Alteram sortem bene preparatum Pectus."
?
Hor.
?
"Whoe'er enjoys th' untroubled breast,
With Virtue's tranquil1 wisdom blest,
With hope the gloomy hour can cheer,
And temper happiness with fear."
When we look abroad amongst mankind—nay, even in the contracted sphere of our own experience—it is interesting to observe the varied2 current of human life in different cases. In some, from the cradle to the grave, life has been beset3 with difficulties; it has been a continued struggle; the breath seems to have been first drawn4, and finally yielded up, amidst the multifarious oppositions5 and agitations6 of adversity. In other instances, life seems like an easy, smoothly7 gliding8 stream, gently bearing Man on to what had appeared to be the haven9 of his wishes; and the little voyage has been begun and completed without the appearance of a ripple10. All varieties are, no doubt, the result of constantly operating laws. Of these, many are probably inscrutable by us; many more, no doubt, escape our observation. The unforeseen nature of many events confers the character of mystery on any attempt at foresight11; yet, when we take a careful retrospect12 of a life, it is curious to observe how naturally the secondary causes appear to have produced the results by which they were followed; but which, beforehand, no one had thought of predicting.
Varied, however, as is the course of human life, few men have165 arrived at eminence13 without difficulty. We do not mean that ephemeral prominence14 of "position" which makes them marked in their day; but that which leaves the impression of their minds on the age in which they lived, or on the science or other pursuit which they had chosen—original minds, who have enlarged the boundaries of our knowledge. Such men usually have the ample gifts of nature with which they are endowed, somewhat counterbalanced by the difficulty experienced in the successful application of them.
Abernethy had not been altogether exempt15 from such difficulties. With a sensitive organization, he had had to make his own way; he had experienced the difficulties which attend the advocacy of opinions and principles which were opposed to, or at all events different from, those generally entertained. He had had to encounter that misconstruction, misrepresentation, ridicule16, even malice—save the mark!—which are too frequently provoked by any attempts to tell people that there is something more correct than the notions which they have been accustomed to value. Still, when we compare Abernethy's course with that of many—we had almost said most—benefactors to science, he might be said to have been a fortunate man. If a man has power, and a "place to stand on"—and Abernethy had both—truth will tell at last.
A retired17 spot, a room in an obscure street, near St. Bartholomew's, had been by his unaided talents expanded into a theatre within the walls of the hospital. This was becoming again crowded; and, although it formed a satisfactory arena18 for the development and illustration of his principles, the increasing audiences were significant of the coming necessity of a still larger building; which was, in fact, a few years afterwards, constructed. He had indeed arrived, as we imagine, at a point which was comparatively smooth water, and which we are inclined to regard as the zenith of his career.
In the opening of his beautiful lectures at the College, Abernethy, in one of his warm and earnest endeavours to animate19 his audience to regard benevolence20, and the love of truth, as the impulses which could alone urge on, and sustain, industry in cultivating166 the "Science" of our profession, had observed that, "unfortunately, a man might attain21 to a considerable share of public reputation without being a real student of his profession." There have been indeed too many examples of that, as also of those who, after years of labour, have failed to obtain a scanty22 living.
Abernethy had been a real and laborious23 student in science, and he was now reaping an abundant and well-deserved fruition. Few surgeons have arrived at a position so calculated to satisfy the most exacting24 ambition. Although the full extent and bearing of his principles were by no means universally understood, yet the general importance of them was so, and in some measure appreciated. In a greater or less degree, they were answering the tests afforded by the bedside in all parts of the world.
Ample, therefore, as might be the harvest he was reaping in a large practice, he was enjoying a still higher fruition in the kind of estimation in which he was held. He had a high reputation with the public; one still higher amongst men of science. His crowded waiting-room was a satisfactory evidence of the one, and the manner in which his name was received here, on the Continent, and in America, a gratifying testimony25 of the other. He was regarded much more in the light of a man of enlarged mind—a medical philosopher—than merely as a distinguished27 surgeon.
From the very small beginnings left by Mr. Pott, he had raised the school of St. Bartholomew's to an eminence never before attained28 by any school in this country. I think I may say that, in its peculiar29 character, it was at that time (1816) unrivalled.
Sir Astley Cooper was in great force and in high repute at this time; and, combining as he did the schools of two large hospitals, had, I believe, even a larger class. Both schools, no doubt, endeavoured to combine what is not, perhaps, very intelligibly30 conveyed by the terms practical and scientific; but the universal impression, assigned the latter as the distinguishing excellence31 of Mr. Abernethy, whilst the former was held to express more happily the characteristic of his eminent32 contemporary.
Whatever school, however, a London student might have selected as his Alma Mater, it was very common for those whose purse, time, or plans permitted it, to attend one or more courses167 of Abernethy's lectures; and it was pleasing to recognize the graceful33 concession34 to Mr. Abernethy's peculiar excellence afforded by the attendance of some of Sir Astley's pupils, and his since distinguished relatives, at the lectures of Abernethy.
As I have said, his practice was extensive, and of the most lucrative35 kind; that is, it consisted largely of consultations36 at home. Still, he had patients to visit, and, as he was very remarkable37 for punctuality in all his appointments, was therefore not unfrequently obliged to leave home before he had seen the whole of those who had applied38 to him. The extent of his practice was the more remarkable, as there was a very general impression, however exaggerated it might be, that his manners were unkind and repulsive39. His pupils were enthusiastically fond of him; and it was difficult to know which was the dominant40 feeling—their admiration41 of his talents, or their personal regard.
Some of the most distinguished men had been of their number; and it would be gratifying to us to enumerate42 the very complimentary43 catalogue of able men who have been indebted for much of their eminence and success to the lessons of Abernethy; but as, in doing so, we might possibly, in our ignorance, omit some names which ought to be recorded, we forego this pleasure, lest we should unintentionally appear to neglect any professional brother whom we ought to have remembered.
In 1812–13, the pupils had presented Mr. Abernethy with a piece of plate, "as a testimony of their respect and gratitude44." The arrangement of the matter was confided45 chiefly to the present Sir James Eyre, Mr. Stowe of Buckingham, and Mr. George Bullen. In a very interesting letter, with which I have been favoured by Mr. Stowe, amongst other matters hereafter to be mentioned, it is stated that the plate was delivered at Abernethy's house on the 1st of April; and as he had no more entirely46 escaped such things than other medical men, he at first regarded it as a hoax47. But when the contents were exposed, and he discovered the truth, he became much affected48.
The regard of the pupils was always the thing nearest his heart. On meeting the class at the hospital, he essayed to express his feelings; but finding that he should only break down, he168 adopted the same course as he had employed on another memorable49 occasion, and wrote his acknowledgments, a copy of which was suspended against the wall of the theatre.
It is due to our worthy50 and kind-hearted contemporary, Sir James Eyre, to add that Mr. Stowe observes in his letter, that, of all others, Sir James was the most zealous51 promoter of a movement so creditable to all parties. Some years after this, another subscription52 was commenced by the pupils for a portrait of Abernethy, which was painted by Sir Thomas Lawrence, and engraved53 by Bromley. It was after this engraving54 that Mr. Cook executed the portrait which forms the frontispiece of the present volume. Sir Thomas, and the engraver55 after him, have been most successful. He has caught one of Mr. Abernethy's most characteristic expressions. We see him as he often stood when addressing the anatomical class. We think it impossible to combine more of of him in one view. We fancy we see his acute penetration56, his thoughtful expression, his archness and humour, and his benevolence, all most happily delineated, whilst the general position and manner is eminently57 faithful. In his surgical58 lectures, he was generally seated; and in the lithograph59, he is represented in the position which he almost invariably assumed when he was enunciating the proposition which is placed beneath the engraving. It is the work of a young artist who was considered to evince great promise of future excellence; but who, we regret to say, died last year—Mr. Leighton.
In 1815, he had been appointed surgeon to the hospital, after twenty-eight years' tenure60 of the assistant surgeoncy; a subject that we merely mention now, as we shall be obliged to revert61 to it when we consider the subject of the "Hospital System."
At the time to which we allude62, lecturing had become so easy as to appear little more than amusement to him; yet there were (we speak of about 1816) no signs of neglect or forgetfulness. His own interest in the subject was sustained throughout; but as his unrivalled lecturing will be more fully63 described, we must not anticipate. Few old pupils visited London without contriving64 to get to the hospital at lecture time. The drudgery65 of the early morning anatomical demonstration66 was taken off his169 hands by a gentleman who performed his task with credit to himself and with justice to his pupils.
Abernethy, at this time, in addition to a successful school, a large and attached class, a solid and world-wide reputation, was receiving numerous proofs that his principles were recognized; that, however imperfectly adopted, they were gaining ground; and that if all his suggestions were not universally admitted, they were becoming axiomatic68 with some of the first surgeons, both in this and other countries.
We think it not improbable that it was somewhere about this period that it was proposed to confer on him the honour of a Baronetcy. We had long been familiar with the fact; but not regarding it as very important, and having nothing in proof of it but the generally received impression, we omitted any reference to it in the first edition of these Memoirs69. Finding, however, more interest attached to the circumstance than we expected, we have communicated with the family on the subject, and have ascertained70 that all the circumstances are fresh in their recollection, although they cannot recall the exact period at which they occurred.
His first announcement of the fact to his family was at table, by his jocosely72 saying: "Lady Abernethy, will you allow me to assist you to—?" &c. Having had his joke, he then formally announced to them the fact, together with the reasons which had induced him to decline the proffered73 honour—namely, that he did not consider his fortune sufficient, after having made what he regarded as only a necessary provision for his family.
It is probable that his motives75 were of a mixed character. We do not believe that he attached much value to this kind of distinction, and that, had he availed himself of the offer, it would have been rather from a kind of deference76 to the recognition it afforded of the claims, and thus indirectly77 promoting the cultivation78 of Science, than for any other reason. It was not but that he held rank and station in the respect which is justly due to them; but that he regarded titles as no very certain tests of scientific distinction. Enthusiastic in his admiration of intellectual, still more of moral excellence, he had something scarcely170 less than coldness in regard to the value of mere26 titles; whilst he beheld79, with something like repulsion, the flattery to which their possessors were so often exposed.
There are men who have so individualized themselves that they seem to obscure their identity by any new title. John Hunter was scarcely known by any less simple appellation80. We hardly now say "Mr." Hunter without feeling that we may be misunderstood. It begins to have a sound like "Mr." Milton or "Mr." Shakspeare; Abernethy and John Abernethy are fast becoming the only recognized designations of our philosophical81 surgeon, for even the modest prefix82 of Mr. is fast going into disuse. Be this as it may, it is certain he declined the honour; and to us it is equally so that he felt at least indifferent to it; for although the good sense and good feeling implied in the reasons alleged83 were characteristic, yet, had they constituted the only motive74, he might, with his abundant opportunities, have removed that objection in a very reasonable time, without difficulty.
It is perhaps significant of the measured interest with which Mr. Abernethy regarded the acquisition of a Baronetcy, that the family could not recollect71 the period at which it was offered. This information, however, I obtained from Sir Benjamin Brodie, who has kindly84 allowed me to record the fact in the following reply to my inquiry85 on the subject.
"14, Saville Row,
"November 16, 1854.
"My dear Sir,
"My answer to your inquiry may be given in a very few words. I perfectly67 well remember the having been informed by the late Sir John Becket that he had been commissioned by Lord Liverpool to offer Mr. Abernethy, on the part of the Crown, the honor of being created a Baronet, which, however, Mr. Abernethy declined.
"I am, dear Sir,????
"Yours faithfully,?
"B. C. Brodie.
"G. Macilwain, Esq."
171
He told me once of an interview he had with Lord Castlereagh, which may, perhaps, be not out of place here. When Sir T. Lawrence was painting the portrait, and Abernethy went to give him a sitting, Abernethy was shown into a room where another visitor, a stranger to him, was also waiting. The stranger, looking at a portrait of the Duke of York, observed, "Very well painted, and very like." "Very well painted," Abernethy replied. The other rejoined: "A good picture, and an excellent likeness86." "A very good picture," said Abernethy. "And an excellent likeness," again rejoined his companion. "Why, the fact is," said Abernethy, "Sir Thomas has lived so much amongst the great, that he has learnt to flatter them most abominably87." On being shown in to Sir Thomas, Sir Thomas said: "I find you have been talking to Lord Castlereagh."
He had not, we think, as yet sustained the loss of any member of his family, nor hardly experienced any of those ordinary crosses from which few men's lives are free, and which, sooner or later, seldom fail to strew88 our paths with enough to convince us that perfect peace cannot be auspiciously89 sought in the conduct of human affairs. He was soon, however, to receive an impression of a painful nature, and from a quarter whence, whatever might have been his experience, he certainly little expected it. Long accustomed to be listened to by admiring and assenting90 audiences, whether in the theatre of the hospital, or in those clusters of pupils which never failed to crowd around him whenever he had anything to say; he was now to have some of his opinions disputed, his mode of advocating them impugned91, his views of "Life," made the subject of ridicule, and even his fair dealing92 in argument called in question. All this, too, by no stranger; no person known only to him as one of the public, but by one who had been his pupil, whose talents he had helped to mature and develop, whose progress and prospects93 in life he had fostered and improved, and to whom, as was affirmed by the one, and attested94 by the other, he had been a constant friend.
That this controversy95 was the source of much suffering to Abernethy, we are compelled to believe; and it is altogether to us so disagreeable, and difficult a subject, that we should have172 preferred confining ourselves to a bare mention of it, and a reference to the works wherein the details might be found; it is, however, too important an episode in the life of Abernethy to be so passed over; it suggests many interesting reflections; it exhibits Abernethy in a new phase, illustrates96, under very trying circumstances, the
"Virtus repuls? nescia
Intaminatis fulget honoribus,"
and brings out in stronger relief than any other transaction of his life the best and most distinctive97 traits of his character (benevolence and Christian98 feeling), under temptations which have too frequently disturbed the one, and destroyed the other.
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tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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oppositions
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| （强烈的）反对( opposition的名词复数 )； 反对党； （事业、竞赛、游戏等的）对手； 对比 | |
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agitations
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| （液体等的）摇动( agitation的名词复数 )； 鼓动； 激烈争论； （情绪等的）纷乱 | |
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smoothly
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| adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地 | |
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gliding
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| v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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haven
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| n.安全的地方，避难所，庇护所 | |
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ripple
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| n.涟波，涟漪，波纹，粗钢梳；vt.使...起涟漪，使起波纹； vi.呈波浪状，起伏前进 | |
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foresight
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| n.先见之明，深谋远虑 | |
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retrospect
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| n.回顾，追溯；v.回顾，回想，追溯 | |
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eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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exempt
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| adj.免除的；v.使免除；n.免税者，被免除义务者 | |
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ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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arena
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| n.竞技场，运动场所；竞争场所，舞台 | |
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animate
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| v.赋于生命，鼓励；adj.有生命的，有生气的 | |
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benevolence
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| n.慈悲，捐助 | |
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attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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intelligibly
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| adv.可理解地，明了地，清晰地 | |
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excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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concession
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| n.让步，妥协；特许(权) | |
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lucrative
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| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
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consultations
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| n.磋商（会议）( consultation的名词复数 )；商讨会；协商会；查找 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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repulsive
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| adj.排斥的，使人反感的 | |
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dominant
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| adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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enumerate
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| v.列举，计算，枚举，数 | |
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complimentary
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| adj.赠送的，免费的，赞美的，恭维的 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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confided
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| v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的过去式和过去分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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hoax
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| v.欺骗，哄骗，愚弄；n.愚弄人，恶作剧 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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subscription
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| n.预订，预订费，亲笔签名，调配法，下标（处方） | |
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engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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engraving
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| n.版画；雕刻（作品）；雕刻艺术；镌版术v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的现在分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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engraver
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| n.雕刻师，雕工 | |
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penetration
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| n.穿透，穿人，渗透 | |
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eminently
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| adv.突出地；显著地；不寻常地 | |
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surgical
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| adj.外科的，外科医生的，手术上的 | |
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lithograph
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| n.平板印刷，平板画；v.用平版印刷 | |
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tenure
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| n.终身职位；任期；(土地)保有权，保有期 | |
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revert
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| v.恢复，复归，回到 | |
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allude
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| v.提及，暗指 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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contriving
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| （不顾困难地）促成某事( contrive的现在分词 )； 巧妙地策划，精巧地制造（如机器）； 设法做到 | |
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drudgery
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| n.苦工，重活，单调乏味的工作 | |
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demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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axiomatic
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| adj.不需证明的，不言自明的 | |
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memoirs
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| n.回忆录；回忆录传( mem,自oir的名词复数) | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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recollect
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| v.回忆，想起，记起，忆起，记得 | |
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jocosely
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| adv.说玩笑地，诙谐地 | |
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proffered
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| v.提供，贡献，提出( proffer的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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deference
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| n.尊重，顺从；敬意 | |
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indirectly
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| adv.间接地，不直接了当地 | |
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cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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appellation
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| n.名称，称呼 | |
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philosophical
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| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
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prefix
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| n.前缀；vt.加…作为前缀；置于前面 | |
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alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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abominably
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| adv. 可恶地，可恨地，恶劣地 | |
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strew
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| vt.撒；使散落；撒在…上，散布于 | |
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auspiciously
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| adv.吉利； 繁荣昌盛； 前途顺利； 吉祥 | |
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assenting
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| 同意，赞成( assent的现在分词 ) | |
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impugned
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| v.非难，指谪( impugn的过去式和过去分词 )；对…有怀疑 | |
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dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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prospects
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| n.希望，前途(恒为复数) | |
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attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的，经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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illustrates
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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