feuds54 made the Scots a ready prey55 to the diplomacy56 of papal embassies when the sister kingdom sought for aid against Norman conquerors57, and the Scots allowed the Pope to claim feudal58 lordship over them that he might help them to keep the English south of the border. The ecclesiastical supremacy59 obtained by Anselm over the Scottish Church was only temporary, for Pope Clement60 III. was induced (A.D. 1190) to declare the Scotch Church independent of any authority outside his own. After that the Scotch clergy61 fell into the worldly minded{173} habits of medi?val Christianity, and many scandalous proceedings62 were recorded ... until the cry went up in Scotland as elsewhere that the church should be purified. But the Scottish Reformation came like a deluge63, sweeping64 away the good and the bad together, until nothing was left of the apostolic constitution which has descended65 from the old Celtic Christianity. John Knox ... was the leader of the Scotch Reformers; and the example of England, with which his position as chaplain to Edward VI. had made him familiar, was speedily followed in the destruction of the Scottish monasteries66.”—English Church History (Rev. C. Arthur Lane).
In consequence of all this disturbance67, many beautiful churches in Scotland were destroyed. To take a solitary68 case—that of the Carthusian monastery at Perth, which succumbed69 to the violent attacks of the Reformers in 1559. In this year John Knox returned to Scotland, and urging on his men, who were on the point of defending Perth by force of arms, prevailed upon them to destroy the ornaments70, stained glass and statuary of every church in the place, and finally to demolish71 the monastery. Scott writes: “The example of the reformers in Perth was followed in St Andrews and other places; and we have to regret that many beautiful buildings fell a sacrifice to the fury of the lower orders, and were either totally destroyed or reduced to piles of shapeless ruins.” After the disastrous72 fall of the roof in 1742 when forty-four persons were killed, the abbey was repaired without the slightest regard to architectural propriety73, with unusually unfortunate results. The style is mixed, the doors being round and the windows pointed74. Both on the north and south are small chapels which at first sight bear the appearance of transepts. In the south chapel45, now the Shandwick burial ground, is a recumbent figure, under a handsomely carved canopy75, long supposed to be that of an abbot, but afterwards ascertained76 to represent a lady of the clan77 MacKenzie, with a veil over her face. A most peculiar{174} feature of this abbey is the fact that these monastic ruins are simply the result of the fanatic78 rule of John Knox.
INCHAFFRAY (Augustine Canons)
1200, Founded by Gilbert, Earl of Strathern and his Countess—Favoured by many grants from Alexander III.—1314, The abbot accompanies Robert Bruce at the battle of Bannockburn—1513, The abbot slain79 at Flodden Field.
The low ground on which this abbey stands was once surrounded by water and known as Insula Missarum, or the “island of the masses.” Now, however, it is connected with the mainland and is the property of the noble house of Kinnoul. The records show that many brave men held the office of abbot in this Augustine establishment, in fact that their spirit in some instances was of a very warlike nature. Maurice, the abbot of the period, fought with Bruce at Bannockburn with the arm of St Fillan in a silver casket, a relic80 to which tremendous importance was attached in those days. It is recorded that many of the dour81 superstitious82 Highlanders ascribed their sweeping victory to the presence among them of this precious relic. To the enlightenment and progress of the 19th century the final destruction of this abbey—so nearly total in its effects—is to be attributed; for when the authorities of the district deemed it advisable in 1816 to make a new road in the vicinity of the abbey, the ruined, sacred walls were ruthlessly overthrown83, hardly a vestige84 being left beyond an arched apartment, a gable at the west end of the church, and several other fragments.{175}
CAMBUSKENNETH (Augustine Canons)
1147, Founded by David I.—1326, The meeting-place of the first Scots Parliament to which representatives from burghs were summoned—Pillaged85 during the wars of the Succession—c. 1559, Sacked and destroyed at the Reformation—The land given to the Earl of Mar25 by James VI.—1709, Purchased by the town council of Stirling.
About two and a half miles from Stirling, and on the north side of the river Forth86, lying in one of the many creeks87 formed by that winding88 river, is the abbey of Cambuskenneth. All that can be seen now in the green fields, with cows quietly grazing by the river sides, is a sheltered tower of grey stone, the sole remains of what was once a large ecclesiastical house. In 1864, great and important excavations89 were made, disclosing the foundations of the chancel, nave, transept and chapter-house, showing them to have been of a very considerable size. A few feet from the only remaining part of the abbey is the tomb of James III. and his queen, the Princess Margaret of Denmark. The tomb is railed in and bears this inscription:—
“The restoration of the tomb of her ancestors was erected by Her Majesty90 Queen Victoria A.D. 1865.
“In this place near the high altar of the abbey of Cambuskenneth were the remains of James III., King of the Scots, who died on June 11th, 1488, and of his Queen (the Princess Margaret of Denmark).”
Cambuskenneth at its zenith was an abbey of some importance in Scotland—a great many events of interest and national significance taking place there. As far as politics were concerned, the abbey was by far the most important in Scotland; indeed, so much was it used as a{176} house of government that a new apartment had to be built called “Parliament Hall.” It was here that the first Scottish representative Parliament ever called together met by the order of Robert Bruce in 1324. The abbey was of the order of St Augustine, dedicated to the Virgin91, and was founded by David I. in 1147 as St Mary’s of Stirling. This same king, the founder92 of Melrose Abbey, endowed the abbey with land and extensive property. In 1201 its name was changed to St Mary’s of Cambuskenneth, a battle having been fought on its site by King Kenneth against the Picts. In 1304, at the Feast of St Barnabas, the secret agreement took place between Robert Bruce and William Lamberton, Bishop40 of St Andrews, which decided93 the former to rise in rebellion against English power in Scotland. When the abbey was pillaged and set fire to by Richard II. in 1385, the revenues of the church would not admit of the extensive repairs necessary to restore it to its former state. About the year 1559, at the Reformation, the abbey was demolished94 and plundered95 again. The land and See of Cambuskenneth were handed over by Queen Mary to the Erskine family in the year 1562. One of the family of the Earl of Mar took stone from the abbey with which to build his house in Broad Street, thereby96 leaving the demolished church stripped of anything that could signify to its former pomp and influence.
A few fragments of walls, a gateway97 and a noble and substantial tower are all that is left of the grand old building. From the summit of the tower, which is approached by a well-preserved staircase, the imposing98 rock and castle of Stirling may be seen, which, in olden days, safeguarded the lives of the valley dwellers99, as did the abbey of Cambuskenneth their religious interests.
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1
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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reverenced
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| v.尊敬，崇敬( reverence的过去式和过去分词 )；敬礼 | |
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ravages
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| 劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹 | |
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antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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recording
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| n.录音，记录 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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demesne
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| n.领域，私有土地 | |
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warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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relentless
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| adj.残酷的，不留情的，无怜悯心的 | |
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invoked
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| v.援引( invoke的过去式和过去分词 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
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extricate
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| v.拯救，救出；解脱 | |
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dilemma
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| n.困境，进退两难的局面 | |
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monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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subjugated
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| v.征服，降伏( subjugate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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mar
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| vt.破坏，毁坏，弄糟 | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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capability
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| n.能力；才能；(pl)可发展的能力或特性等 | |
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baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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vented
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| 表达，发泄（感情，尤指愤怒）( vent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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celebrities
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| n.（尤指娱乐界的）名人( celebrity的名词复数 )；名流；名声；名誉 | |
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nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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edifices
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| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
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quarry
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| n.采石场；v.采石；费力地找 | |
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cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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annexed
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| [法] 附加的，附属的 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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slates
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| （旧时学生用以写字的）石板( slate的名词复数 )； 板岩； 石板瓦； 石板色 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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chapels
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| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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heresy
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| n.异端邪说；异教 | |
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onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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usurpation
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| n.篡位；霸占 | |
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tribal
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| adj.部族的，种族的 | |
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feuds
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| n.长期不和，世仇( feud的名词复数 ) | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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diplomacy
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| n.外交；外交手腕，交际手腕 | |
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conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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clement
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| adj.仁慈的；温和的 | |
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clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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succumbed
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| 不再抵抗（诱惑、疾病、攻击等）( succumb的过去式和过去分词 )； 屈从； 被压垮； 死 | |
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ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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demolish
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| v.拆毁(建筑物等)，推翻(计划、制度等) | |
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disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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clan
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| n.氏族，部落，宗族，家族，宗派 | |
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fanatic
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| n.狂热者，入迷者；adj.狂热入迷的 | |
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79
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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80
relic
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| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
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81
dour
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| adj.冷酷的，严厉的；（岩石）嶙峋的；顽强不屈 | |
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82
superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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83
overthrown
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| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
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84
vestige
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| n.痕迹，遗迹，残余 | |
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85
pillaged
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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86
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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87
creeks
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| n.小湾( creek的名词复数 )；小港；小河；小溪 | |
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88
winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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89
excavations
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| n.挖掘( excavation的名词复数 )；开凿；开凿的洞穴（或山路等）；（发掘出来的）古迹 | |
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90
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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91
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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93
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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94
demolished
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| v.摧毁( demolish的过去式和过去分词 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光 | |
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95
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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96
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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97
gateway
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| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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98
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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dwellers
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| n.居民，居住者( dweller的名词复数 ) | |
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