It would take up too much space and would, moreover, be entirely6 useless to describe in detail the numerous European cremation apparatuses7, of which those of Siemens, Brunetti, and Gorini are best known. The trouble with these furnaces is, that (1) the apparatus8 costs too much; (2) the process of cremation, when they are employed, is too expensive.
Therefore I will confine myself to a description of the cremation furnaces used in America.
The crematory at Washington, Pa., is a small, plain, brick building, containing but two rooms,—furnace and reception room. The retort is exactly similar to the ones used in making gas, and, indeed, the whole process is the same.
141The Washington crematory is one story high, 30 feet long, 20 feet wide. The reception room is 20 feet square, including walls, and the furnace room 20 feet by 10 feet, including walls. Cremation is performed in a fire-clay cylinder9 or retort, called the incinerator, which is three feet in diameter by seven feet long, and the walls of which are from one to two inches thick. The retort is like those used in the manufacture of illuminating10 gas, but somewhat of a different shape. It is heated to a red heat by a furnace fire which is built underneath11 and kept burning for 20 or 30 hours before the cremation is to take place. The body is placed in an iron crib made in the shape of a coffin12, with small, round rods, with feet three or four inches long to keep it up off the bottom of the retort. These feet are inserted into a flat strip of iron two inches wide and a quarter inch thick, turned up at the ends so that the crib with the body will slide into the retort easily. In addition to the ordinary burial garments, the body is covered with a cloth wet with a saturated13 solution of sulphate of alum (common alum), which even when burned, retains its form and prevents any part of the corpse14 from being seen until the bony skeleton begins to crumble15 down. The incinerator receives to itself the intense heat of the fire below, but does not admit the flames. The consequence is that the corpse, when introduced into the retort, is not, in a proper sense of the word, burned. It is reduced to ashes by the chemical application of intense heat. Gases are driven off or absorbed, and, being carried down into the fire from the incinerator and led back and forth16 25 feet through its flames, are utterly17 consumed. Even the smoke of the fire is consumed, 142and nothing can be seen issuing from the chimney but the quiver of the heat. The process might be called, says an eye-witness of a cremation in this furnace, the spiritualization of the body, the etherealization or sublimation18 of its material parts. The time required to complete the operation is about two hours. A very small portion of the remains19 is ashes, but the mass is in the form of calcined bones in small fragments, very white, odorless, entirely deprived of all animal matter, and may be preserved any length of time without change.
There are four to seven pounds of these remains from various sized adult bodies, and can be placed for preservation20 in a marble or terra-cotta urn3, into which a photograph of the deceased, with appropriate record, can be placed before introducing the remains. This urn can be placed in the columbarium of the crematory, kept among the cherished memorials of the family of the departed, or placed beside other remains previously21 buried in cemeteries22 or graveyards23.
Dr. Le Moyne favored placing the remains of the dead in a one-gallon salt-mouthed druggist’s bottle, with a large ground stopper. After his death, however, the bottle-urn idea proved impracticable, therefore the ashes were generally placed in a sealed tin box.
The furnace erected24 at Lancaster, Pa., is on a new system, which was devised by Dr. M. L. Davis. The cost of the crematorium was about $5000. The building is beautifully located upon a bluff25 overlooking the Conestoga River. The grounds occupy two and one-half acres. The crematory is of gothic architecture, 48 × 32 feet, and contains four rooms,—the audience room or chapel26, toilet, reception, and furnace room. 143The chapel is used for religious services, the toilet room for the accommodation of relatives and friends accompanying the body, the reception room to receive the body and prepare it for incineration; all of the apparatus is located in the furnace room, except the retort doors, which face the auditorium27. The firing is done in the rear of the furnace, where all tools and miscellaneous articles are kept. The floor of the auditorium is made of Portland cement; the other parts of the building are floored with brick. The audience room is furnished with chairs and a table for the use of ministers or the officers of societies having charge of the ceremonies at cremation; the walls are decorated with pictures and urns28 of various designs. The waiting or toilet room is provided with chairs, lounges, toilet-stand, etc., for the comfort of the waiting friends. The grounds consist of a plot of two acres, one-half of which is level—here the building is located; the other is a hillside of solid limestone29 rock—here the society intends erecting30 columbaria at an early day. The grounds around the building are beautified by roadways, walks, trees, shrubbery, etc.
The furnace invented by Dr. Davis is made of firebricks and tiles. The outside dimensions are 10 ft. 6 in. long, by 6 ft. 6 in. wide, with 9-in. walls of brick. The furnace rests on a foundation 10 ft. 6 in. by 7 ft. 6 in. and 2 ft. 6 in. deep, of good building stone, with mortar31 of sharp sand and quicklime or equally suitable material, finished level with the floor of the building. At the rear end the center is occupied by the fire chamber32 (F) 18 in. wide, 48 in. long, 3 ft. 9 in. high to arch, lined with fire-brick 9 inches thick and roofed with an arched fire-clay tile 4 in. thick, covered by 3-in. shield tile. 144The iron doors (fire and ash) are furnished with frames, the fire-door is protected by a lining33 of asbestos and fire-clay; the grate-rest is 1 ft. 3 in. from the floor; beneath the grate are two iron pipes (1? in.) at the sides, to carry heated air to supply oxygen to the flues (at O); a third iron pipe (? in.) passing to the rear of the fire chamber and up through its back wall to the retort (at P); a fourth pipe (3-in. diameter) leading from the top of the rear end of the retort (at M) down through the rear wall and opening in the ash chamber under the grate-bars (at N), to carry off the surplus gases not consumed in the retort. The air-supply pipes are required to keep up rapid combustion34 by replacing the oxygen already used, and so to equalize the heat at both ends of the retort. The air-pipes leading into the retort so assists the disintegration35 of the body in the same way, supplying additional oxygen and making oxidation more rapid. The retort is 9 ft. 9 in. long, 3 ft. wide, and 2 ft. high in the clear; it is floored with 3-in. fire-clay tile in sections; the sides are of 3-in tile, also in sections; the roof is of the same material arched in sections. The retort is made in sections rather than in one single piece, in order to make allowance at the several joints37 for the great expansion and contraction38 incident to a heat of 2000 to 2500 degrees, thus avoiding the annoyance39 and expense of cracks and patching. The retort is supported by the arched roof of the fire chamber and its covering of shield tile, and back of the fire chamber by fire-clay pillars, and at the sides by projections40 of the tile partitions between the flues. Six pairs of flues surround the retort, 15 and 13? inches wide respectively, and 3 in. deep, separated by tile partitions 3 in. thick. The gases from the fire chamber 145enter the first pair through curved openings (QQ) and pass up through AA down through BB (receiving additional oxygen at O), and up again through CC, and through the escape-flue S, into the chimney. The outside facing of the flues is 3-in. tile. Between the outside facing of the flues and the 9-in. brick wall is a space of 3 inches which is packed with asbestos to prevent radiation of heat and allow for lateral41 expansion and contraction of the outer casing of the flues, giving it much longer life. Above the fire space on the top of the retort, which is 4 inches deep, is an arch of 9-in. fire-brick, above which ashes and sand are filled in to the depth of 6 inches above the top of the arch, and floored over with red brick. The retort door is lined with asbestos and fire-clay; it is made of steel plate, closing against a flanged42 iron frame, and held to its place by a spider, upon which is screwed down an arm swinging with the door and fastening to the frame; the frame is held to its place by two horizontal bars, walled in at the ends. This arrangement secures a tight joint36 when the door is closed; the stay-bars hold the frame, the bar holds the door to the frame and gives the fulcrum43 for pressure on the spider, while swinging with the door it is out of the way when not in use. The whole structure is protected by three buckstays of T iron on each side, securely joined by ?-inch iron rods, furnished with nuts to allow tightening44 or loosening when necessary. The fire-brick escape-flue connects with the chimney; the dimensions are 16 × 14 inches in the clear; the chimney rests on sills of T iron, supported by brick pillars, and is lined with fire-brick for 6 feet above the retort, and is carried up to a total height of 30 feet.
I have given so minute a description of this apparatus 146because it is an invention of which not only Dr. M. L. Davis, but his countrymen with him, may feel justly proud. It is the first cremation furnace that possesses the two cardinal45 requirements of a good incinerator; namely, cheapness and usefulness. The price of this apparatus is from $1200 to $1500; the European furnaces cost $3000 and more. The Davis furnace, moreover, uses less fuel than the European apparatus, whereby the expense of cremation is much decreased. Ordinarily, coke and hard or “steamboat” coal is used in this furnace, although (and this is an additional advantage) gas, oil, or any other heating material may be used. The quantity required varies somewhat, but the average amount necessary to heat the furnace and incinerate a body is 250 pounds of coke and 250 pounds of coal, or about one-fourth ton of fuel. The time occupied for complete incineration varies according to the condition of the body, but ranges from 45 minutes to one hour and a half. The furnace can be heated in six hours, but usually more time is occupied in heating, as there is less liability of injury to the furnace by rapid expansion.
When the Davis furnace is used, the process is as follows: The catafalque, bearing the crib which is covered with a cloth 15 feet long, wet with alum water, is placed by the side of the casket containing the body, the lid of which is removed and strips of muslin are passed under it. The ends of the bands are attached to an elevator, and the body is gently raised up and placed upon the alum-sheet-covered crib, the free end being covered over, thus entirely enveloping46 it. This procedure is necessary to prevent the clothing in which the corpse is dressed from igniting. All being in readiness, 147the catafalque, on noiseless casters, is placed in front of the retort. A cable is then attached to the crib, the retort door is opened, a signal is given, and the catafalque with its burden gently approaches the open retort; when near, it stops, and noiselessly the corpse is moved into the retort, impelled47, as it were, by an unseen agency. When it is in the proper position, a signal is given, the machinery48 in the rear and out of sight stops, the door is closed air-tight, and the mechanical process gives way to the chemical.
When the retort is opened, the cold air rushing in, the cold body, crib, and alum-sheet chill for a few moments the inner surface of the retort; in a few moments the retort regains49 its heat; a fine mist commences to arise from the body, which gradually becomes thicker and more dense50, until the inside of the retort has the appearance of dense white mist. The idea of fine snow or fog is suggested. This appearance remains until the soft tissues are reduced to ashes. Then the interior of the retort gradually becomes more clear. The alum-sheet will be seen to be in the same position as when put in; perhaps slightly sunken. A blue flame will be seen arising through the sheet; about six inches above the body it becomes extinguished. This continues until the bony structure is completely cremated51, when all is white as snow, and nothing can be seen inside the retort, the ashes having fallen through the crib and the alum-cloth collapsed52. The oxygen by the intense heat has been made to unite with the carbonaceous elements of the body, and the resulting carbonic acid gas, ammonia, and water are driven off through the retort walls into and through the flues to the air without, where they mingle53 with the elements of nature. In the 148retort are the ashes, consisting of pure oxide54 of lime.
It is plain from the above that the corpse does not come in contact with the flames, that is, the fire, in this apparatus. There is no burning. The body is simply oxidized, and the union of the oxygen and the organic matter composing the body is so complete that what nature has so perfectly55 formed in life appears to gently, quietly melt away in death, and becomes resolved into its original elements.
The record of the Davis furnace has been so far entirely satisfactory. The Lancaster crematorium contains two of these furnaces. This crematory has no smokestack; that is, the chimney reaches but several inches above the roof of the building.
On Nov. 23, 1885, Prof. T. R. Baker56, Ph.D., of the Millersville State Normal School, collected 30 jars of gases from the escape-flue of the Lancaster crematorium, with a view of analyzing57 them, to ascertain58 the nature of the products of combustion of the human body during incineration. Many persons have contended that poisonous gases are given off, thereby59 polluting the air; and it was with a view of clearing up this phase of the subject that the experiment was undertaken. The apparatus used to collect the gases consisted of an iron gas-pipe, five feet being bent60 two feet from one end at right angles. The long end was passed down the escape-flue from the furnace. To the other end was attached a glass tube, which ran to a U-tube surrounded with ice, to condense vapors61. The gas was collected in a jar. Fifteen jars were thus collected before the body was introduced into the retort, and 15 at various stages of the incineration. The body was 149that of a man who had died from dropsy. Below will be found Dr. Baker’s report.
State Normal School,
Millersville, Pa., Dec. 7, 1885.
Dr. M. L. Davis:—
Dear Sir: I have completed the examination of the gaseous62 products recently obtained from the chimney of the Lancaster crematorium, and will now report the results of my investigation63. The escaping products were tested at the crematorium for water and for gases readily soluble64 in water, and several bottles of these products were collected before the body was put in the retort, as well as during the cremation.
Water, etc., were tested for by passing several gallons of the escaping products through the U condensation65 tubes, surrounded by ice, and then through distilled66 water. The estimated amount of water in the products escaping before the body was put in the retort was .0011 of a cubic inch to the gallon, while during the cremation it was .0044 of a cubic inch to a gallon.
The water through which the gases were passed, both that used before the body was put in the retort and that used during the cremation, had a distinct acid reaction, quickly reddening blue litmus paper. I could not, however, detect any difference in the degree of acidity67 of the waters, and their reaction did not indicate that the gases which had passed through them were more acid than the gaseous products passing off from ordinary coal fires. The waters were found to contain traces of the mineral acids generally found in very small quantities in the products of the combustion of mineral coal. They gave no reaction for salts of ammonia, nor for sulphuretted hydrogen.
The gases collected for laboratory examination were tested especially for carbonic acid (CO2), illuminating gas, oxygen (O), carbonic oxide (CO), and nitrogen (N).
The method of examination employed was that generally followed in gas analysis, namely, the absorption of the gases by liquid reagents. Carbonic acid was absorbed by potassium hydrate; illuminants by bromine; oxygen by phosphorus; and carbonic oxide by cuprous chloride dissolved in hydrochloric acid.
The estimated amounts of the gases enumerated68 above are as 150follows, the values indicating the parts of a cubic inch to the gallon; the estimated water being also included in the table:—
H2O CO2 Illuminating
Gas. O CO N
Before Cremation, .0011 .00080 .000 .0080 .0000 .016
During Cremation, .0044 .00091 .012 .0065 .0017 .015
It will be seen by a comparison of these results that the gaseous products of ordinary coal combustion are modified to only an inconsiderable extent by matter passing through the walls of the cremation retort. Illuminating gas is a variable mixture of hydrogen, marsh69 gas, olefiant gas, and other gases, and is entirely harmless when produced in the small quantities indicated in the table, and so thoroughly70 distributed through the air. That so much free oxygen passes off with the escaping products is an indication of the thoroughness of the combustion, and the complete oxidation of the oxidizable products.
In conclusion, I would say that not any of the many and various tests, either at the crematorium or in my laboratory, of the products under consideration, indicated the presence of anything that would pollute the air. The burning of the body produces no material difference in the gases escaping from the chimney. The volume of the chimney products did not seem to be increased by the burning of the body, and the products had precisely71 the same odor during cremation that they had before the body was put in the retort.
I might add that I also made a test of the temperature of the products issuing from the chimney, and found it to be about 300° F. This is surprisingly low, considering the high temperature of the retort (2500° to 2800° F.), and indicates a most excellently designed furnace, utilizing72 as it does so large a percentage of the heat. About one-fourth of the heat of boiler73 furnaces goes up the chimney.
The process of cremation invented by Joseph Venini, of Milan, Italy, is used in the crematorium of Buffalo74, N. Y. The process consists of two parts: first, the generation of gas; and second, the cremation proper. 151The apparatus is constructed with a gas generator75 (A), which is a simple fire-pot about four feet in a vertical76 measurement and two laterally77, and is located in the basement of the crematory. The air for combustion is admitted through a grate in the bottom, and is not sufficient to allow of the combustion of the entire mass of small wood which is heaped on the fire. The result is that the fire at the bottom distils78 the wood at the top, and the gases of distillation79 and combustion of wood are carried to the back end of the incinerating chamber (B), which is on the main floor. Here these gases are met by air heated in a chamber (C) outside of the furnace, where the two are ignited by a fire (D) which is kept burning just under their point of union. The Bunsen flame (E) thus produced is thrown quite across the incinerating chamber; thence it is carried back beneath the retort by the flue (F) into the basement to a chimney, which is about 40 feet high, and so to the open air. A certain amount of gas is also burned in the flue (F) beneath the incinerating retort and also at the bottom of the chimney. It will be seen from this description the Bunsen burners play directly upon the subject, and by their heat liberate80 the gases of the body, which gases, being burned in the retort, are carried into the flue beneath; here another Bunsen flame (H) ignites such combustible81 material as has not been consumed in the retort, and at the foot of the chimney the third Bunsen burner, which is not represented in the illustration, finishes the combustion. To heat the apparatus requires an hour and a quarter, and when the temperature is 2500° to 3000° F., the body is placed in the furnace, and in about an hour is cremated. The 152amount of fuel used is little more than half a cord of wood, or its equivalent.
The furnace which will be used at the Cincinnati crematorium is on a novel system devised by Mr. M. R. Conway. After the fire is lighted, steam is generated by means of pipes situated82 in the flues; this steam passes up through the center wall of the furnace and is distributed over the incandescent83 coke. In its passage it gathers air enough to supply the required oxygen. It also brings with it the gases generated from the body being incinerated, and all these gases are regenerated84 into an intense heat in the combustion chamber; making a perfectly odorless furnace.
I quote from a pamphlet written by an “eye-witness” of cremation, who had before looked upon it with repugnance85, but who on witnessing it became a most earnest advocate:—
“A furnace fire is built and kept burning for 20 or 30 hours before the cremation is to take place. Immediately above the fire is placed in a horizontal position a cylinder of clay called the incinerator, three feet in diameter by seven feet long. This fire-clay incinerator, the walls of which are from one to two inches thick, receives to itself the intense heat of the fire below, but does not admit the flames. The consequence is that the body, when placed in the incinerator, is not, in a proper sense of the word, burned. It is reduced to ashes by the chemical application of intense heat. Gases are driven off or absorbed, and being carried down into the fire from the incinerator and led back and forth 25 feet through its flames, are utterly consumed. Even the smoke of the fire is consumed, and nothing can be seen issuing from the chimney but 153the quiver of the heat. The process might be called, as we have said, the spiritualization of the body, the etherealization or sublimation of its material parts.
“When the incinerator has been raised to a white heat, it is ready for the reception of the remains. As the cover is removed from its mouth, the in-rushing air cools it from a white to a red heat, and the whole inner surface is filled with a beautiful rosy86 light which is fascinating to the eye. It looks like the blush of dawn upon the sky, or like the exquisite87 tints88 which sometimes flicker89 along the aurora90 borealis. There is nothing repulsive91 about it, and nothing, as has been said, to suggest the idea of fire except the intense heat.
“The body, being decently clad for burial and tenderly laid in the crib provided for the purpose, is wholly covered with a clean, white sheet which has been dipped in a solution of alum. The effect of this is to entirely prevent smoke or fumes92 or flame, which would otherwise arise from putting anything inflammable into the midst of such a heat; but, under its protection, even the extraordinary heat of the incinerator does not produce upon the body the appearance of scorching93 or smoking or anything of the sort. There is no such impression as that of burning made upon the eye. The sheet, saturated with alum, retains its original position over the crib, and conceals94 the entire form until nothing but the bones are left; and when the eye first rests upon the remains after they are left in the rosy light of the cylinder, it sees nothing but these bones gently crumbling95 away into dust under the mystic touch of an invisible agent, whose only appearance to the eye is like the tremor96 of the northern lights in the sky; or, 154more exactly, the radiation of heat from the earth beneath the summer’s sun.
“You have laid a white-robed form within the rosy cylinder, and have turned away to think with gratitude97 that all is well. You have let your imagination dwell lovingly upon the pleasing sentiment that whatever may be left—beside the calcined bones, most pure and clean—has gone to mingle with the upper air and dwell with sunshine, birds, and flowers. The darkness and the dampness of the earth have been escaped, and so have the perils98 of grave-snatching, the indecencies of a possible dissecting-room, and the nameless horrors of putrefaction99. You have pleasant memories to cherish of the ‘last sad hour,’ which, instead of ‘breathless darkness’ and the ‘narrow house’ and the dreadful thud of falling earth upon the coffin, presents to mind a lovely bed of rosy light, and a peaceful form clad in virgin100 purity resting within its soft embrace. If a lily had been laid upon a bed of pinks or roses, in the summer, and you had seen its fragrance101 and its beauty all exhale102 amid the shimmering103 beams or radiated heat beneath the touch of some invisible and gentle agency, you would have had a not dissimilar experience. And this is neither painful to the eye, nor distressing104 to the sensibilities, nor ungrateful to the memory.”
The following beautiful description of a cremation of the future is from the Modern Age for January, 1884, a journal which, alas105! was discontinued for lack of support:—
“It is not a disagreeable journey on which we now propose to take our readers. It is to witness the final disposition106 of a friend’s remains in the ideal crematory of the future—science having already perfected the 155mechanical appliances necessary in conducting it in the way we describe. Our friend has died, and through the usual announcements we learn that the last rites107 will be performed in the columbarium at a given hour. Repairing thither108 at the appointed time, we first pass through a grove109 of stately trees, the soothing110 murmur111 of whose rustling112 leaves brings peace and quiet into the hearts of those who mourn and gather to pay the last tribute. Within the grove stands a massive building of gray masonry113 whose architecture shows no striving after ornamental114 effect, and whose solid proportions give a sense of eternal permanency. A few small windows in a simple frieze115 which crowns its walls do not destroy this effect, and their plain stained glass clashes in nowise with the harmony of color between the sky, the trees, and the gray stone of the temple of rest. About the Doric pillars of its portico116 green vines twine117 fondly as if they, too, would do their share in robbing death of all its hideousness118. To this place loving hands have borne the body of our friend. No coffin lends its horror to the journey from this earthly home to here, where eternal sleep awaits him. A flower-strewn bier gives poetic119 carriage for this short and final journey. Entering the broad portal, the soft, deep notes of an organ charm the ear. The eye takes in a most imposing120 sight. The entire interior of the building is one impressive room, with walls, floor, ceiling, all of white and spotless marble. The view is not a dazzling one, for the light is subdued121 and comes in varied122 color through the windows at the top. On either side of the chamber stand a few memorial statues,—real works of art,—each one of them keeping alive the memory of some one who in his life was either good or great. 156Many of the marble slabs123 in the sides and floor of the temple bear in plain, sunken letters, a name and two dates. Behind or beneath them are niches124 containing urns where rest the pure white ashes of the beloved dead. On a simple dais in the middle of the room lays the body of our beloved friend. The hour has come, and about it are gathered those who knew and loved him while he lived. The scene, the surroundings, the subdued music of the organ, the absence of everything to jar upon the taste or senses, brings on a mood of solemn contemplation. No thought of physical corruption125 jars upon our memories of the dead. The opening words of the speaker are said, a hidden choir126 harmoniously127 chants of hope and life, and now the end has come. With the words ‘ashes to ashes’ a white pall128 is thrown over the dais, and we have looked upon our friend for the last time. The dais noiselessly sinks from sight, a short hour is spent in listening to a funeral oration129, or in contemplation, until the dais, still covered with the pall, rises from below. The pall removed, we see upon the dais an urn—provided beforehand, and containing the ashes of our friend. This is now sealed into one of the niches, and the ceremony is over. This is not pure imagination. Modern invention has now robbed incineration of all its objectionable features. Never till of late years could the world well and simply solve the problem of what to do with its dead. The whole process is carried on as we have pictured, and without a single revolting feature in any part of it.”
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cremation
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| n.火葬，火化 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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urn
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| n.（有座脚的）瓮；坟墓；骨灰瓮 | |
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antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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obnoxious
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| adj.极恼人的，讨人厌的，可憎的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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apparatuses
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| n.器械； 装置； 设备； 仪器 | |
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apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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cylinder
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| n.圆筒，柱(面)，汽缸 | |
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illuminating
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| a.富于启发性的，有助阐明的 | |
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underneath
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| adj.在...下面，在...底下；adv.在下面 | |
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coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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saturated
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| a.饱和的，充满的 | |
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corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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crumble
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| vi.碎裂，崩溃；vt.弄碎，摧毁 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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sublimation
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| n.升华，升华物，高尚化 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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cemeteries
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| n.（非教堂的）墓地，公墓( cemetery的名词复数 ) | |
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graveyards
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| 墓地( graveyard的名词复数 )； 垃圾场； 废物堆积处； 收容所 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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bluff
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| v.虚张声势，用假象骗人；n.虚张声势，欺骗 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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auditorium
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| n.观众席，听众席；会堂，礼堂 | |
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urns
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| n.壶( urn的名词复数 )；瓮；缸；骨灰瓮 | |
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29
limestone
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| n.石灰石 | |
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30
erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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31
mortar
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| n.灰浆，灰泥；迫击炮；v.把…用灰浆涂接合 | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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lining
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| n.衬里，衬料 | |
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34
combustion
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| n.燃烧；氧化；骚动 | |
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35
disintegration
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| n.分散，解体 | |
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36
joint
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| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
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joints
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| 接头( joint的名词复数 )； 关节； 公共场所（尤指价格低廉的饮食和娱乐场所） （非正式）； 一块烤肉 （英式英语） | |
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38
contraction
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| n.缩略词，缩写式，害病 | |
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39
annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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40
projections
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| 预测( projection的名词复数 )； 投影； 投掷； 突起物 | |
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41
lateral
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| adj.侧面的，旁边的 | |
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42
flanged
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| 带凸缘的，用法兰连接的，折边的 | |
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43
fulcrum
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| n.杠杆支点 | |
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44
tightening
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| 上紧，固定，紧密 | |
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45
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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enveloping
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的现在分词 ) | |
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impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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48
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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49
regains
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| 复得( regain的第三人称单数 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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51
cremated
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| v.火葬，火化（尸体）( cremate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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52
collapsed
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| adj.倒塌的 | |
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53
mingle
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| vt.使混合，使相混；vi.混合起来；相交往 | |
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54
oxide
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| n.氧化物 | |
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55
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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56
baker
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| n.面包师 | |
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57
analyzing
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| v.分析；分析( analyze的现在分词 )；分解；解释；对…进行心理分析n.分析 | |
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58
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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59
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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60
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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vapors
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| n.水汽，水蒸气，无实质之物( vapor的名词复数 )；自夸者；幻想 [药]吸入剂 [古]忧郁（症）v.自夸，（使）蒸发( vapor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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62
gaseous
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| adj.气体的，气态的 | |
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63
investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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soluble
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| adj.可溶的；可以解决的 | |
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condensation
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| n.压缩，浓缩；凝结的水珠 | |
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distilled
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| adj.由蒸馏得来的v.蒸馏( distil的过去式和过去分词 )；从…提取精华 | |
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acidity
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| n.酸度，酸性 | |
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enumerated
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| v.列举，枚举，数( enumerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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72
utilizing
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| v.利用，使用( utilize的现在分词 ) | |
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73
boiler
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| n.锅炉；煮器(壶，锅等) | |
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74
buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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75
generator
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| n.发电机，发生器 | |
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76
vertical
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| adj.垂直的，顶点的，纵向的；n.垂直物，垂直的位置 | |
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laterally
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| ad.横向地；侧面地；旁边地 | |
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78
distils
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| v.蒸馏( distil的第三人称单数 )；从…提取精华 | |
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79
distillation
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| n.蒸馏，蒸馏法 | |
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80
liberate
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| v.解放，使获得自由，释出，放出；vt.解放，使获自由 | |
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combustible
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| a. 易燃的,可燃的; n. 易燃物,可燃物 | |
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82
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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83
incandescent
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| adj.遇热发光的， 白炽的，感情强烈的 | |
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84
regenerated
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| v.新生，再生( regenerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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85
repugnance
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| n.嫌恶 | |
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86
rosy
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| adj.美好的，乐观的，玫瑰色的 | |
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87
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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88
tints
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| 色彩( tint的名词复数 )； 带白的颜色； （淡色）染发剂； 痕迹 | |
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89
flicker
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| vi./n.闪烁，摇曳，闪现 | |
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90
aurora
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| n.极光 | |
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91
repulsive
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| adj.排斥的，使人反感的 | |
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92
fumes
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| n.(强烈而刺激的)气味，气体 | |
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93
scorching
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| adj. 灼热的 | |
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94
conceals
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的第三人称单数 ) | |
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95
crumbling
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| adj.摇摇欲坠的 | |
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96
tremor
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| n.震动，颤动，战栗，兴奋，地震 | |
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97
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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98
perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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99
putrefaction
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| n.腐坏，腐败 | |
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100
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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101
fragrance
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| n.芬芳，香味，香气 | |
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102
exhale
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| v.呼气，散出，吐出，蒸发 | |
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103
shimmering
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| v.闪闪发光，发微光( shimmer的现在分词 ) | |
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104
distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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105
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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106
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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107
rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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108
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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109
grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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110
soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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111
murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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112
rustling
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| n. 瑟瑟声，沙沙声 adj. 发沙沙声的 | |
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113
masonry
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| n.砖土建筑；砖石 | |
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114
ornamental
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| adj.装饰的；作装饰用的；n.装饰品；观赏植物 | |
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115
frieze
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| n.(墙上的)横饰带，雕带 | |
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116
portico
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| n.柱廊，门廊 | |
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117
twine
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| v.搓，织，编饰；（使）缠绕 | |
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118
hideousness
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119
poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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120
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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121
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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122
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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123
slabs
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| n.厚板，平板，厚片( slab的名词复数 )；厚胶片 | |
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124
niches
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| 壁龛( niche的名词复数 )； 合适的位置[工作等]； （产品的）商机； 生态位（一个生物所占据的生境的最小单位） | |
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125
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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126
choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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127
harmoniously
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| 和谐地，调和地 | |
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128
pall
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| v.覆盖，使平淡无味；n.柩衣，棺罩；棺材；帷幕 | |
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129
oration
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| n.演说，致辞，叙述法 | |
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