HOLYROOD: DRYBURGH
HOLYROOD (Augustine Canons)
1128, Founded by David I. and dedicated1 to the Holy Rood—1322, Plundered2 by the English under Edward II.—1326, Robert Bruce holds a Parliament in the abbey—1333-4, A Parliament held, at which Edward Baliol renders homage3 to Edward III. as superior Lord of Scotland—1385, Burnt by the followers4 of Richard II.—c. 1460, Abbot Crawfurd restores the church—1469, James III. marries Margaret of Denmark in the abbey church—During the abbacy of Robert de Bellenden, successor of Abbot Crawfurd, the Papal Legate of Pope Julius II. presents James IV. with a crown and sword of state at Holyrood—1543, The Earl of Hertford’s army burn “the abbey called Holyrood House”—1547, During the English invasion, Sir William Bonham and Edward Chamberlayne assault the abbey and destroy the choir5 transept—This rebuilt soon afterwards and repaired—1565, Mary, Queen of Scots, marries Lord Darnley—1617, James VI. restores the church of Holyrood (which since 1559, after partial restoration, had been used as a place of worship of the Reformed Church)—1630, Charles I. crowned September 29th, Charles erected6 Edinburgh to a Bishopric—1636, Scottish Liturgy8 announced—1687-8, The chapel9 royal re-decorated and fitted up for Roman Catholic Ritual by James II.—1688, The church plundered by a Presbyterian mob and utterly10 desecrated—1758, A builder, employed by the Barons11 of the Exchequer12, restores the roof of the nave13 badly, which consequently fell two years later—1816-57, The church repaired.
THE imposing14 group of buildings which constitute Holyrood Palace lie on a piece of meadow land at the foot of an eminence15 known as Arthur’s Seat,{178} on the outskirts16 of Scotland’s metropolis17. Though the greater portion of it was the former home and dwelling-place of kings, and its walls connected with many domestic associations, there is a smaller and comparatively insignificant18 part, which not only has been the scene of several royal coronations and marriages, but before these ever took place was the abode19 of Augustine canons in the 12th century. This, the only remaining fragment of the monastery20 founded by David I., is now known as the chapel royal, the ruined shell of which it is pitiful to behold21.
The abbey was founded by David I. Such a prince required no special intimation from heaven to prompt him to found a religious house under the shadow of a fortress22 where he himself resided. A miraculous23 interposition, however, on behalf of the king himself, when prostrate24 under the antlers of a “wild hart,” has been assigned as the immediate25 cause of the foundation of the abbey. Bellenden, the translator of Bone, relates that the event happened in the “vail that lyes to the Eist fra the said castell, quhare now lyes the Cannogait,” and which at that time was part of “Ane gred forest full of hartis, hyndis, toddis, and siclike manner of beistis.” As David was pursuing the hunt with ardour, a hart rushed at him, dashing both him and his horse to the ground with great violence. David threw both hands between the antlers of the stag to save himself from the blow when “the holy croce slaid incontinant in (into) his hands.” The wild deer fled in dismay at the sight of the sacred emblem26 to which it seemed about to do violence; and the king, being afterwards admonished27 in a dream, resolved to dedicate a house to the “Holy Rude,” the Virgin28 and All Saints on the very spot where “he gat the croce.” A far more likely reason for the founding of the abbey is that David built it as a repository for the fragment of the true cross brought by his mother, St Margaret, from Waltham Abbey. As in the case of many another foundation, kings{179} and princes frequently claimed hospitality from their religious brothers; and though the monastic cellars and larders29 may not have boasted the delicacy30 and sumptuousness31 of a royal kitchen, their illustrious visitors would doubtless be quite content with the homely32 fare and good cheer offered them. This was repeatedly the case at the monastery at Holyrood, and the custom being that each visitor should present an oblation33 to the patron saint of the house, the monks34 had always the wherewithal to compensate35 themselves for the necessary outlay36.
In the abbey church there were several chapels37 and altars dedicated to various saints. The Lady chapel was, as usual, in the choir at the back of the high altar, and we read of another called “the abbot’s chapel.” There were two altars, one dedicated to the Holy Cross, and another called the “Parish altar.” In the southern chapel adjoining the high altar, were those of St Andrew and St Catherine, founded by George Creichton, Bishop7 of Dunkeld; while there were altars dedicated to St Stephen, St Anne, St Crispin and St Crispinian. Royal patronage38 and favour continued to be shown, and in course of time the town became the acknowledged capital, while during the reign39 of James IV. the palace was begun. On its completion it became the favourite home of the Scottish royal house until James II. of England was driven from his throne at the time of the Revolution. Within the walls of the conventual church, renovated40 as the chapel royal by James VI., many high ceremonials took place. Several monarchs41 with their queens were crowned there, and it was also the place of interment of various royal and notable persons. Among these were David II., James II., James V., and the foolish Darnley, to whom Mary, Queen of Scots, plighted42 her troth, at the east end of the present church.
It is necessary to remember that the ruins only consist of the original nave, and though not of large proportions, they are well worthy43 of careful reverential{180} inspection44, for the decaying walls show workmanship of a very high architectural order, chiefly of the period of transition between the passing Romanesque and the coming Gothic Early English. The north wall of the north aisle45, with two shattered piers46, and the south aisle with all its columns still remain standing47. The eastern ends of the two aisles48—where they formerly49 communicated with the transepts—are filled up with windows, each resting on a wall. This is also the case with the east end of the wrecked50 building, for the present east window is modern, having taken the place of one which was blown in in the year 1816, and which had previously51 filled the arch of the great central tower, destroyed with the transepts and choir in the 16th century. Some considerable evidences are visible of earlier work at the east end of the south aisle beyond the mass of masonry52 which marks the royal vault53. Here a walled-in doorway54, which once communicated with the cloister55, is of Norman work of not later than 1160, having a round headed arch with zig-zag and billet moulding. The masonry adjoining it is evidently of the same period. Again a more developed Early English style is shown in the exterior56 of the noble west fa?ade which consists of a deeply recessed57 portal, having eight shafts58 on either side with elaborate mouldings and two peculiar59 windows above, in character somewhat allied60 to the Perpendicular61. Over the doorway is the following inscription62 bearing the date of Charles I:—
He shall build ane house
for my name, and I will
stablish the throne
of his Kingdom
for ever.
BASILICAM HANC SEMI
RUTAM CAROLUS REX
OPTIMUS INSTAURAVIT
ANNO DONI
CI? I?XXXIII.
The seven buttresses63 which support the south wall from the outside were built by Abbot Crawfurd in the 15th century. Of the entire range of conventual buildings devoted64 to the domestic uses of the canons, not a vestige65 has been left. It is concluded, however, that the wall of the south aisle of the nave of the church, and the west wall of the adjoining transept formed, as was not uncommon66 in monastic edifices67, two sides of the great cloister, leaving the others to the chapter house, refectory, and other principal apartments of the establishment. Doorways69 led into the cloister from the eastern and western extremities70 of the south aisle, one of these entrances being still in excellent preservation71. The existing royal palace undoubtedly72 covers to a great extent the site of the domestic buildings of the abbey; but a large portion of these extended further towards the east than any part of the present great quadrangle. The choir and transepts of the abbey church have, as we have already seen, also disappeared, and the nave as it now stands, ruined and roofless, is itself almost the sole record of that which is gone—that sacred edifice68 which, when entire, was an august and magnificent building.
DRYBURGH (Pr?monstratensian Canons)
c. 1150, Founded by David I., and granted many liberties and immunities—Colonised by monks from Alnwick—c. 1322, Burnt by the soldiers of Edward II.’s retreating army but rebuilt shortly after—Set on fire by Richard II. during one of his forays—1545, Burnt by Sir G. Bowes and Sir B. Layton; the church only saved—1832, Sir Walter Scott buried here.
In a sunny little glade73, fringed around by great oaks, clothed in verdure and luxuriant foliage74, and reposing75 midst an almost unnatural76 calm, all that is left of this Pr?monstratensian abbey basks77 in the sun. Trees not only shade it from without but also{182} from within,—actually growing out of the walls themselves. Dryburgh, signifying “oak growth,” is a town in Berwickshire delightfully78 situated79 amidst varied80 scenery, a few miles only from Kelso and Melrose. A convent was founded here in the 6th century, and, on its site, St Mary’s Abbey for White canons was built in the 12th century. The ruins are beautiful both in situation and construction. Flowing past them, the Tweed takes a crescent-like course and engirts the woods in which the red walls of the abbey stand. A suspension bridge spans the river and a sloping wooded lawn stretches away in front of the ruins.
Despite its terrible treatment in the 16th century by Bowes, Layton and the Earl of Hertford, the conventual church survived. The chapter-house is even yet practically entire, and the principal portions of the buildings can be traced. The plan of the church was cruciform, having a presbytery instead of a Lady chapel, a fragment of which is yet standing. There were aisles to nave and choir, while the transepts, which extended only one bay beyond the line of the nave, had each an eastern aisle. Early English work is evident in the choir and transepts, and that of the Early Decorated period in the nave. Connecting the south transept to the chapter-house, is the chapel of St Modanus—so called after an abbot of that name who lived in the 6th century—which still preserves its altar and sedilia, and is lighted by two round-headed windows. A double circle marks the founder’s grave in the chapter-house, above which is a large room. Other parts of the domestic buildings are still in existence—such as the kitchen, refectory and dormitories—all of the Norman Transitional period—besides remnants of the porter’s lodge81, dungeon82 cells and cloisters83.
With regard to the founding of this abbey, it is thought that the early work is probably a part of the{183} original construction provided for by Hugo de Morville, Lord Lauderdale, and his wife, Beatrix de Beauchamp, in 1150. The new church is particularly interesting inasmuch as it shows how the Scots still held to the round arch long after the remainder of their architecture had become thoroughly84 Gothic in character, for not only is the 13th century door of the monks built with a round arch, though with purely85 Gothic mouldings and capitals, but the 14th century west door, built after the burning of the abbey by Richard II., is the same.
Dryburgh has been associated with many men eminent86 in their own walk of life: Abbot Oliver, Royal ambassador to England; Canon Patrick, poet and man of letters; Ralph of Strode, Chaucer’s friend and Wycliffe’s antagonist87; Chaucer himself, and then a line of commendators, the last of whom was James Strail, who tried in vain to stem the tide of simony, sacrilege, and depredation88 that was engulfing89 the Scottish Church. In 1545 the great blow fell. Henry VIII. gave to Sir Ralph Eure, Sir George Bowes, and Sir Brian Layton a feudal90 grant of the land they had the year before devastated91 and laid waste. Thereupon these chivalrous92 and noble gentlemen, Eure and Layton, forthwith journeyed into Scotland at the head of a formidable host eager to seize on their “lawful lands.” They swept the south of Scotland with fire, burning anew Melrose, Kelso, Dryburgh and four other abbeys, sixteen castles, five great towers and 243 villages. Retribution awaited them, however, for on Ancrum Moor93 they were attacked by a brave body of patriotic94 Scotchmen under the Earl of Angus, Norman Lesly, and Sir Walter Scott of Buccleuch, all eager to avenge95 their wrongs. The battle ended in a complete victory for the Scots, the entire English force being utterly routed. Eight hundred were killed, more than a thousand captured, and the villains96 Eure and Layton left dead on the field of battle. Dryburgh Abbey was indeed{184} lost, but its despoilers were vanquished97, and to-day the remnants of this once stately pile tower rise towards the sky in mute protest against the frenzied98 outrage99 of the favourites of a dishonoured100 royal house.
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1
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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4
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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7
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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liturgy
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| n.礼拜仪式 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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exchequer
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| n.财政部；国库 | |
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nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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outskirts
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| n.郊外，郊区 | |
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metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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23
miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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24
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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27
admonished
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| v.劝告( admonish的过去式和过去分词 )；训诫；（温和地）责备；轻责 | |
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virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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29
larders
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| n.（家中的）食物贮藏室，食物橱( larder的名词复数 ) | |
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delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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sumptuousness
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| 奢侈，豪华 | |
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32
homely
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| adj.家常的，简朴的；不漂亮的 | |
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oblation
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| n.圣餐式；祭品 | |
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monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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35
compensate
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| vt.补偿，赔偿；酬报 vi.弥补；补偿；抵消 | |
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36
outlay
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| n.费用，经费，支出；v.花费 | |
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37
chapels
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| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
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38
patronage
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| n.赞助，支援，援助；光顾，捧场 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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40
renovated
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| 翻新，修复，整修( renovate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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42
plighted
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| vt.保证，约定（plight的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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43
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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44
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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45
aisle
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| n.（教堂、教室、戏院等里的）过道，通道 | |
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piers
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| n.水上平台( pier的名词复数 )；（常设有娱乐场所的）突堤；柱子；墙墩 | |
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47
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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48
aisles
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| n. (席位间的)通道, 侧廊 | |
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49
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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51
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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masonry
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| n.砖土建筑；砖石 | |
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vault
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| n.拱形圆顶，地窖，地下室 | |
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54
doorway
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| n.门口，(喻)入门；门路，途径 | |
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cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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recessed
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| v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的过去式和过去分词 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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shafts
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| n.轴( shaft的名词复数 )；（箭、高尔夫球棒等的）杆；通风井；一阵（疼痛、害怕等） | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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buttresses
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| n.扶壁，扶垛( buttress的名词复数 )v.用扶壁支撑，加固( buttress的第三人称单数 ) | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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vestige
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| n.痕迹，遗迹，残余 | |
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uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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edifices
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| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
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edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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doorways
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| n.门口，门道( doorway的名词复数 ) | |
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extremities
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| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
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71
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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glade
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| n.林间空地，一片表面有草的沼泽低地 | |
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foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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75
reposing
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的现在分词 ) | |
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unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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basks
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| v.晒太阳，取暖( bask的第三人称单数 )；对…感到乐趣；因他人的功绩而出名；仰仗…的余泽 | |
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delightfully
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| 大喜，欣然 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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80
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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81
lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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82
dungeon
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| n.地牢，土牢 | |
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83
cloisters
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| n.（学院、修道院、教堂等建筑的）走廊( cloister的名词复数 )；回廊；修道院的生活；隐居v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的第三人称单数 ) | |
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84
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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85
purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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87
antagonist
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| n.敌人，对抗者，对手 | |
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88
depredation
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| n.掠夺，蹂躏 | |
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89
engulfing
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| adj.吞噬的v.吞没，包住( engulf的现在分词 ) | |
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feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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91
devastated
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| v.彻底破坏( devastate的过去式和过去分词)；摧毁；毁灭；在感情上（精神上、财务上等）压垮adj.毁坏的；极为震惊的 | |
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92
chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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93
moor
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| n.荒野，沼泽；vt.(使)停泊；vi.停泊 | |
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patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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95
avenge
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| v.为...复仇，为...报仇 | |
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96
villains
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| n.恶棍( villain的名词复数 )；罪犯；（小说、戏剧等中的）反面人物；淘气鬼 | |
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97
vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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98
frenzied
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| a.激怒的；疯狂的 | |
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99
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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100
dishonoured
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| a.不光彩的，不名誉的 | |
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