The effects of any great event are not immediately discernible nor are its causes ever fully8 revealed. When Philip II. of Spain received with courteous9 equanimity10 his defeated admiral, the Duke of Medina Sidonia, and to his words,
“And you see here, great King,
All that remains11 of the Armada’s might
And of the flower of Spain.”
made answer,
“God rules above us!
I sent you to contend with men and not
With rocks and storms. You’re welcome to Madrid.”—Schiller.
did the great King see then either the causes or the consequences of the vincibility of his Invincible Armada!
The character of Philip II. is portrayed12 upon the historic page in colors of sharp contrast. To the Spaniards he was their Solomon, their “prudent king”; to Motley and the Netherlands he was “the demon13 of the South.”
Philip II. was the finished product of his age and nation. Pride, intolerance, absolutism combined with excellent administrative14[104] ability, deep tho’ narrow religious convictions, and rigorous sincerity15, characterized both the man and the monarch16. To a victim of an Auto17 da Fe he said with stern truthfulness18, “If my own son were guilty like you I should lead him with my own hands to the stake.”
As to Philip’s really having delivered his son, Don Carlos, into the hands of the Grand Inquisitor as tragically20 told in Schiller’s “Don Carlos”, well that is drama, not history. But when a noted21 name and its suggested personality—for good or for evil and unfortunately less frequently for good than for evil—are once fascinatingly fixed22 in drama or story or song, not all the tomes of contradictory23 evidence, not all the living archives of dead centuries, not Truth itself, can shatter the crystal charm or make it cease shining. Alexander the Great, world conqueror24; Socrates, the Wise; Plato, poet-philosopher; Aristotle, master of them that know; Julius C?sar, deplored25 of all nations; Mark Anthony, Cleopatra’s lover; Nero, monster; Caligula-Commodus-Heliogabalus, crowned madmen; Marcus Aurelius, Emperor-philosopher; Charlemagne, the Good; Louis IX., the Saint; Louis XI., hypocrite; John of England, child murderer; Richard III., deformed26 devil; Henry VIII., wife-killer; Machiavelli, serpent-sophist; Louis XIV., despot, Arbiter27 Elegantiarum; Elizabeth, Good Queen Bess; Mary, Queen of Scots, the lovely unfortunate; Philip II. of Spain, bigot: thus are they fixed in the charmed circle of literature and thus shall they glitter forever.
Is history itself any more reliable than drama? As to facts, Yes; as to motives28, intentions, cumulative29 causes, results, all round truth, No. “Histories are as perfect as the historian is wise, and is gifted with an eye and a soul,” says the astute30 Carlyle; and every honest author feels at deepest heart the truth of these words. The soft art of omission31 is known to every artist of the pen. And condemnation32 euphemistically[105] balanced by excusing comment may, in one artistic33 sentence, satisfy at once a writer’s conscience, his subjectivity34, and the claims of his peculiar35 environment. Can any one doubt that it was thus Macaulay wrote his brilliant history of England? And even granted almost the impossible—that an historian be ruggedly37 truthful19 and fearlessly sincere; he is not thereby38 rendered wise, nor is he necessarily gifted with an eye and a soul.
So in colors of sharp contrast upon the historic page will Philip II. ever be portrayed; but both can’t be right. Perhaps tho’ they may be as sundered39 extremes of a prismatic ray which, when complementary coloring shall have been added, will become white light.
Storms.
Truly it was against storms and rocks as well as against such rough sea-dogs as Drake and Hawkins and Raleigh and Frobisher and Howard that the Invincible Armada contended. In the beginning of the northward41 cruise as the Armada was rounding the corner of Spain, off Corunna, a violent tempest arose. The frail42 caravels, and galleons43 and galleasses of 1588 were not so independent of wave and wind as are the Dreadnoughts of 1914. Yet ocean is still master of man; and man’s most titan-like Titanic44 is but a puny45 plaything in old Neptune’s hand.
Several vessels were lost in the storm, and the fleet was so badly damaged that in consequence the Spanish Admiral was obliged to stop off at Corunna for repairs. July 12th, after so inauspicious a beginning, the fleet was again on its way northward.
Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, captain general of all the Spanish armies, was at Dunkirk with a flotilla of large flat-bottomed barges48 awaiting the Armada to convoy49 him and his[106] army across the channel. His plan was to invade England by way of the Thames and land his veteran forces in London.
“Alexander Farnese, prince of Parma, captain general of the Spanish armies, and governor of the Spanish possessions in the Netherlands, was beyond all comparison the greatest military genius of his age. He was also highly distinguished50 for political wisdom and sagacity, and for his great administrative talents. He was idolized by his troops, whose affection he knew how to win without relaxing their discipline or diminishing his own authority. Pre-eminently cool and circumspect51 in his plans, but swift and energetic when the moment arrived for striking a decisive blow, neglecting no risk that caution could provide against, conciliating even the populations of the districts which he attacked by his scrupulous52 good faith; his moderation, and his address; Farnese was one of the most formidable generals that ever could be placed at the head of an army designed not only to win battles, but to effect conquests. Happy it is for England and the world that this island was saved from becoming an arena53 for the exhibition of his powers.” Creasy.
As in 1588 Alexander Farnese with a chosen army awaited at Dunkirk the assistance of the Armada both to clear the seas of Dutch and English war ships and to convoy in safety his flotilla to the coast of England: so, too, in 1805 Napoleon Bonaparte awaited at Boulogne for Villeneuve to do him a like service; and in both cases the English fleet took the offensive and destroyed at one blow both the protective war boats of the enemy and the hopeful plans of the man who waited. The sea fights at Calais Roads and at Trafalgar are perhaps negatively momentous54 in history but not the less momentous.
The Spanish fleet after some disastrous55 fighting with the English cruisers off the coast of Plymouth succeeded in reaching Calais Roads (July 27). Here they were quickly semi-circled by the combined Dutch and English fleet under Lord[107] Charles Howard, high admiral of England. The Spanish ships were far greater in bulk than those of the opposing force and in the harbor of Calais they were huddled56 together “like strong castles fearing no assault, the lesser57 placed in the middle ward40.” The lighter58 English ships, no longer able to use their two best assets, nimbleness and advantage of the wind, clung doggedly59 around these ocean leviathans awaiting the hour of opportunity. At length early on the morning of the 29th the English Admiral succeeded in thrusting eight Greek fire-ships in among the compact wooden war vessels. The effect was electrical. The Spanish ships cut their cables and were dispersed60 and the fight ship to ship was soon in full progress. All day long from early dawn till dark this battle raged. The Spaniards were driven out from Calais Roads and past the Flemish ports and far out beyond Dunkirk where the Prince of Parma waited. The English then ceased pursuit. Lord Henry Seymour with an able squadron was left to maintain the blockade of the Flemish port and to render ineffectual the activities of the Prince of Parma.
Northward sped the vincible Armada farther and farther from sunny Spain. She had many wounded men on board ships, her provisions were failing, the channel filled with victorious61 Dutch and English war boats offered no hope of a way of return, and at last in desperation the Spanish admiral directed the course of his ships around the northern coast of Scotland and Ireland. What a long and cruel way home for wounded soldiers, starving sailors, and disheartened generals! But even here ill luck pursued them. A storm arose as they were passing thro’ the Orkneys; their vessels were dispersed, many were lost. About thirty ships were afterwards wrecked62 on the west coast of Ireland, and those of the crews who succeeded in reaching the shore were immediately put to death. It is estimated that fourteen thousand thus perished.
And in September of that memorable63 year there came straggling[108] ship by ship into the port Santander all that were left of the gallant64 fleet that had sailed away five months ago to subdue65 England and so win all Europe for Spain.
Nor was that plan at all chimerical66, nor its realization67 improbable. Spain was at that time in possession of Portugal, Naples, Sicily, Milan, Franche-Compte, and the Netherlands; in Africa she controlled Tunis, Oran, the Cape68 Verde and the Canary islands; in Asia, the Philippine and Sunda Islands and part of the Moluccas; in the New World, the empire of Peru, and of Mexico, New Spain, Chili69, Hispaniola and Cuba. Only England held out against the power of Spain and stood adamantine to all her threats, cajolery, caresses70. Only England stood between Philip II. of Spain and Spanish dominance in the old and in the New World. English buccaneers seized upon his galleons on their return gem-laden from Peru and Mexico. Drake the “master robber of the New World” had signally dishonored Philip of Spain and had in requital71 been honored by the English queen with the title Sir Francis. England must be destroyed (Britannia delenda est.) Spain seemed powerful enough by land and by sea to be as a new Rome to old Carthage: but winds and waves and rocky coasts and adamantine Englishmen reversed the Roman story (Britannia non deleta est.)
The Sixteenth Century.
“What we appear is subject to the judgment72
Of all mankind; and what we are, of no man.”
Schiller in “Mary Stuart.”
These lines upon the lips of Elizabeth Tudor are her condemnation in the judgment of all mankind. Short sighted, indeed, and headed directly towards the rapids of the all revealing Real is the mortal who thus honors appearances.
Elizabeth would have Mary Stuart put to death, but would seem to have tried to save her: Elizabeth would sign the death[109] warrant, but would seem to have been constrained73, to have done so regretfully, to have recalled the fatal sentence when, alas74! too late. But all this flimsy Seeming has been blown away by the rugged36 years; and that which this Machiavellian75 queen thought subject to the judgment of no man has become her condemnation in the eyes of all.
So close they lie together now in old Westminster Abbey—these rival queens who once so cordially feared and hated one another! and for whose conflicting ambitions all Britain was not room enough, but one must die! How ignoble76 seems now the strife77, how despicable the deed of culminant hate, how diaphanous78 all the Seeming! Was it worth while?
The death of Mary, Queen of Scots, at the hands of her cousin Queen Elizabeth aroused a feeling of angry indignation in every court of Europe. France, Spain, and the Vatican, openly denounced the deed. And it was, in great measure, in execration79 of this unnatural80 cruelty that Pope Sextus V. espoused81 the cause of Philip II. of Spain and urged and aided the invasion of England.
Strange that such men as Edmund Spenser, author of F?rie Queen and Sir Walter Raleigh, mirror of chivalry82, should have been among the foremost to demand the death of the Scottish queen. But those were turbulent times. Life and death never played the mortal game more boldly and recklessly and desperately83 than in the sixteenth century. The magic of the New World was upon the old; the glamour84 of gem-lit El Dorados shimmered85 across the seas; and thither86 responsively rushed in shaky ships and leaky caravels those whom the gods would destroy made mad by the bite of the gold-tarantula. “We are as near to heaven by sea as by land”, shouted Sir Humphrey Gilbert as his frail bark was lost in the storm; as his deck lights rose high and dashed low and darkened far down ’neath the sea-lashing storm.
[110]
And night with wondering stars looked down upon De Soto’s lordly grave. And then as now and even throughout the historic ages, the prehistoric87, the geologic—the thundering waters fell and formed Niagara Falls. In silvery moonlight, in dazzling sun-radiance rainbow-frilled, in blinding white of winter, in rainy spring, in saber flashing summer storm—the thunder-waters fell; they fall; they shall fall.
When Columbus and his crew, secretly fearful of falling off the good old planet Earth, sailed the unknown sea; while Cortes conquered Mexico (not yet calm); while Pizarro ravaged88 Peru; while Balboa ascended89 the Andean heights and “silent upon a peak in Darien” first saw the vast Pacific; while De Soto died and was buried; while Drake circumnavigated the globe; while Mary, Queen of Scots laid her head on the block and the axe90 fell; while the Invincible Armada hurrying northward away from the foe91, sailed brokenly back to Spain by way of the Orkneys: while Julius C?sar fell pierced with twenty-three wounds; while Hannibal crossed the Alps; while Alexander, world-conqueror, aged46 thirty-two died at old Babylon; while Pericles of Athens reigned92 imperishably; while Sardis burned and Sardis was avenged93; while Marathon, Salamis, Thermopyl?, Plat?a, Mycale were fighting; while Babylon the Great was captured by Cyrus; while the Memphian pyramids were building; while the great Sphinx of Gizeh rose solemnly; while griffins and dragons and gummy pterodactyls winged the air; while plesiosauri and ichthyosauri fought for the empire of ocean; while the original of the Pittsburgh Diplodocus Carnegiei was sixty feet somewhere—why, even then were the waters rolling over the rock now called Niagara; even then Niagara Falls that fall and shall fall were falling.
Sea Fights.
The hostile encounters by land throughout the historic ages have been practically countless94; sea fights are few. Man feels[111] intuitively that the yielding wave is not the fit place for battle. Salamis, Actium, Lepanto, Calais Roads are the chief naval95 engagements of history.
When Rome had won her first game in world conquest and all Italy was Rome, Carthage was mistress of the Mediterranean96, and without her permission no man might even wash his hands in her “Ph?nician Lake.” Triremes and quinqueremes with proudly curving prows97 scudded99 over the blue waters or huddled together in port as bevies100 of black swans.
And Rome had no fleet. But Rome could learn from her enemies; and when a wrecked Carthaginian galley101 was dashed against the Latian coast, Rome quickly learned the art of making galleys102; and within two months the waving forest near the coast was metamorphosed into a fleet of one hundred and twenty Roman triremes.
And when the pain of growth was upon Rome making further conquest fatally necessary, she embarked103 unsteadily upon her late waving forest trees and went reeling forth104 to meet the swan bevies of the Mediterranean. The hostile fleets engaged and Rome’s was annihilated105.
Then these sullen106 young-world children wildly wept, as did Romulus and Remus, perhaps, in the cave of the she-wolf. But when they were suckled and made strong with the milk of defeat, these wild young Romans built themselves another fleet. And Duillius devised a grappling contrivance whereby to catch and hold the enemy’s ship until a drawbridge could be thrown across o’er which the short-sword Roman soldiers might pass and so fight on the deck hand to hand as on land.
Again the hostile fleets engaged on the blue Mediterranean. But as the haughty107 quinqueremes with their decks filled with archers108 bore down upon the awkward Roman triremes, the grappling “hands” arose, the quinqueremes were grappled.[112] Consternation109 prevailed among the Carthaginians as the drawbridges from ship to ship were thrown across, and the dreaded110 Roman soldiers short-sword in hand were seen slaughtering111 the archers and the rowers. Rome’s first naval victory was won.
If the blue Mediterranean could make known all that has taken place upon its waves and shores—what a Homer of the waters it would be! But nature is indifferent to the human tragedy.
That other scene off the coast of Carthage, after the second Punic war, when Rome demanded as a condition of peace that the Carthaginian fleet should be destroyed—yet burns upon the historic page, but the waters that once reddened with the flames just ripple112 unrememberingly. Five hundred galleys—towering quinqueremes, sturdy triremes—were led out from the harbor before the mourning gaze of the dethroned Queen of the Seas, and set on fire; she watched them blaze down to the laughing waters.
Actium was fought on the Adriatic off the promontory113 on the west coast of Greece. Here half the world was bartered114 for one fleeing galley and one woman. While the conflict was yet doubtful and victory seemed even favorably inclined to perch115 upon the prow98 of Anthony’s vessel3, the barge47 of Cleopatra shudderingly116 backed out from the bloody117 fray118, wavered, turned, and sped southward. Marc Anthony followed. Upon the defeat of the allied119 Roman and Egyptian forces at Actium and over the tragically dead forms of Anthony and Cleopatra, Octavius C?sar arose to world dominance, becoming Augustus C?sar, Emperor, Pater Patri?, and one man Ruler of Rome, Mistress of the world.
Lepanto was fought at the entrance of the Gulf120 of Corinth, not far from Actium. Here the Cross triumphed over the Crescent and rescued Europe from the deadly blight121 of Islamism.[113] Don John of Austria, aged twenty-four, led the Christian122 forces; Alexander Farnese (Prince of Parma), then a youth of twenty, won here his first of many laurels123 under the generously approving eyes of his young cousin-commander, Don John.
And seventeen years later (1571-1588) the Prince of Parma, Captain general of all the Spanish armies, awaited impatiently at Dunkirk for Admiral Medina Sidonia to clear the channel of hostile vessels so that he and his veteran army might sail across and attack old England. He watched the fight off Gravelines. How his hot Spanish heart must have indignantly throbbed124 even to bursting, as helplessly cooped in port with a flotilla of unarmed barges to protect, and Lord Seymour with a strong blockading squadron at the mouth of the harbor, he could only see and know and acutely feel that a fearful battle was raging all day long from dawn till dark and that Spain was losing—Spain had lost. One by one hurrying northward past the Flemish ports limped the disabled Spanish ships; English and Dutch cruisers followed in fierce pursuit.
The invasion of England by way of the Thames, the conquest of an inveterate125 foe, Success proudly placing a flaming carbuncle upon the coronet of the Prince of Parma, the approving glance of Philip and of the fair girl-queen Isabella, Spanish dominance in the old and in the new world—all as burst bubbles died down in gray mist as twilight126 descended127, as dark night gathered over the wave and the world and the fleeing scattered128 shattered ships of Spain’s vincible Armada.
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1
invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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2
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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3
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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4
humbled
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| adj. 卑下的，谦逊的，粗陋的 vt. 使 ... 卑下，贬低 | |
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5
decadence
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| n.衰落，颓废 | |
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maritime
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| adj.海的，海事的，航海的，近海的，沿海的 | |
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7
indirectly
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| adv.间接地，不直接了当地 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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10
equanimity
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| n.沉着，镇定 | |
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11
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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12
portrayed
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| v.画像( portray的过去式和过去分词 )；描述；描绘；描画 | |
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13
demon
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| n.魔鬼，恶魔 | |
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14
administrative
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| adj.行政的，管理的 | |
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15
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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16
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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17
auto
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| n.(=automobile)(口语)汽车 | |
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18
truthfulness
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| n. 符合实际 | |
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truthful
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| adj.真实的，说实话的，诚实的 | |
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tragically
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| adv. 悲剧地，悲惨地 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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contradictory
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| adj.反驳的，反对的，抗辩的；n.正反对，矛盾对立 | |
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conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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deplored
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| v.悲叹，痛惜，强烈反对( deplore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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deformed
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| adj.畸形的；变形的；丑的，破相了的 | |
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arbiter
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| n.仲裁人，公断人 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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cumulative
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| adj.累积的，渐增的 | |
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astute
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| adj.机敏的，精明的 | |
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omission
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| n.省略，删节；遗漏或省略的事物，冗长 | |
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condemnation
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| n.谴责; 定罪 | |
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artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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subjectivity
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| n.主观性（主观主义） | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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ruggedly
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| 险峻地； 粗暴地； （面容）多皱纹地； 粗线条地 | |
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thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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sundered
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| v.隔开，分开( sunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ward
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| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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galleons
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| n.大型帆船( galleon的名词复数 ) | |
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titanic
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| adj.巨人的，庞大的，强大的 | |
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puny
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| adj.微不足道的，弱小的 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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barge
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| n.平底载货船，驳船 | |
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barges
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| 驳船( barge的名词复数 ) | |
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convoy
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| vt.护送，护卫，护航；n.护送；护送队 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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51
circumspect
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| adj.慎重的，谨慎的 | |
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scrupulous
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| adj.审慎的，小心翼翼的，完全的，纯粹的 | |
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arena
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| n.竞技场，运动场所；竞争场所，舞台 | |
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momentous
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| adj.重要的，重大的 | |
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disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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huddled
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| 挤在一起（huddle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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59
doggedly
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| adv.顽强地，固执地 | |
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60
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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61
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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63
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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66
chimerical
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| adj.荒诞不经的，梦幻的 | |
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67
realization
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| n.实现；认识到，深刻了解 | |
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68
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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69
chili
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| n.辣椒 | |
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70
caresses
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| 爱抚，抚摸( caress的名词复数 ) | |
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71
requital
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| n.酬劳；报复 | |
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72
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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constrained
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| adj.束缚的,节制的 | |
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74
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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75
machiavellian
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| adj.权谋的，狡诈的 | |
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76
ignoble
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| adj.不光彩的，卑鄙的；可耻的 | |
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77
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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78
diaphanous
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| adj.(布)精致的，半透明的 | |
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execration
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| n.诅咒，念咒，憎恶 | |
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80
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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81
espoused
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| v.（决定）支持，拥护（目标、主张等）( espouse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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82
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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83
desperately
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| adv.极度渴望地，绝望地，孤注一掷地 | |
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84
glamour
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| n.魔力，魅力；vt.迷住 | |
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85
shimmered
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| v.闪闪发光，发微光( shimmer的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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prehistoric
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| adj.（有记载的）历史以前的，史前的，古老的 | |
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ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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90
axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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avenged
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| v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的过去式和过去分词 )；为…报复 | |
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countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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prows
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| n.船首( prow的名词复数 ) | |
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prow
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| n.(飞机)机头，船头 | |
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scudded
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| v.（尤指船、舰或云彩）笔直、高速而平稳地移动( scud的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bevies
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| n.（尤指少女或妇女的）一群( bevy的名词复数 )；（鸟类的）一群 | |
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101
galley
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| n.（飞机或船上的）厨房单层甲板大帆船；军舰舰长用的大划艇； | |
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102
galleys
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| n.平底大船，战舰( galley的名词复数 )；（船上或航空器上的）厨房 | |
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103
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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104
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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annihilated
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| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
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106
sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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108
archers
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| n.弓箭手，射箭运动员( archer的名词复数 ) | |
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consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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110
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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111
slaughtering
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的现在分词 ) | |
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112
ripple
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| n.涟波，涟漪，波纹，粗钢梳；vt.使...起涟漪，使起波纹； vi.呈波浪状，起伏前进 | |
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113
promontory
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| n.海角；岬 | |
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114
bartered
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| v.作物物交换，以货换货( barter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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115
perch
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| n.栖木，高位，杆；v.栖息，就位，位于 | |
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116
shudderingly
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117
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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118
fray
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| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
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119
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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120
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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121
blight
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| n.枯萎病；造成破坏的因素；vt.破坏，摧残 | |
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122
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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123
laurels
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| n.桂冠，荣誉 | |
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124
throbbed
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| 抽痛( throb的过去式和过去分词 )； （心脏、脉搏等）跳动 | |
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125
inveterate
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| adj.积习已深的，根深蒂固的 | |
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126
twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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127
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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128
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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