Now I was warned not to touch on the colour question when I wrote on Jamaica, which is really like writing about the present times without mentioning the Great War. You must mention the colour question. If a man is charming and courteous2 and well educated, what can it matter what his shade, and I who was brought up in Australia, where the colour question is a burning one, can say this with feeling.
I have listened to a white woman, whose only recommendation was that she was white, draw herself up and sniff4 when speaking of a highly cultivated man whose only fault in her eyes could be that there was a trace of colour in his veins5.
“Well, I promised my husband I’d receive him, but his wife—I do draw the line at his wife.”
I could see no reason why she should not receive his wife, who had seen a great deal more of the world than she had and was a much more interesting personality. Every man has a right to choose his personal friends, but it seems to me the only reason why a community should ban a race is when that race lowers the standard of living and so imperils the life of the master people. This, of course, is at the root of the colour question, and I could write a book about it.
Men and women with just a dash of the tar6 brush are often extremely good looking, in fact, never have I seen more beautiful children than in Jamaica, save possibly in Sicily, where a dash of colour from Africa thrown into the stock long, long ago, makes for beauty. But the black man, however good looking, however well educated, has one handicap; a stiffly starched7 white shirt-front and a black evening coat bear very heavily indeed on him. He may be college bred, have the softest and most cultivated of voices, but the dress imposed upon him by civilisation8 is apt to take away from his dignity. In Africa they are beginning to realise this, and the Ashanti Chief is never allowed to dress in European costume, and he looks every inch a Chief in the beautiful silken robes, the gay colours of which set off the complexion9 the sun has kissed.
And if a black man looks bad in fashionable clothes, the black woman looks even worse. How this can be mended I know not, but I feel sure that as soon as the black people find a style of dress that will set off their beauty, much of the feeling against coloured blood will vanish.
0098
It is coming. I went to church one day in Kingston, and, I think, with the exception of the minister in black Geneva gown and white bands, I was the only full-blooded white person present. But the church was full and the people struck me as being very good looking and well dressed, especially the little children. A dainty little girl of African blood with flashing dark eyes and milk-white teeth, dressed in white embroidery11 with white socks and shoes and a white ribbon in her dark hair, is a thing of beauty.
The most lovely girl I have ever seen in my life is a Creole with a little coloured blood in her veins. She has long brown hair, splendid dark eyes, white teeth, and a clear skin of pale brown that is soft as velvet12. She is more than common tall, but so well proportioned that you do not think so until you see her beside some other woman. She is an athlete, she can ride, she can dance, and she can swim and dive like a fish. Truly a daughter of the Gods is she, and Jamaica may be proud of her.
There are people who will say, “Yes, at nineteen, but these Creoles always go off, their beauty does not last. They grow old so soon.” Exactly the same was said of our grandmothers and great-grandmothers. The Creole who lives wisely, as women are beginning to live everywhere nowadays, is quite as likely to be good looking at forty, or even at sixty, I think, as the daughter of a cooler clime. Of course if she yield to indolence and do nothing but suck sweets or smoke cigarettes and sleep, why, the inevitable13 will happen.
My daughter of the tropics is abounding14 in life. She owns a canoe, the Dodo, a little light boat, with which she can go skimming over the waters of Montego Bay.
“I only take the children who can swim well,” says she, “and when I was younger, they won’t let me now I’m grown up, we used to visit all the schooners15 and cutters that came into the bay.”
The logwood schooners are manned by Norwegians, big fair men, who complimented her on her skill in managing a boat, and said she ought to have come from the North, “though why,” said she, “shouldn’t a Creole sail a boat?” And there are big brown men from the Cayman Islands, descendants of the buccaneers, giants with the blood of all the nations of the world in their veins. They trade in salt. And men of all shades, from palest yellow to the blackest black, go dodging16 in and out of Jamaican ports, and one and all they carry on their bowsprits a shark’s fin10 to make their little ships sail well.
“But why,” I asked, “did you only take children who could swim?”
“Because,” she laughed, “if you fall out of a canoe you can’t get in again.” And she told me how on one occasion the laden17 canoe became extremely interested in an electric eel3 lying on the bottom, for the water of the bay is beautifully clear, and all rushed to one side to inspect. Over went the little craft, and then the biggest boy, aged18 I think 12, saw the danger and flung himself to the other side. He was just in time. The boat righted itself, but he lost his balance and fell into the water, with more than a mile to go before he reached the shore. No wonder young Diana insists that all her passengers should be able to swim well.
There are some useful citizens growing up in Montego Bay for a nation that counts herself the ruler of the seas.
I set out to write about the Castles on the Guinea Coast, and I have wandered to the shores of Montego Bay on the other side of the Atlantic, and yet they are not as far apart as one would think.
It is a far, far cry from the days when the Portuguese19, and the English, and Dutch, and Danes, and Brandenburgers, and Swedes, built with slave labour great stone castles with walls and bastions, towers, and portcullises, all along the Guinea Coast from the mouth of the Gambia River to Whydah in Dahomey. The castles are there to-day to tell the tale, and some years ago before the war I travelled along 300 miles of that coast in a hammock borne on men’s heads, and again and again as we moved along, our pace regulated by that of the slowest carrier who bore my goods upon his head, there loomed20 up before us either on a jutting21 headland, or at the head of some shallow bay, the grey and massive walls of some long-forgotten Castle. Truly one may say forgotten, only a few officials remember these trading strongholds of the past, and if some care, those in authority declare they are not worth keeping up since they are but relics22 of an iniquitous23 trade that is best not remembered.
But the past cannot be wiped out. I hardly understood that till I came to Jamaica, till I watched the black women in ragged24 frocks and dilapidated hats weeding my garden, till I saw the roads thronged25 with them bearing burdens on their heads. It was forced upon me more emphatically when there came into my compound in Montego Bay one of the men who helped mend the roads in the forlornest remains26 of what had once been a shirt and trousers, while on his arm he wore what made him look like the savage27 he was, a bracelet28 of some red composition which had doubtless by its bright colour caught his eye. These were the same people, the very same people who had been brought from the Guinea Coast, more than one hundred, more than two hundred years ago. They are the same people you see on the Guinea Coast to-day. They called the people from this coast Koromantyns, and though they were, they said, the best slaves to be had, strong and vigorous, yet the French and Spanish refused to buy them, for they were warlike and were apt to rise and tight fiercely for their liberty. Probably many of them had Ashanti blood in their veins, and the Ashantis made good fighting men. The Krobos, too, were a little more to the East, and the Krobos were savages29 who, even in this century, allowed no young man to marry until he had killed his man.
Often these fortified30 castles of the different European nations were within a stone’s throw of each other, often they were destroyed, often they changed hands as the power of one nation waxed or waned31, but in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the trade was the great thing and these men of old held their little scraps32 of land, held them though the holding cost them many lives.
Koromantyn, a Castle not far from Cape33 Coast, was the chief trading place of the English along that shore, till De Ruyter knocked it about their ears. The custom of the English, I judged, when they built a Castle for themselves, and did not take it from some one else, was to choose a site at the head of a bay and build close down to the water’s edge, but Koromantyn departs from the usual practice and was built on high rising ground, a site the Portuguese (Portugais the old mariners34 called them) themselves might have chosen. I have thought of it many a time since I came to Jamaica, for always the slave risings—and the risings were many—were headed by the Koromantyns. Even now, guarding nothing, for the courtyard is overgrown with tropical vegetation, its ruined walls rise up tall and steep and straight, and at their foot among the rubble36 and coarse grass, lie rusting38 the cannon39 that once made them formidable.
Remember, it was not only the black men who suffered, for if with cruel force upon the sons of Ham fell the primeval curse, the venturesome men who dared so much for greed and adventure were not exempt40. And they were venturesome. Reading between the lines as we look up the old records,-we feel that the trials endured in the finding of the Poles were more than equalled by what these traders of old must have borne in their search for wealth, the wealth ofttimes being for someone else. The gold is only found further inland now, the elephant is gone, and the trade in men is dead. Dead, yes; but it is impossible to forget here in Jamaica, or as you wander along the Guinea Coast. The sands of the sea cry the story, the shame, shame, shame of it! the tumbling waves take it up, and insist as they crash on the sand in the still hot noonday, or in the glory of the moonlight night, that the end is not yet. I did not understand what they cried to me then, but Jamaica cries out, “Here, here, is the unfinished work of those old time slavers, here is the job incomplete, left for Britain to finish as best she may.” One hot day in March I left Cape Coast and came by the sea-shore, ten miles or more, along the yielding sand, just beyond reach of the furious white surf, but not out of the reach of its spray, and the memories of the men of old, the men who traded here when Cromwell ruled in England, when Queen Anne sat on the throne, when the unwelcome Georges came over from Hanover, crowded thick in every grove41 of coconut42 palms, rose to meet me on every grassy43 headland. The footsteps of the hammock bearers were clearly marked, and the waves came sweeping44 up and swept them away, the black crabs45, like so many pincushions on stilts46, raced after the receding47 waters, and the wading-birds stalked over the half-liquid sand seeking their livelihood48. Overhead was the heavy blue African sky, on the right, the dark blue sea with white-topped breakers that rushed from the Pole, half a world away, to fling themselves in thunderous clamour upon the Guinea Coast, and on the left was a low sandy ridge49 covered with sparse50 sea-grass and broad-leaved creeping bean. Just such a bean grows on the sea-shore, outside the gates of my house here in Montego Bay, where I write this book. Here and there was a little low undergrowth and coarse elephant grass, and again and again were palm-thatched villages, with surf boats drawn51 up on the sand, and groves52 of coconut palms that added beauty to the scene. The brawny53, dark men fished, flinging their nets into the sea, or launched their surf boats on a wider venture, and the women beat their cassava or banana into kenky or fufu, and the little naked pot-bellied children played in the shade as children play all the world over, and raced to see the unusual sight of a white woman who had departed from the usual custom of the white folks and come along the shore.
Such is the scene now, such was the scene more than three hundred years ago, when the maiden54 Queen sat on the throne of England and Hawkins made his first expedition, such was the scene a hundred years later when Phillips in the Hannibal of 450 tons and 36 guns came on an expedition trading for gold, elephants’ teeth, and slaves—more especially for slaves. I thought of those old-world men as we passed along, and the sea kept wiping out all traces of the passing of my hammock bearers. But the people would remember that in such a year a white woman had passed that way, even as I remembered that Phillips had passed. And the cool of the morning passed, and the breathless sweltering March midday of the Guinea Coast held all the land, and grey stone walls loomed up clear-cut against the blue of the sky.
“Annamabu, Ma. You chop?” That was all my headman thought. For him there was no past. He had come from Cape Coast this morning—if he could only make me see that it was fit and suitable that I should stay at Annamabu till the following morning, that was all the future he asked.
Annamabu is right on the sea-shore, built upon the rocks that crop out of the surrounding sand. So did the English keep watch and ward55 over their trade here. It is a great square grey pile, dignified56 in its very simplicity57, and the only entrance is through a low tunnel in the great wall, narrow, and nowhere more than five feet four high. Once the dark people of the land took Annamabu, how, I cannot imagine, for those straight grim walls would seem to defy anything that a savage people could bring against them. There was a town at a little distance, built for the most part with the swish walls and thatched roofs common to the country, but here and there, shabby with the shabbiness of the tropics and the negro combined, were stone houses built on European lines that must have been miniature forts in their time. There is no need of a fort now, there is peace in the land, even the mighty58 pile of the Castle is delivered over to the care of the negroes, and the glory is departed. I went up the slanting59 path to the narrow entrance, the entrance, grim and dark and damp, and I got out of my hammock for it was too narrow to admit a hammock, and walked into the courtyard where the powers that be, represented by a medical officer some miles away along the shore, had piled up a store of boards to make certain accommodation for the town of Annamabu, which the inhabitants of the town of Annamabu, being children of nature, will never use. The sun beat down in that courtyard and took one’s energy away. How, how in this languid, languishing60 heat were these mighty stones ever piled one upon the other? Only, surely, by slave labour, only, surely, by the aid of the whip and the goad61.
0108
“The negro inhabitants are accounted very bold and stout62 fellows,” said Phillips of the Hannibal who had come to enslave them, “but the most desperate, treacherous63 villains64 and great cheats upon the whole coast, for the gold here is accounted the worst and most mixed with brass65 of any in Guiny. The Castle, pretty strong, of about 18 guns.”
It was an offshoot of Koromantyn and was built by the Royal Adventurers of England in 1624, but Admiral de Ruyter, the Dutchman, in 1665 drove them out and took the castle, not without a good deal of bloodshed. But in 1673 a new company, the Royal African Company was formed, and out of the wrecked66 remains of what de Ruyter had left they built up the present castle. It was mysterious to go out of the garish67 sunshine of the courtyard into the gloom of the tunnelled staircase that led to the bastion, and to remember that Phillips and men of his ilk had passed up that self-same staircase more than two hundred years before, had stood on that self-same bastion in like hot sunshine, had watched the vultures settle on the roof of the little ammunition68 house in the corner, and the flag of Britain flutter out from the flag-staff that the hard cement foundation supported. Beyond was the sea, whence had come those grim old slavers, and I, a woman from the South, the land of liberty. All round the walls from their embrasures grinned those eighteen guns that defended the castle and terrorised the negroes. And round them is piled up the shot that has never been used and will never be used now. On the west side the coconut palms have grown up, the wind whispers among the fronds69 that overshadow the guns, whispers that though their day is done the problem that they started still remains, and has only been taken with blood and bitter tears to the other side of the Atlantic. By the sea-shore of this lovely island I hear its echo crying mournfully. In one of the embrasures of the wall from among the piled shot had grown up a green pawpaw tree. The pawpaw is but an ephemeral thing, a tree of a year or so, but its fruit is good to eat. Shall good come out of evil? It marks decay too. Not so would they have kept the castle when Phillips saluted70 with seven guns to show he was minded to trade for those “stalwart villains,” the men of Annamabu.
Everything is very straight up and down, very square and grey and solid. Possibly Mr Searle, the factor Phillips talks about, and his young mulatto wife dwelt in those rooms-or in rooms not unlike them, very tall and large, with great window spaces. There was little furniture in my time, though this was supposed to be a rest-house. But no man ever comes along the coast now, now that the slaves are not, and the gold is not, and the elephants are gone. The place is held solely71 for the benefit of the negro, and the dust has settled on everything. There are customs clerks and telegraph clerks, but they are negro, and as yet they do not care. Neither do the English who dwell and rule from Accra, for Accra is far, when the only means of progression is a man’s pace, and the rulers say, “These old shells of castles are not worth preserving.” Are they not?
But, indeed and indeed, the air is thick with memories. Here, in these dark rooms on the ground floor, hot and airless, did they store their goods in olden days, “perpetuanos and sayes, knives, old sheets, pewter basons and muskets,” which Phillips has left on record were the best goods with which to buy slaves on the Gold Coast in the seventeenth century. They did not bring out their women, but they took to themselves wives of the daughters of the land, comely72, smooth-skinned, dark-eyed girls, with full, round bosoms73 and a carriage like queens, and the daughters of these unions were much sought after.
“Then came Mrs Rankin,” writes Phillips, of a factor’s temporary wife, “who was a pretty young mulatto with a rich silk cloth about her middle, and a silk cap upon her head, flowered with gold and silver, under which her hair was combed out at length, for the mulattoes covet74 to wear it so in imitation of the whites”—remember the white men wore their hair long in those days—“never curling it up or letting it frizzle as the blacks do. She was accompanied, or rather attended by the second’s and doctor’s wives, who were young blacks about thirteen years of age. This is a very pleasant way of marrying,” goes on the gossipy mariner35, “for they can turn them off and take others at pleasure, which makes them very careful to humour their husbands in washing their linen75, cleaning their chambers76, etc., and the charge of keeping them is little or nothing.”
Poor children, poor, happy, sad, pitiful children, bearing children and taking a woman’s part in ministering to the pleasures of these their masters at an age when our children would still be babies in the nursery. It was a custom that died hard. Twelve years ago the nursing sister at Sekondi told me that when first she was stationed there she saw a girl, just arrived at marriageable age, sent round to all the likely white men in the town, tricked out in all the bravery common to the occasion. She saw her return, too, return in tears, not because she had been chosen, but because she had not! The standard of morals is higher on the coast in these times.
And the end of these women? No one has ever told us of their end. I remember when I was in Sekondi a sad-faced mulatto woman with the remains—only the remains—of great beauty about her, though possibly she was barely thirty-five, and the nursing sister shook her head over Adjuah.
“She is going to die,” she said. “She does not care to live.” It appears she had lived with some white man who had been fond of her as he passed by, and she had given him her whole soul. Then came the inevitable, the time when he departed for Accra, and Adjuah was distracted. She could not believe he had left her for ever, and she, too, started along the coast for the distant town. Like many another loving woman she felt if he could only see her all would be well. But barely a day’s journey along the coast came the great Prah river, and it passed her powers to cross it. She waited there for days, and then, reluctantly, all along the burning sands she crawled back wearily to the shelter of the woman she knew would care for her, and there she waited listlessly—to die. Is that what happened to these little girls flaunting77 it so proudly in their silken clothes? Indeed, worse things might happen to them. Possibly they were sold as slaves; most surely their children were, for it is said in Jamaica that every overseer and book-keeper took a mistress from among the slaves, a girl who came to him gladly for the betterment of her lot, but she knew and he knew that their children must be born into servitude, and the father, when the time came for him to go, left them as lightly as he would so many cattle.
Spear, in his book on the American slave trade, tells how, in the days when the trade was being suppressed, the British warship78 Medina, on boarding a slaver off the Gallinas River, found no slaves on board. “The officers learned afterwards, however, that her captain really had had a mulatto girl in the cabin. He kept her for some time after the cruiser appeared, but seeing that he was to be boarded, and knowing that the presence of one slave was enough to condemn79 the ship, he tied her to a kedge anchor and dropped her into the sea. And so, as is believed, he drowned his own unborn flesh and blood, as well as the slave girl.” Think of the state of public opinion when a whole crew could stand calmly by, or even give a hand to perpetrate such an atrocious deed. Is it any wonder that, on any land where was such slavery as this, there seems to have fallen a curse; less favoured lands have flourished, but gorgeous tropical countries, where vegetation runs riot, have not kept abreast80 in the race. Surely those unconscious little girls, unconscious of their own woes81, sometimes the pampered82 slave, bound to be the out-cast slave in the end, have brought a curse upon them. It broods over Africa. It is here in Jamaica, it will take much wisdom and many many years to work it off.
Of course it was not only the women who suffered. Slavery was the custom of the time, and men and women alike were chattels83. It was the pitiful pretence84 to place and power that makes us feel more keenly the case of these little girls who were wives and yet no wives, and gained honour for a brief season by being associated with the white men.
And in Annamabu came home to me clearly, the cargoes85, the thrice-accursed cargoes these men had set their hearts upon, the cargoes that were the raison d’être of these heavily armed castles. In Phillips’ day a really good negro might be bought on the Coast at a cost of about ￡4 for the most expensive, while he might be sold for about ￡19 in Jamaica or Barbadoes.
“I had two little negro boys presented to me here,” says he with a certain satisfaction, “by our honest factors, and two more at Cape Corso.” Nobody considered the feelings of the boys torn from their homes. And well might he be pleased, for these presumably were his private property, and not to be accounted among the cargo86. When Ansumanah, my own serving boy, sat in the shade at the bottom of the flight of stairs that led up to the bastion, I remembered Phillips’ two little boys who had attended their master here. The stone steps are worn, worn in the years by the passing of many unshod feet, sad and glad and hopeful and despairing, but what had the little boys that Phillips was taking to the Indies to hope for?
Exactly at Annamabu he did not gather his slaves, but a little farther along the Coast. Here he took on board 180 chests of corn with which to feed them. The little squat87 ship having laid in her provisions, went slowly along the coast, and in the daylight the people came off in their canoes, and at night they lighted fires along the shore as a sign they had something to trade, and their trade goods were always the same, gold, elephants’ teeth, that is, ivory, or men, and generally they required the captain to come down over the side of his ship and drop three drops of sea water in his eye as a pledge of friendship and of safety for them to come aboard, “which” says Phillips, “I very readily consented to and performed in hopes of a good market.”
Sometimes he got ivory, but his ship was a slaver, slaves she was looking for and slaves she would get, for might was right and wars were perpetually waged—by the black men be it understood—in order that there might be plenty of the commodity. The commodity, being flesh and blood, suffered.
“The master of her brought in three women and four children to sell,” he remarks casually88 of a canoe that hailed him from the shore, “but he asked very dear for them and they were almost dead from want of victuals89, looking like mere90 skeletons and so weak they could not stand, so that they were not worth buying. He promised to procure91 us two or three hundred slaves if we would anchor and come ashore92 and stay two or three days, but, judging what the others might be by the sample he brought us, and being loth to venture ashore upon his bare word, where we did not use to trade and had no factory, we sent him away and resumed our voyage.” He has left us a very graphic93 account of the manner in which he and the captain of the East Indian Merchant bought their wares94. The slaves were evidently got in small parcels, secured in the factories and shipped off on calm days, for the surf of the Guinea Coast would not always allow of a landing. Where they kept them at Annamabu or in the dominant95 factory at Koromantyn, I do not know, probably in the court-yard or in the dark dungeons96, dark and hot and airless that surrounded it, and the reek97 of them must have gone up to heaven, calling down a curse upon those captors who were apparently98 so unconscious of wrongdoing. At Whidah, to which Phillips traded from Annamabu, it is not very far away, there was only a small factory, and the local chief or “king” collected the slaves for sale and kept them in a “trunk,” which Phillips and the captain of the East Indian Merchant, attended by their respective doctors and pursers, visited daily to make their purchases.
The purser’s business was to pay for the goods I suppose, and the surgeon he considers absolutely necessary.
“Our surgeon examined them well in all kinds to see that they were sound, wind and limb, making them jump, stretch out their arms swiftly, looking in their mouths to judge of their age; for the cappashiers are so cunning that they shave them all close before we see them, so that, let them be never so old, we can see no grey hairs in their heads or beards, and then, having liquored them well and sleek99 with palm oil, ‘tis no easy matter to know an old one from a middle-aged100 one but by the teeth’s decay... therefore our surgeon is forced to examine... both men and women with the nicest scrutiny101 which is a great slavery but can’t be omitted.”
“This place where the slaves were kept day and night,” he records, putting the matter very plainly, “was so foul102 that I often fainted with the horrid103 stink104 of the negroes.” And he was a hard-bitten sailor of the seventeenth century accustomed to the close evil-smelling ships of his period! But he has no particular word of pity for the closely-herded negroes whose condition produced such a state of affairs.
“We marked the slaves we had bought in the breast or shoulder with a hot iron having the letter of the ship’s name upon it, the place being before anointed with a little palm oil which caused but little pain, the mark being usually well in four or five days, appearing very plain and white after.” And this is an allegory surely. The mark that slavery made has always appeared very plain after.
And when the surf allowed, the slaves were marched down to the shore and “our canoes carry them off to the long boat, and she conveyed them aboard ship where the men were all put in irons two and two, shackled106 together, to prevent their mutiny or swimming ashore.”
“The negroes are so wilful107 and loth to leave their own country,” he records mournfully as a man who may expect sympathy, “that they have often leaped out of the canoe, boat, and ship, into the sea, and kept under water till they were drowned, to avoid being taken up and saved by our boats which pursued them, they having a more dreadful apprehension108 of Barbadoes than we can have of hell, tho’ in reality they live much better there than in their own country.” The shackling109 as an introduction to this improved home life was perhaps not calculated to inspire confidence. “But home is home,” moralises Phillips. “We have likewise seen divers110 of them eaten by sharks, of which a prodigious111 number kept about the ships in this place. We had about twelve negroes did wilfully112 drown themselves, and others starved themselves to death, for ‘tis their belief that when they die they return home to their own country and friends again. I have been informed that some commanders have cut off the legs of the most wilful to terrify the rest, for they believe if they lose a member they cannot return home again. I was advised by some of my officers to do the same, but I could not be persuaded to entertain the least thoughts of it, much less to put in practice such barbarous cruelty to poor creatures who, excepting their want of Christianity, true religion (their misfortune, more than fault) are as much the works of God’s Hands and no doubt as dear to Him as ourselves.” Surprising words from a slaver!
He himself has but a poor opinion of the men of his calling.
“They commonly undermine, betray, and outbid one another,” he writes, “and the Guiney commanders’ words and promises are the least to be depended upon of any I know use the sea, for they would deceive their fathers in their trade if they could.”
And then when the slaves were on board, and the grey castles were down on the horizon, and the long, long voyage was begun, there were troubles not only for the wretched merchandise, but for those who carried them.
“When our slaves are aboard,” he says again, “we shackle105 them two and two while we lie in port, and in sight of their own country, for ‘tis then they attempt to make their escape or mutiny, to prevent which we always keep sentinels upon the hatchways, and have a chest of small arms ready loaden and trim’d, constantly lying at hand upon the quarterdeck together with some granada shells, and two of our quarterdeck guns pointing on the deck thence, and two more out of the steerage, the door of which is always kept shut and well barred.
“They are fed twice a day, at 10 in the morning, and 4 in the evening, which is the time they are apt to mutiny, being all upon the deck; therefore, all that time what of our men who are not employed in distributing their victuals to them and settling them, stand to their arms with lighted matches at the great guns that yawn upon them, loaden with cartridge113, till they have done and gone below to their kennels114 between decks.”
What a picture of life aboard a slaver!
“Great mortality among the slaves,” he writes wearily later on, “which together with their stink and nastiness”—and he goes on feelingly to tell of a Dutch skipper, Clause, who said if his owners would give him ￡100 per month to go and carry negroes again, he would not take it, but would sooner go elsewhere a common sailor, for 20 guilders a month.
No wonder. Out of 700 taken on board the Hannibal some died every day, and by the time they reached Barbadoes they had thrown overboard 320 of them, and all the comment her master makes is that it was a clear loss to the owners, the African Company, of ￡10 for every negro that so died.
But there is another thing he notices with intense surprise. He was “forced to clap one Lord, the trumpeter, in irons, for his being the promoter of unseasonable carousing115 bouts116,” we can understand it would never have done for the crew to indulge in such bouts with such a cargo, “and though he remained upon the poop day and night in irons for two months, without any other shelter than the canopy117 of heaven, he was never troubled with any sickness, but made good the proverb that ‘Naught’s never in danger.’” And while he goes on complaining of enduring so “much misery118 and stench among a parcel of creatures nastier than swine,” it never occurs to him, or to anybody else for that matter, for many a long day, that he had provided his recreant119 trumpeter with at least one safeguard in plenty of air.
Three hundred and twenty negroes murdered on that voyage alone. No wonder “Ichabod” is written over those old castles. Koromantyn that was once the chief stronghold, head castle of the English, is no more, its guns are red with rust37, its walls are crumbling120 to ruin, its courtyards are desolate121 and grass-grown, and the people from the neighbouring villages go there when they want shaped stones. Annamabu still stands a model of what these castles used to be—with the exception of Elmina, the best model and best preserved along the 300 miles of coast. Cape Coast has been used for many purposes, but no white man can live there, because no servant will stay there, they declare it is haunted. Well it might be, for the dungeons are deep and dark, and assuredly they have been used. Kommenda is a shell, and no native will go into the courtyard where the bush is beginning to grow up because there is ju-ju upon it, and the evil spirits make it their home. At Annamabu, as I sat at luncheon122, there came up a quick tropical storm. The roar of the wind hushed the sound of the ceaseless surf, the coconut palms bent123 before it, and the rain came down in torrents124. It blotted125 out the sea, it swept off the bastion in streams, it beat down the breakers, and like a grey mist it shut out the surrounding landscape.
“You stop here, Ma,” said my head man with a satisfaction he did not conceal126.
Stop there? With all the ghosts of the past? Would not the mulatto girl, who was the factor’s wife, come back and walk along this bastion, as she must have done more than two hundred years ago? Would she be sad? Or glad? Or proud? Would not the men and women who had been driven so unwillingly127 through that long-tunnelled entrance, been shut up in those dark dungeons on the ground floor, come back mourning and wailing128? Would not the white man, who had looked out over the sea with longing129 eyes, come tramping those stones again, heedless of dark mistress or coffers slowly piling with gold, counting the days, as he had counted them so often, when in his own pleasant land again he would enjoy the fruits of his labour? Stay? No, a thousand times, no, no. And the tropical storm passed, the golden rays of the afternoon sun fell through the slanting rain drops, and then the rain stopped and a mist rose up from the wet stones, and the sea lay blue, reflecting the blue sky above, and I went down the steps and into the tunnel, and out of the courtyard and away along the sea-shore past Koromantyn, and only in Jamaica did I realise that by the merest chance, I had seen and appreciated the beginnings of the iniquitous Middle Passage, that I had come upon the place whence came all the slaves who led the insurrections in that island for close on two hundred years.
I have wandered in my life, far and wide, east and west, but that remote castle on the Guinea Coast made a far deeper impression than many a more important place.
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1
census
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| n.(官方的)人口调查，人口普查 | |
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courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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eel
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| n.鳗鲡 | |
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sniff
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| vi.嗅…味道；抽鼻涕；对嗤之以鼻，蔑视 | |
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veins
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| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
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tar
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| n.柏油，焦油；vt.涂或浇柏油/焦油于 | |
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starched
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| adj.浆硬的，硬挺的，拘泥刻板的v.把（衣服、床单等）浆一浆( starch的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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fin
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| n.鳍；(飞机的)安定翼 | |
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embroidery
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| n.绣花，刺绣；绣制品 | |
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velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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abounding
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| adj.丰富的，大量的v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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schooners
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| n.（有两个以上桅杆的）纵帆船( schooner的名词复数 ) | |
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dodging
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| n.避开，闪过，音调改变v.闪躲( dodge的现在分词 )；回避 | |
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laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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loomed
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| v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的过去式和过去分词 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近 | |
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jutting
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| v.（使）突出( jut的现在分词 )；伸出；（从…）突出；高出 | |
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relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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iniquitous
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| adj.不公正的；邪恶的；高得出奇的 | |
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ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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bracelet
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| n.手镯，臂镯 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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waned
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| v.衰落( wane的过去式和过去分词 )；（月）亏；变小；变暗淡 | |
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scraps
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| 油渣 | |
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33
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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mariners
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| 海员，水手（mariner的复数形式） | |
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mariner
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| n.水手号不载人航天探测器，海员，航海者 | |
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36
rubble
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| n.（一堆）碎石，瓦砾 | |
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37
rust
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| n.锈；v.生锈；(脑子)衰退 | |
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rusting
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| n.生锈v.（使）生锈( rust的现在分词 ) | |
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39
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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40
exempt
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| adj.免除的；v.使免除；n.免税者，被免除义务者 | |
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41
grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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coconut
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| n.椰子 | |
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43
grassy
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| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
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sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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45
crabs
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| n.蟹( crab的名词复数 )；阴虱寄生病；蟹肉v.捕蟹( crab的第三人称单数 ) | |
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46
stilts
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| n.（支撑建筑物高出地面或水面的）桩子，支柱( stilt的名词复数 )；高跷 | |
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47
receding
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| v.逐渐远离( recede的现在分词 )；向后倾斜；自原处后退或避开别人的注视；尤指问题 | |
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48
livelihood
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| n.生计，谋生之道 | |
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49
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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50
sparse
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| adj.稀疏的，稀稀落落的，薄的 | |
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51
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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52
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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53
brawny
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| adj.强壮的 | |
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54
maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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55
ward
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| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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56
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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57
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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58
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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59
slanting
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| 倾斜的，歪斜的 | |
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languishing
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| a. 衰弱下去的 | |
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61
goad
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| n.刺棒，刺痛物；激励；vt.激励，刺激 | |
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63
treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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64
villains
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| n.恶棍( villain的名词复数 )；罪犯；（小说、戏剧等中的）反面人物；淘气鬼 | |
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65
brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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66
wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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67
garish
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| adj.华丽而俗气的，华而不实的 | |
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68
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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69
fronds
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| n.蕨类或棕榈类植物的叶子( frond的名词复数 ) | |
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70
saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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71
solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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72
comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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73
bosoms
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| 胸部( bosom的名词复数 )； 胸怀； 女衣胸部（或胸襟）； 和爱护自己的人在一起的情形 | |
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74
covet
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| vt.垂涎；贪图(尤指属于他人的东西) | |
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75
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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76
chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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77
flaunting
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| adj.招摇的，扬扬得意的，夸耀的v.炫耀，夸耀( flaunt的现在分词 )；有什么能耐就施展出来 | |
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78
warship
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| n.军舰，战舰 | |
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79
condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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woes
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| 困境( woe的名词复数 )； 悲伤； 我好苦哇； 某人就要倒霉 | |
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82
pampered
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| adj.饮食过量的，饮食奢侈的v.纵容，宠，娇养( pamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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83
chattels
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| n.动产，奴隶( chattel的名词复数 ) | |
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84
pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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85
cargoes
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| n.（船或飞机装载的）货物( cargo的名词复数 )；大量，重负 | |
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86
cargo
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| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
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87
squat
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| v.蹲坐，蹲下；n.蹲下；adj.矮胖的，粗矮的 | |
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88
casually
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| adv.漠不关心地，无动于衷地，不负责任地 | |
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victuals
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| n.食物；食品 | |
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90
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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91
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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92
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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93
graphic
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| adj.生动的，形象的，绘画的，文字的，图表的 | |
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wares
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| n. 货物, 商品 | |
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95
dominant
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| adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因 | |
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dungeons
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| n.地牢( dungeon的名词复数 ) | |
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97
reek
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| v.发出臭气；n.恶臭 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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sleek
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| adj.光滑的，井然有序的；v.使光滑，梳拢 | |
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100
middle-aged
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| adj.中年的 | |
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101
scrutiny
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| n.详细检查，仔细观察 | |
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102
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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103
horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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104
stink
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| vi.发出恶臭；糟透，招人厌恶；n.恶臭 | |
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105
shackle
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| n.桎梏，束缚物；v.加桎梏，加枷锁，束缚 | |
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106
shackled
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| 给（某人）带上手铐或脚镣( shackle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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107
wilful
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| adj.任性的，故意的 | |
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108
apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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shackling
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| 给（某人）带上手铐或脚镣( shackle的现在分词 ) | |
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110
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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wilfully
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| adv.任性固执地；蓄意地 | |
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113
cartridge
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| n.弹壳，弹药筒；(装磁带等的)盒子 | |
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114
kennels
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| n.主人外出时的小动物寄养处，养狗场；狗窝( kennel的名词复数 )；养狗场 | |
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115
carousing
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| v.痛饮，闹饮欢宴( carouse的现在分词 ) | |
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116
bouts
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| n.拳击（或摔跤）比赛( bout的名词复数 )；一段（工作）；（尤指坏事的）一通；（疾病的）发作 | |
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117
canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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118
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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119
recreant
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| n.懦夫；adj.胆怯的 | |
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120
crumbling
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| adj.摇摇欲坠的 | |
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121
desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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122
luncheon
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| n.午宴，午餐，便宴 | |
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123
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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124
torrents
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| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
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125
blotted
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| 涂污( blot的过去式和过去分词 )； （用吸墨纸）吸干 | |
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126
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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127
unwillingly
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| adv.不情愿地 | |
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128
wailing
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| v.哭叫，哀号( wail的现在分词 )；沱 | |
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129
longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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