Opinions as to the restoration of objects of art are of a most varied5 character; more especially in the case of painting, an art of rather complex technique. The various opinions about the restoration of paintings may, however, be classified into three distinct categories. One might be said to be entirely6 in favour of the process, one entirely discountenancing it, and between them one which is permissible7 as it has to do only with mechanical methods calculated to reinforce pigment8, or the canvas or panel, and is not concerned with what might be called the artistic9 side of the art, such as retouching or filling in the missing parts of a painting.
Speaking of certain restorations of his time, even Vasari remarks in the Life of Luca Signorelli, that “it would be far better for a masterpiece to remain ruined by time than to have it ruined by retouching by an inferior hand.”
Baldinucci tells us how Guido Reni objected to the retouching of old paintings, more especially the work of good masters,226 and that he invariably refused to do it himself, no matter how much a client was disposed to offer for the work.
Milizia, the architect and writer, says that to retouch an old painting, particularly a fine work of art, is to pave the way for future and wider destruction, as in the course of time the retouching will show itself and then another act of barbarity will have to be perpetrated.
According to the opinion of a well-known Florentine antiquary and famous restorer of paintings for the American market, a picture has nothing to gain from the hand of the restorer. On the contrary, his opinion is that: “As soon as a restorer lays hands on a painting he ruins it.”
The class we have placed between the two extremes, the one using a certain discrimination, accepting such methods as are intended merely to preserve the work without encroaching upon its artistic merits, such as furnishing a fresh panel or canvas to a painting, removing old and deteriorated10 varnish, etc., being the wise one is, of course, represented by the minority.
Needless to say, the main forces of the class supporting restoration in its extreme form are drawn11 from the ranks of restorers or authors of works teaching the grand art of resuscitating12 masterpieces, such men as Merimée, Vergnaud, Prange, Deon, Forni and Secco Suardo. The latter, in fact, does not hesitate to call restoration a magic art and depicts13 the restorer as a regular miracle-worker.
We do not propose in this chapter to follow the various methods of restoring paintings according to the character of the work, fresco14, tempera or oil, but simply to indicate some of the restoration processes that are useful to fakers in deceiving inexperienced collectors.
In the case of faking up an old painting of weak or defective15 character, into the delusive16 suggestion of a work of good quality, the process consists principally of bringing the form into proper shape by veiling and toning the crude parts of the colouring. This work, the success of which chiefly depends upon the skill and versatility17 of the forger18, is generally effected227 by first removing the old varnish with a solvent19. There are many kinds of solvents20 which can be used, according to the quality of the varnish, the most common, however, is alcohol. It must be very pure, containing the minimum of water. Ordinary alcohol is likely to produce opaque21, white patches, a phenomenon called by the French restorer chanci, and very difficult to obliterate22 once it has appeared. Being one of the strongest solvents and of dangerous and too rapid action at times, the alcohol is generally mixed with turpentine to the proportion of half-and-half to start with. Then, according to the greater or lesser23 solubility24 of the varnish, the proportion of alcohol is gradually increased. This mixture, called la mista by Italian antiquaries, may be substituted, as we have said, by various solvents—potash, soda25, ammonia, etc.—according to the nature or hardness of the varnish to be dissolved. Some restorers also resort to mechanical methods to remove old varnish. These methods, too, are various. If the varnish is hard it can be cracked by pressure from the thumb, a long operation requiring no small amount of patience and skill. If it possesses sufficient elasticity26 to withstand this process, it is generally removed with a steel blade in the form of an eraser. The latter operation is not only very difficult but very slow, particularly when the painting possesses artistic qualities that must not be impaired27 by the removal of the varnish.
This first operation successfully accomplished28, the artist steps in and proceeds to help the work, say of such and such a school, to resemble the painting of the master of this school as much as possible. The process is naturally executed by the aid of a more or less complete collection of photographs of the work of the master the faker intends to imitate. The retouching may follow the most varied methods. To take the most common case, that of oil painting, the new work can be carried out with oil colours previously29 kept on blotting-paper to drain off the oil which is then substituted with turpentine to give the colours their lost fluidity; it may also be effected with tempera colours or with colours the fluid228 element of which consists only of varnish. The use of tempera is preferred by restorers because, although it presents the extreme difficulty of changing hue30 when varnished31 and consequently demands no little experience to judge the requisite32 hue or tone, still once laid down it is not likely to change with time as oil retouching on old paintings generally does. The mixing of colour with varnish alone has the advantage of keeping the proper tone from beginning to end. This method is extremely useful not only in the painting of missing parts but also to veil and tone what has been painted in tempera if this is not entirely harmonious33 with the rest after varnishing. Needless to add, those colours the fluid part of which is supplied by varnish are unalterable as they do not contain any oil whatever. One of the difficulties in handling these pigments34 is the lack of fluidity, hence turpentine may be added with advantage.
However, as the above methods of retouching are not proof against chemical tests, alcohol being the proper solvent with which to do away with added touches to old paintings which have been done with either oil or varnish colours, the shrewder fakers either mix amber35 varnish with the colours or give the fresh touches a solid coating of this varnish, which when well prepared is supposed to be insoluble and not easily acted upon by solvents. Although more than one special work on the art of restoring gives recipes for the preparation of this varnish, in practice very few know how to prepare it in the proper way.
We have here presupposed that the picture was in good order, that there were no missing parts of importance, or rather that, with panel or canvas unimpaired, the work only required to be retouched by the artist, a rare case, as when the paint has vanished the preparation of the panel or canvas has generally vanished with it, on account of its adhesiveness36.
We do not propose to give the various recipes for the plaster dressing37 forming the preparation of the panel or canvas. They are different according to time and country and can be229 found in special works on painting. Under ordinary conditions it is very easy to substitute the missing preparation, just as it is easy to give it the proper surface either by pumice or skilled coating with the brush, but in the case of a painting on canvas it is very seldom that there are not big holes right through it. The first operation in such cases is to recanvas the work, to line it, namely, with another canvas which is pasted to the old one and flattened38 with an iron till perfectly39 dry. The missing part must then be filled in, imitating the weave of the canvas on which the work is painted. No easy matter this, as the different weaves of canvases are as characteristic as signatures: no two are ever alike. The new canvas showing through the hole is therefore either covered with a patch of canvas taken from some comer of the painting to be restored, or it is given the same appearance by pressing a piece of the old canvas upon the fresh preparation of the part missing, thus moulding the texture40 of the threads. This must be done skilfully41 in such a way that the parallel lines of the threads match. There are some clever fakers who imitate the old canvas by strokes of a hard brush upon the fresh preparation of the new pieces, reproducing the characteristics of the canvas by actually copying from the original part.
When a painting is finished there are various methods by which an appearance of age may be given or restored to it. From asphalt to liquorice hundreds of things are used, either dissolved in turpentine or water, glue, albumen, etc. Veiling with varnish, coloured with the proper pigment, generally gives the finishing touch.
The imitation of old and cracked varnish is simple enough. First one must give the canvas a coat of diluted42 glue, then varnish before the glue is quite dry. As the underlayer of glue dries quickly and has a shrinking capacity disproportionate to that of the varnish, it is easy to understand that the result will be a cracking of the varnish. A close or a coarse network of cracks is obtained by increasing or decreasing the inequality of shrinkage between the two layers,230 or by hastening or retarding43 the drying of the upper layer by artificial means. Although comparatively easy, these operations nevertheless demand no little experience to be crowned with due success.
If a painting has been repainted only in the parts that were missing, and the old varnish has not been removed from the rest of the picture, it is a question of not only giving the varnish of the new spots cracks like the old varnish, but these must imitate as closely as possible those of the original part of the painting. In such cases a needle is used to make the cracks on the newly varnished parts. When the grooves44 have been made in the varnish they are filled in with water and colour or soot45 to give them the desired appearance of age.
Such, roughly, is the method mostly in use for oil paintings. With the necessary variations, and the use of the proper medium, the same method also answers for tempera. It is rare that frescoes46 are imitated or retouched, but in such cases fresh cheese is used as the vehicle for the colour, and when dry it not only acquires the quality of insolubility but also the opaque hue of the fresco.
As far as technique is concerned, the imitator does not find it easy to imitate the work of those artists who paint in impasto, that is to say with a thick layer of pigment, the consequent characteristic strokes of the brush requiring no little experience for reproduction in all their force, character and characteristics. Through long study and practice some finally succeed in imitating the work of such painters as Rembrandt or Frans Hals, but such cases are extremely rare. Forni, who has written a work on the restoration of paintings, suggests a method of imitating impasto painting with its characteristic brush strokes which, in our view, can only be applied47 in the case of repairing a part missing in some old painting. Forni’s method consists of first reproducing the peculiarities48 of the brush strokes in a plaster composition closely resembling that of the preparation of the canvas, and then giving the proper colouring. According to Forni this method has the advantage of giving the impression of a frank and vigorous style of231 painting such as is usual with the impasto technique, and yet it has been achieved slowly and patiently.
One of the side-businesses of picture faking is the providing of suitable signatures. When one considers that paintings generally bear the artist’s signature, more especially in recent times, it would be strange if this branch of the shady trade did not number specialists who can imitate signatures to perfection, as well as reproduce artists’ special monograms50.
It is easy to understand how old drawings and sketches51 may be imitated. Just as in the case of faking a painting, the artist tries first to become familiar with the work he wishes to imitate. It is then usually executed on old paper and when finished soaked in dirty water, dried and scoured52 with pumice to give it the apparent abuse of age. Some imitators, however, do not give themselves the trouble to find the proper paper, and it is not unusual to see imitations on modern paper, or would-be sixteenth-century, work on paper bearing the mill-mark of two or three centuries later. But these of course are the gross imitations only intended to dupe the most naïve of beginners.
Prints are also imitated, and nowadays to perfection with the help of mechanical aids, when they have to reproduce an excellent original. The ageing process is the same as that used for drawings. There is one difference between them to be noted53, it is that in the case of old prints or etchings the presence or absence of the margin3 counts for much. An etching with its original paper margin is far more valuable than one that has been cut to fit a frame or for any other purpose. Hence one particular branch of faking of the prints is to refurnish paper margins to those specimens54 that have lost them. The work is more or less successful according to the skill of the faker, but is usually effected in the following manner: The etching is cut all round the edge reasonably near the printed part, then a large piece of old paper is cut to fit the etching as a frame and the two edges are brought and held together for some time by a paper lining55 at the back. The crack of the join between the old etching and the new margin232 is filled in with paste of the same composition as the paper and smoothed even by a mechanical process. It is of course needless to add that such a method is not likely to take in a true collector, but the faker knows that foolish clients are sometimes numerous and his best supporters.
Miniature work is easy to imitate, not only on account of its technique, in which originality56 has a comparatively small rôle to play, but because it needs hardly any patina57 or ageing.
Pastels and water colours, more especially the latter, appear to be a little out of the forger’s line. Yet pastel, with its peculiar49 technique, affords possibilities for faking.
Copies of noted originals have not escaped the speculative58 spirit of the counterfeiter60. They are generally sold as contemporary copies or antique copies, and they seem to command higher prices, even if an old copy is at times far inferior to a modern one.
In the faking of modern, or semi-modern art, the technique intended to confer age and venerability to the work finds no place. In such cases, it is easy to understand, the main craft lies in imitating the style of the master counterfeited61.
Speaking of such imitations, we may note that fakers contemporary with the artist are perhaps the most dangerous to the neophyte62, and as imitations have always existed more or less, and are by no means only the product of the greed of modern fakers and dealers63, a collector is often taken in by a false Corot or a false Rousseau, in which the only legitimate64 thing is perhaps the date, the forgery65 having been perpetrated during the master’s lifetime.
Naturally, the imitation is not always made for the purpose of cheating, but almost always with the hope of becoming as popular as a certain master by imitating his style. It is very often the work of pupils, as in the case of the Watteau imitations by Lancret and Pater.
It is known that the work of Paul Potter has been imitated by Klomp, that Jacob van Huysum has counterfeited the work of Breughel and of Wouwermans, that Constantin233 Netscher made plenty of money copying Vandyke Charles I portraits, and that Teniers the Younger sold false Titians.
To go back to prints and etchings before closing this chapter one must make a distinction between old imitations and modern ones. A good connoisseur66 is never at a loss to detect signs of counterfeit59, but there is an essential difference of criterion needed in judging old imitations of etchings and modern imitations. In old prints involuntary discrepancies67 are sure to occur as they have been reproduced by hand, and the connoisseur must therefore be acquainted with them. These variations are more or less known to experts, whereas in the case of a modern purely68 mechanical reproduction, a magnifying glass and technical experience are the chief requirements. Marco Dente’s reproduction of Marcantonio’s work and the copies of Callot’s etchings by some of his pupils are examples of the imperfections of old imitations, details having been omitted.
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
varnish
|
|
| n.清漆；v.上清漆；粉饰 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
varnishing
|
|
| 在（某物）上涂清漆( varnish的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
margin
|
|
| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
margins
|
|
| 边( margin的名词复数 )； 利润； 页边空白； 差数 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
varied
|
|
| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
entirely
|
|
| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
permissible
|
|
| adj.可允许的，许可的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
pigment
|
|
| n.天然色素，干粉颜料 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
artistic
|
|
| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
deteriorated
|
|
| 恶化，变坏( deteriorate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
drawn
|
|
| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
resuscitating
|
|
| v.使（某人或某物）恢复知觉，苏醒( resuscitate的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
depicts
|
|
| 描绘，描画( depict的第三人称单数 )； 描述 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
fresco
|
|
| n.壁画；vt.作壁画于 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
defective
|
|
| adj.有毛病的，有问题的，有瑕疵的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
delusive
|
|
| adj.欺骗的，妄想的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
versatility
|
|
| n.多才多艺，多样性，多功能 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
forger
|
|
| v.伪造；n.（钱、文件等的）伪造者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
solvent
|
|
| n.溶剂；adj.有偿付能力的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
solvents
|
|
| 溶解的，溶剂 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
opaque
|
|
| adj.不透光的；不反光的，不传导的；晦涩的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
obliterate
|
|
| v.擦去，涂抹，去掉...痕迹，消失，除去 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
lesser
|
|
| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
solubility
|
|
| n.溶解度；可解决性；溶度 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
soda
|
|
| n.苏打水；汽水 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
elasticity
|
|
| n.弹性，伸缩力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
impaired
|
|
| adj.受损的；出毛病的；有（身体或智力）缺陷的v.损害，削弱( impair的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
accomplished
|
|
| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
previously
|
|
| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
hue
|
|
| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
varnished
|
|
| 浸渍过的，涂漆的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
requisite
|
|
| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
harmonious
|
|
| adj.和睦的，调和的，和谐的，协调的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
pigments
|
|
| n.（粉状）颜料( pigment的名词复数 )；天然色素 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
amber
|
|
| n.琥珀；琥珀色；adj.琥珀制的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
adhesiveness
|
|
| 粘[附着，胶粘]性，粘附[胶粘]度 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
dressing
|
|
| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
flattened
|
|
| [医]（水）平扁的，弄平的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
perfectly
|
|
| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
texture
|
|
| n.(织物)质地；(材料)构造；结构；肌理 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
skilfully
|
|
| adv. (美skillfully)熟练地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
diluted
|
|
| 无力的，冲淡的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
retarding
|
|
| 使减速( retard的现在分词 )； 妨碍； 阻止； 推迟 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
grooves
|
|
| n.沟( groove的名词复数 )；槽；老一套；（某种）音乐节奏v.沟( groove的第三人称单数 )；槽；老一套；（某种）音乐节奏 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
soot
|
|
| n.煤烟，烟尘；vt.熏以煤烟 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
frescoes
|
|
| n.壁画( fresco的名词复数 )；温壁画技法，湿壁画 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
applied
|
|
| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
peculiarities
|
|
| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
peculiar
|
|
| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
monograms
|
|
| n.字母组合( monogram的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
sketches
|
|
| n.草图( sketch的名词复数 )；素描；速写；梗概 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
scoured
|
|
| 走遍（某地）搜寻（人或物）( scour的过去式和过去分词 )； （用力）刷； 擦净； 擦亮 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
noted
|
|
| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
specimens
|
|
| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
lining
|
|
| n.衬里，衬料 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
originality
|
|
| n.创造力，独创性；新颖 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
patina
|
|
| n.铜器上的绿锈，年久而产生的光泽 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
speculative
|
|
| adj.思索性的，暝想性的，推理的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
counterfeit
|
|
| vt.伪造，仿造；adj.伪造的，假冒的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
counterfeiter
|
|
| n.伪造者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
counterfeited
|
|
| v.仿制，造假( counterfeit的过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
neophyte
|
|
| n.新信徒；开始者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
dealers
|
|
| n.商人( dealer的名词复数 )；贩毒者；毒品贩子；发牌者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
legitimate
|
|
| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
forgery
|
|
| n.伪造的文件等，赝品，伪造（行为） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
connoisseur
|
|
| n.鉴赏家，行家，内行 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
discrepancies
|
|
| n.差异，不符合（之处），不一致（之处）( discrepancy的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
purely
|
|
| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |