We will consider the Serjeant-at-Law in the first place in his academic character, in which he might rank as a B.C.L. or as a Doctor Legum, though this is not quite what we intended by graduation. Law, like the other liberal professions, has always been regardful of outward and visible signs. This being so, we trust we have committed no very serious sin of plagiarism2 in borrowing as the heading of this chapter the title of a well-known work by Serjeant Pulling, one of the last survivors3 of the order. At any rate, the plagiarism is open and avowed4.
Though the most significant, the coif was not the only exterior5 note of the Serjeant, in contradistinction to the laymen6; and, in order to show how he appeared, when in full professional attire7, we think we cannot do better than quote from a fifteenth-century lawyer, one of our greatest authorities on such matters—Serjeant Fortescue. Writing about 1467, he says of his class that they were "clothed in a long robe, priest-like, with a furred cape9 about the shoulders; and therefrom a hood10 with two labels, such as Doctors use to wear in certain Universities, with the above-described quoyf." The "long robe"—the proverbial emblem11 of the legal profession—evidently corresponds with the cassock, the "furred cape" to the tippet, and the "labels" probably belonged, not, as Fortescue seems to intimate, to the hood, but were rather the strings12 of the coif, which were the attribute of Doctors of Laws. Here we have all the marks of graduation—that is, the process necessary for the lawful13 exercise of a learned calling—and graduation might be equally accomplished14 in the schools of Oxford15 and Cambridge and the Inns of Court.
As regards the remainder of his dress, the Serjeant-at-Law might pass for a Master of Arts or a Bachelor of Divinity. The distinguishing feature is the coif, and, wherever it is discovered, it may be safely accepted as a criterion. Thus in Gosfield Church, Essex, there is an interesting brass17 of Thomas Rolf (d. 1440), who is represented as wearing a cassock, sleeved tabard, tippet, hood, and coif. The last-mentioned forms a circle round the head, and attached to it are two loops or lappets, which appear below the hood. Boutell has figured this brass, which he states to be that of a serjeant-at-law. The inscription18, which has the words legi professus, already pointed19 to that conclusion, Rolf being devoted20 to law, as, under the circumstances, he might have been devoted to religion.
To anyone interested in the study of origins the symbolic21 value of the coif is very considerable. Like the pileus, it may be traced back to the ecclesiastical skull-cap, the corollary of tonsure22. In the Dark Ages the lawyers were almost invariably clergy23, in the modern sense of the term. By the thirteenth century the original skull-cap, while retaining its general shape, had developed into a head-dress of ampler proportions, and as such, might, and did, serve as a complete disguise of the clerical calling. For that reason it was forbidden to the clergy by Othobon's Constitutions (1268), except as a night or travelling cap. Like the Serjeant's coif of more recent date, it was white in colour; and, as an appanage of the legal profession, it was worn by judges and pleaders alike. The strings were used to tie the coif to the head, and were fastened under the chin. It has been plausibly24 suggested that the Black Cap which judges assume, when passing sentence of death, was a device for concealing25 the coif, ecclesiastical justices being debarred from pronouncing capital sentence; and in this connexion we may recall the constitutional tradition, which requires the Bishops26 to withdraw when issues involving life or death come before the Parliamentary Courts.
We have spoken of graduation in relation to law. As an explanation of the phrase, nothing could be more apt than a passage in Coke's "Third Report," which, although somewhat lengthy29, deserves to be cited in toto:
"As there be in the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford divers30 degrees, as general Sophisters, Bachelors, Masters, Doctors, of whom be chosen men for eminent31 and judicial32 places, both in the Church and Ecclesiastical Courts, so in the profession of the law there are Mootemen [i.e., students], which are those that argue readers' cases in houses of Chancery, both in terms and grand vacations. Of Mootemen, after eight years' study or thereabouts, are chosen Utter-barristers; of these are chosen Readers in inns of Chancery. Of Utter-barristers after they have been of that degree twelve years at least, are chosen Benchers or Ancients; of which one, that is of the puisne sort, reads yearly in summer vacation, and is called a Single Reader; and one of the Ancients that had formerly33 read reads in Lent vacation and is called a Double Reader, and commonly it is between his first and second reading about nine or ten years. And out of these the King makes choice of his Attorney and Solicitor34 General, his Attorney of the Court of Wards35 and Liveries, and Attorney of the Duchy; and of these Readers are Serjeants elected by the King, and are, by the King's writ8, called ad statum et gradum servientis ad legem; and out of these the King electeth one, two, or three, as please him, to be Serjeants, which are called the King's Serjeants; of Serjeants are by the King also constituted the honourable36 and reverend Judges and sages37 of the law. For the young student, which most commonly cometh from one of the Universities, for his entrance or beginning were first instituted and erected38 eight Houses of Chancery, to learn there the elements of the law, that is to say, Clifford's inn, Lyon's inn, Clement's inn, Staple's inn, Furnival's inn, Thavie's inn, and New inn; and each of these consists of forty or thereabouts; for the Readers, Utter-barristers, Mootemen, and inferior Students are four famous and renowned39 Colleges or Houses of Court, called the Inner Temple, to which the first three Houses of Chancery appertain; Gray's Inn, to which the next two belong; Lincoln's Inn, which enjoyeth the last two but one; and the Middle Temple, which hath only the last; each of the Houses of Court consists of Readers above twenty; of Utter-barristers above thrice so many; of young Gentlemen about the number of eight or nine score, who there spend their time in study of law and in commendable40 exercises fit for gentlemen; the Judges of the law and Serjeants, being commonly above the number of twenty, are equally distinguished41 into two higher and more eminent Houses, called Serjeant's Inn; all these are not far distant from one another, and altogether do make the most famous university for profession of law only, or of any one human science, that is in the world, and advanceth itself above all others quantum inter16 viburna cupressus. In which Houses of Court and Chancery the readings and other exercises of the law therein continually used are most excellent and behoofful for attaining42 to the knowledge of these laws; and of these things the taste shall suffice, for they would require, if they should be treated of, a treatise43 by itself."
This passage has been cited for the special purpose of exhibiting the close affinity44 between the Universities and the Law, for which, it will be generally conceded, it is admirably suited. It is necessary, however, that it should be pointed out that the learned Coke was writing at and of a period when the system was fullblown. In the early period when "hostels45" for apprentices46 of the law began to be, no distinction obtained into Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery. These apprentices were, originally, just what the term implies, but their importance became greater until their representative is now the ordinary barrister-at-law.
In the year 1292—a date of some significance for us, not only in the immediate47 context, but with reference to other portions of the work—the King (Edward I.) promulgated48 an ordinance49 "De Attornatis et Apprenticiis" in which he enjoined50 on John de Metingham and his fellows that they should, at their discretion51, "provide and ordain52 from every county certain attorneys and lawyers of the best and most apt for their learning and skill, who might do service to his court and that people, and those so chosen only, and no other, should follow his court and transact53 the affairs therein, the said King and his council deeming the number of seven score sufficient for that employment, but leaving it to the discretion of the judges to add to or diminish the number, as they should see fit" (Dugdale's Tr.).
Serjeant Pulling is somewhat perplexed54 concerning the precise position of the apprenticii ad legem at the time of this edict. He, however, hazards the conjecture55 that "by the apprentices were meant the advanced students, or learners of the law, who, as pupils or assistants to the Serjeants of the Coif, had obtained an insight into practice, and perhaps also there were included the more irregular followers56 of the law—the dilettante57 practitioners58 and Cleri Causidici, who continued to follow the law in the secular59 courts in spite of repeated prohibitions60 and objections."
With the foundation and growth of the Inns of Court, the apprentices—the better sort at least—obtained full recognition as practitioners; and at the close of the fourteenth century their reputation had become so considerable that the great apprentices had formed themselves into a distinct order, in which they stood next to serjeants-at-law, the gradation being as follows:
(i) Serjeants-at-law.
(ii) Nobiliores, or great apprentices.
(iii) Other apprentices who followed the law.
(iv) Apprentices of less estate, and attorneys.
The term "apprentice-at-law" yielded to apprenticius ad barros, and that again to "utter-barrister," corresponding to the modern "barrister-at-law." Not all the students admitted at an inn were "called" to the bar, the truth being that only a small proportion received that distinction. In 1596 an arrangement was made by the Judges and Benchers of the four Inns of Court, by which it was agreed:
"That hereafter none shall be admitted to the Barr but only such as be at the least seven years' continuance, and have kept the exercises within the House and abroad in Inns of Chancery, according to the orders of the House:
"Item, that there be in one year only four Utter-Barristers called in any Inne of Court (that is to say) in Easter Term, two, and, in Michaelmas Term, two," etc.
Again, certain orders, made for the better government of the Inns of Court and Chancery in 1624 provided that not more than eight members of any one inn should be called to the Bar in any one year, and that no Utter-Barristers, except such as had been Readers in Houses of Chancery, should begin to practise publicly at any bar at Westminster until they had been three years at the bar.
As regards the Inns of Court, their precise origin cannot be clearly ascertained61. We hear of them in the reign62 of Edward III., mention being made in the Year Book of 1354 of "les apprentices en Hostells." In the opinion of Lord Mansfield they were at the outset "voluntary societies," for they "are," he says, "not corporations and have no charter from the Crown." Serjeant Pulling holds that the smaller houses were hired by the apprentices, and then by lease or purchase possession became permanent. The greater houses, he thinks, had a similar history. This belief is borne out by what happened in the case of the Temple. In 1324, when the King granted the Knights63 Hospitallers the New Temple, the latter let the Temple to "divers apprentices of the law that came from Thaveis Inn in Holborn." This was evidently in existence at the time. How long it had existed prior to 1324 cannot be stated, but in his will dated 1348, and enrolled65 in the Court of Hustings66 of the City of London, John Tavye, citizen and armourer, devised to his wife Alicia "illud hospitium, in quo apprenticii legis habitare solebant." In all probability, therefore, the existence of the inn did not go back farther than the lifetime of the armourer. The notice seems to show also that the inns received their names not from Serjeants, as fathers of the apprentices, but from the actual owners.
Till about the commencement of the sixteenth century we are wholly in the dark as to the management of the inns. We then hear of governors, treasurers69, and the control of affairs in the different houses lay with the senior members of the societies, who were styled ancients or benchers. The apprentices may be regarded as inchoate70 Serjeants—Serjeants in the making, persons on the way to become Serjeants. The Serjeants had their own inns; and, on joining the brotherhood71, the newly-appointed dignitary was rung out of the inn to which he had previously72 belonged by the chapel73 bell.
From Fortescue's "De Laudibus Legum Angli?," written in France after his withdrawal74 to that country with Queen Margaret in 1463, we learn that the rule was, when the degree of serjeant-at-law was to be conferred, for the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, with the consent of the other justices, to nominate for the purpose seven or eight of the most experienced professors of the common law. Thereupon the Lord Chancellor75 issued a writ to each of them, summoning them to appear under a heavy penalty, and take upon themselves the state and degree of serjeant-at-law. On duly presenting themselves they affirmed on oath that they would be ready on a day and at a place, which were then determined76, to assume the said state and degree, and that they would give gold according to custom of the realm in such cases ("dabit aurum secundum consuetudinem regni in hoc casu usitatam").
On the date in question a feast was begun, which continued for seven days, and this, with other ceremonies, involved an expenditure77, on the part of each debutant of some 1,600 nobles or 400 marks. A portion of this amount went to the purchase of gold rings, and Fortescue tells us that, when he was called to the degree of serjeant, the rings he gave away cost him ￡40. These differed in value in proportion to the dignity of the persons to whom they were presented. The most costly78 were those of the value of 26s. 8d., which were given to every prince, duke, and archbishop attending the ceremony, as also to the Lord Chancellor and Treasurer68 of England. The Keeper of the Privy79 Seal, the Chief Justices, the Chief Baron80 of the Exchequer81, and every earl and bishop27 present received one of the value of 20s.; while every baron of Parliament, every abbot, every distinguished prelate (notabili prelato), and every eminent knight64 there present had one of 13s. 4d. Similar gifts were made to the Keeper of the Rolls of the King's Chancery, and to each of the justices. Rings of inferior value were presented to every baron of the Exchequer, chamberlain, officer, and principal person serving in the King's courts, according to their rank; and thus almost every clerk, especially if he were of the Common Pleas, obtained a share of the new Serjeant's liberality. His private friends were not forgotten, rings being distributed among them also. It has been computed83 that the sum of 400 marks in 1429 would be equivalent to ￡2,660 of our present money; hence we need not wonder that lawyers either too poor or too economical to welcome this heavy burden sought to evade84 the honour. In the time of Henry V. six grave and famous apprentices respectfully declined the elevation85, but in vain. They were called before Parliament, and there bidden to take upon them the state and degree of Serjeant. Eventually they did so, and certain of them, as we learn from Sir Edward Coke, worthily86 served the King in the principal offices of the law.
The reader will not fail to have observed the expression "give gold." This, with the particulars adduced respecting the worth of the rings, suggests that the articles were esteemed87, not for their commemorative character or artistic88 interest, but for their sheer pecuniary89 value. That this was the case is pretty evident from the fact that, in the reign of Charles II., Lord Chief Justice Kelynge, addressing one of the new Serjeants, rebuked90 them for their gift of rings weighing no more than 18s. each; and he cited Fortescue as saying, "The rings given to the Chief Justices and the Chief Baron ought to weigh 20s. a-piece." To prevent misunderstanding, he added that he "spoke28 not this, expecting a recompense," but that it might not be drawn91 into a precedent92. In point of fact, Fortescue refers to value, not weight; but it appears to have been customary to calculate the value of the rings by the worth of their weight in gold.
The creation of Serjeants took place in the hall of the Serjeants' Inn, of which the Lord Chief Justice for the time being was a member. The newly called arrived in a black robe, attended by his clerk, who brought with him on his arm a scarlet93 hood and a coif. The Chief Justice, having solemnly addressed the Serjeants, began the ceremony of investiture, first placing the coif on the head of each of them and tying it under his chin; and then putting the hood upon his right side and over his right shoulder. The Serjeant thereupon departed, and doffing94 his black robe assumed a parti-coloured robe of black and murrey (dark red) and hood of the same colours. Thus arrayed he proceeded to Westminster, his man carrying before him the scarlet hood and cornered cap upon it.
Cornered caps were worn by the judges and Serjeants when they attended church in state. Down to the time of the Reformation it was the practice for them to visit St. Thomas of Acons in Cheapside, and, having made their offerings there, to go on to St. Paul's, where they offered at the rood of the north door at St. Erkenwald's shrine95. This custom was always observed on the admission of new Serjeants, who set forth96 on this pious97 errand after dining. At St. Paul's each of them was appointed to his pillar in the nave98 of the cathedral by the steward99 and controller of the feast. It was at the parvise, or porch, of old St. Paul's, or at their allotted100 pillars, that Serjeants met their clients for consultation101. They assisted the rich pur son donaut and the poor for nothing, and there appears to have been no question of any intervention102 by attorneys. In this connexion it may be worth while to cite the ancient oath which was taken by members of the order:
"You shall swear well and truly to serve the King's people as one of the serjeants-at-law; and you shall truly counsel them that you be retained with after your cunning; and you shall not defer103, or delay their causes willingly, for covetousness104 of money, or other things that may turn you to profit, and you shall give due attendance accordingly; so help you God."
A few months before the Great Fire of London, in which old St. Paul's was consumed with its parvise and pillars, Dugdale wrote: "At St. Paul's each lawyer and serjeant at his pillar heard his client's cause and took notes thereof upon his knee, as they do at Guildhall at this day." He adds: "After the Serjeants' feast ended they do still go to Paul's in their habits, and there choose their pillar whereat to hear their client's cause (if any come) in memory of that old custom."
Naturally, the Order of the Coif was jealous of its distinctions and privileges; and the following incident, for which we are indebted to the late Mr. Serjeant Ballantine, will serve to illustrate105 the point.
"I have now," he says, "taken my readers back to my old inn. I will venture to surround it with all the halo to which it is entitled. We were, and had from time immemorial been, connected with the Corporation of the City of London, and inasmuch as the greatest compliment appreciated by that august body was annually106 paid to us, we were doubtless once upon a time of no small importance ourselves. We received an invitation to dine at the Lord Mayor's on November 9, and arrayed in robes that gave us as much claim to notice as men in armour67, and, preceded by a personage known as the City Marshal, we were assigned seats amongst the principal guests at that great festival, and it was really a sight worthy107 of notice....
"Upon this occasion it was the office of one of the high officers of the Corporation, no less a dignitary than the Common Serjeant[8], personally to convey to us the invitation on the first day of Michaelmas term at our inn. Sir Thomas Chambers108, when he occupied this office, was accustomed to commit a most amusing blunder. Whether moved by some idea of his own dignity, or acting109 under civic110 instruction, I am unable to say, but when he came to perform his task he addressed himself solely111 to the Judges, not even naming the Serjeants, although the former were asked only in that capacity, and were included with the Lord Chancellor and the Equity112 Judges specially82 in their official capacity, and invited by the Lord Mayor himself personally. The Common Serjeant was not, probably, aware that, whilst it in no respect derogated from his dignity to convey a message from one great corporation to another, he was performing the duty of a butler in conveying an invitation to individuals belonging to it. There was a worthy member of our body, Mr. Serjeant Woolrych, who had written a most exhaustive book upon the sewers113, and was very learned about City customs, and who exercised his mind greatly upon the blunder into which the Common Serjeant had tumbled, and wanted me, as treasurer, to call attention to it. He considered that this was due not only to common humanity, but to our dignity. I was, however, deaf to his entreaties114. I do not remember dining upon more than one occasion in my official capacity. On this occasion the scarlet robes and heavy, cumbrous wig115, necessary to be worn, destroyed all possibility of enjoyment116."
Serjeant Ballantine alludes117 to himself as treasurer. He was the last to fill that office, and it fell to his lot, as such, to wind up the affairs of the ancient society, and so, in a sense, to perform its obsequies. The fiat118 had gone forth that no judge should be required henceforth to take or to have taken the degree of serjeant-at-law (36 and 37 Vict., c. 66, s. 8), and, as this was tantamount to the abolition119 of the order, it was resolved to sell the property of the inn. The last meeting was held on April 27, 1877.
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1
credentials
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| n.证明，资格，证明书，证件 | |
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plagiarism
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| n.剽窃，抄袭 | |
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survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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laymen
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| 门外汉，外行人( layman的名词复数 )； 普通教徒（有别于神职人员） | |
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attire
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| v.穿衣，装扮[同]array；n.衣着；盛装 | |
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writ
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| n.命令状，书面命令 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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hood
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| n.头巾，兜帽，覆盖；v.罩上，以头巾覆盖 | |
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emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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strings
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| n.弦 | |
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lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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inter
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| v.埋葬 | |
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brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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symbolic
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| adj.象征性的，符号的，象征主义的 | |
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tonsure
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| n.削发；v.剃 | |
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clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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plausibly
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| 似真地 | |
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concealing
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的现在分词 ) | |
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bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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lengthy
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| adj.漫长的，冗长的 | |
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divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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judicial
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| adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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solicitor
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| n.初级律师，事务律师 | |
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wards
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| 区( ward的名词复数 )； 病房； 受监护的未成年者； 被人照顾或控制的状态 | |
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honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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sages
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| n.圣人( sage的名词复数 )；智者；哲人；鼠尾草（可用作调料） | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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commendable
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| adj.值得称赞的 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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attaining
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的现在分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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treatise
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| n.专著；(专题)论文 | |
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affinity
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| n.亲和力，密切关系 | |
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hostels
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| n.旅舍，招待所( hostel的名词复数 )；青年宿舍 | |
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apprentices
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| 学徒，徒弟( apprentice的名词复数 ) | |
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47
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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48
promulgated
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| v.宣扬（某事物）( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 )；传播；公布；颁布（法令、新法律等） | |
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49
ordinance
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| n.法令；条令；条例 | |
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50
enjoined
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| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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51
discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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52
ordain
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| vi.颁发命令；vt.命令，授以圣职，注定，任命 | |
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53
transact
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| v.处理；做交易；谈判 | |
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54
perplexed
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| adj.不知所措的 | |
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55
conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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56
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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57
dilettante
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| n.半瓶醋，业余爱好者 | |
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58
practitioners
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| n.习艺者，实习者( practitioner的名词复数 )；从业者（尤指医师） | |
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secular
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| n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的 | |
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prohibitions
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| 禁令，禁律( prohibition的名词复数 )； 禁酒； 禁例 | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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63
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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65
enrolled
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| adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起 | |
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hustings
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| n.竞选活动 | |
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67
armour
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| （=armor）n.盔甲；装甲部队 | |
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treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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treasurers
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| （团体等的）司库，财务主管( treasurer的名词复数 ) | |
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inchoate
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| adj.才开始的，初期的 | |
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brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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74
withdrawal
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| n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销 | |
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chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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privy
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| adj.私用的；隐密的 | |
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baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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exchequer
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| n.财政部；国库 | |
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specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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computed
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| adj.[医]计算的，使用计算机的v.计算，估算( compute的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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84
evade
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| vt.逃避，回避；避开，躲避 | |
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elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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worthily
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| 重要地，可敬地，正当地 | |
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esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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pecuniary
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| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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rebuked
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| 责难或指责( rebuke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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precedent
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| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
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scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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doffing
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| n.下筒，落纱v.脱去，（尤指）脱帽( doff的现在分词 ) | |
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95
shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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98
nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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100
allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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101
consultation
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| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
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102
intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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103
defer
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| vt.推迟，拖延；vi.(to)遵从，听从，服从 | |
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104
covetousness
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105
illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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106
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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107
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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108
chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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109
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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110
civic
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| adj.城市的，都市的，市民的，公民的 | |
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111
solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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112
equity
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| n.公正，公平，（无固定利息的）股票 | |
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113
sewers
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| n.阴沟，污水管，下水道( sewer的名词复数 ) | |
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114
entreaties
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| n.恳求，乞求( entreaty的名词复数 ) | |
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115
wig
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| n.假发 | |
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116
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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117
alludes
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| 提及，暗指( allude的第三人称单数 ) | |
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118
fiat
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| n.命令，法令，批准；vt.批准，颁布 | |
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119
abolition
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| n.废除，取消 | |
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