Elizabeth, the maiden7 queen of England, commenced her long and eventful reign8 by issuing in May, 1659 a law concerning religion entitled the “Act of Uniformity.” By this law all ministers were prohibited from conducting public worship otherwise than in accordance with minute directions for the Church of England, issued by Parliament. Any one who should violate this law was exposed to severe penalties, and upon a third offence to imprisonment9 for life.
England, having broken from the Church of Rome, and having established the Church of England, of which the queen was the head, Elizabeth and her counsellors were determined11, at whatever cost, to10 enforce entire uniformity of doctrines12 and of modes of worship. In their new organization they retained many of the ceremonies and much of the imposing14 display of the Papal Church. There were very many of the clergy15 and of the laity16 who, displeased17 with the pageantry of the Roman Catholic Church, with its gilded18 robes and showy ceremonial, were resolved to cherish a more simple and pure worship. They earnestly appealed for the abolition19 of this oppressive act. Their petition was refused by a majority of but one in a vote of one hundred and seventeen in the House of Commons.
The queen was unrelenting, and demanded uniformity in the most peremptory20 terms. Thirty-seven out of the ninety-eight ministers of London were arrested for violating this law. They were all suspended from their ministerial functions, and fourteen of them were sent to jail.
There were now three ecclesiastical parties in England—the Papal or Roman Catholic, the Episcopal, or Church of England, and the Presbyterian or Puritan party. The sympathies of the queen and of her courtiers was much more with the Papists than with the Presbyterians, and it was greatly feared that they would go over to their side. The queen grew daily more and more determined to enforce the discipline of the English Church. The order was issued that11 all preachers should be silenced who had not been ordained21 by Episcopal hands, or who refused to read the whole service as contained in the Prayer book, or who neglected to wear the prescribed clerical robes. Under this law two hundred and thirty-three ministers, in six counties, were speedily deposed22. A Court of High Commission was appointed invested with extraordinary powers to arrest and punish all delinquents23.
Any private person who should absent himself from the Episcopal Church for a month, or who should dissuade24 others from attending that form of worship, or from receiving the communion from an Episcopal clergyman, or who should be present at any “conventicle or meeting under color or pretence25 of any exercise of religion,” should be punished with imprisonment and should be held there until he signed the “Declaration of Conformity26.” Or in default of such declaration he was to be sent to perpetual exile under penalty of death if he were ever again found within the British realms.
Notwithstanding that many were banished27, and some died in prison and several were hanged, the cause of dissent28 secretly gained ground. As they were deliberating in the House of Commons upon a more rigid29 law to compel all to adopt the same creed30 and the same modes of Worship, Sir Walter Raleigh12 said that he thought that there were then nearly twenty thousand dissenters31 in England. Many driven from their homes by this violent persecution emigrated to Holland where, under Protestant rule there was freedom of religious worship.
Upon the accession of James the Sixth of Scotland to the throne of England, eight hundred clergymen petitioned for redress32. Among other things they prayed for the disuse of the cap and surplice in the pulpit, for an abridgement of the Liturgy33, for the better observance of the Lord’s day, and for a dispensation of the observance of other holy days; that none but pious34 men should be admitted to the ministry35, and that ministers should reside in their parishes and preach on the Lord’s day. To this appeal the king turned a deaf ear. In a conference which was held upon the subject, in Hampton court, the petitioners36 were received with contumely and insult. The king refused to pay any respect to private consciences, saying, “I will have one doctrine13, one discipline, one religion. And I will make you conform or I will harry37 you out of this land or else worse.”
A book of Common Prayer was published as “the only public form established in this realm,” and all were required to conform to its ritual and discipline as the king’s resolutions were unchangeable. Ten of the petitioners for a redress of grievances38 were13 sent to jail. The king himself, a conceited39 pedant40, drew up a Book of Canons consisting of one hundred and forty-one articles, expressed in the most arrogant41 style of pretensions42 to infallibility. The clergy and the laity were alike commanded to submit to them under penalty of excommunication, imprisonment and outlawry43. The importation of all religious books from the Continent was prohibited. No religious book could be published in England unless approved by a court of Bishops44. It is estimated that, at that time there were fifteen hundred Non-Conformist clergymen in England. Bishop45 Coverdale, with many others of the most prominent ecclesiastics46 of the Episcopal church, publicly announced their refusal to subscribe47 to the Liturgy or to adopt the ceremonies it enjoined48. In their protest they declared that since “they could not have the Word freely preached, and the sacraments administered without idolatrous gear, they concluded to break off from the public churches and separate in private houses.”
The persecution of the Non-Conformists was continued with so much vigor49, that the friends of religious reform became hopeless. Some sought refuge in concealment50, while many fled from their country to Holland where, the principles of Protestantism prevailing51, there was freedom of worship. In the county of Nottinghamshire, England, there was a small village14 called Scrooby, where there was a congregation of Non-Conformists, meeting secretly from house to house. This was about the year 1606. A recent traveller gives the following interesting description of the present appearance of the little hamlet, which more than two and a half centuries ago was rendered memorable53 by the sufferings of the Puritans:
“The nearest way from Austerfield to Scrooby is by a path through the fields. Unnoticed in our history as these places have been till within a few years, it is likely that when, towards sunset on the 15th of September 1856, I walked along that path, I was the first person, related to the American Plymouth, who had done so since Bradford trod it last before his exile. I slept in a farm-house at Scrooby and reconnoitered that village the next morning. Its old church is a beautiful structure. At the distance from it of a quarter of a mile the dyke54, round the vanished manor55 house, may still be traced; and a farmer’s house is believed to be part of the ancient stables or dog kennels56. In what was the garden is a mulberry tree so old that generations, before Brewster, may have regaled themselves with its fruit. The local tradition declares it to have been planted by Cardinal58 Wolsey, during his sojourn59 at the manor for some weeks after his fall from power.”
The little church of Non-Conformists at Scrooby15 had Richard Clifton for pastor and John Robinson for teacher. William Brewster, who subsequently attained60 to much distinction as pastor of the Puritan church in Plymouth, New England, was then a private member of the church. This little band of christians61 decided63 to emigrate in a body to Holland that they might there worship God in freedom.
It was a great trial to these christians to break away from their country, their homes, and their employments, to seek exile in a land of strangers. To add to their embarrassments64 cruel laws were passed forbidding the emigration of any of the Non-Conformists or Puritans as they began to be called. Bands of armed men vigilantly65 guarded all the seaports67. Governor Bradford, who shared conspicuously68 in these sufferings, wrote:
“They could not long continue in any peaceable condition, but were hunted and persecuted69 on every side. Some were taken and clapped up in prison. Others had their houses beset70 and watched night and day, and hardly escaped capture. The most were fain to fly and leave their houses and habitations and the means of their livelihood71. Yet seeing themselves thus molested72, by a joint74 consent they resolved to go into the Low Countries where they heard was freedom of religion for all men; as also that sundry75 persons from London, and other parts of the land, had been16 exiled and persecuted for the same cause, and were gone thither76, and lived at Amsterdam and other places of the land.
“Being thus constrained77 to leave their native soil and country, their lands and living, and all their friends and familiar acquaintance, it was much, and thought marvellous by many. But to go into a country they knew not except by hearsay78, where they must learn a new language, and get their livings they knew not how, it being an expensive place and subject to the miseries79 of war, it was by many thought an adventure almost desperate, a case intolerable, and a misery80 worse than death. Especially seeing they were not acquainted with trades or traffic, by which the country doth subsist81, but had been only used to a plain country life and the innocent trade of husbandry.
“But these things did not dismay them, though they did at times trouble them, for their desires were set on the ways of God and to enjoy his ordinances82. But they rested on His providence83 and knew whom they had believed. Yet this was not all; for though they could not stay, yet were they not suffered to go; but the ports and havens84 were shut against them; so as they were fain to seek secret means of conveyance85, and to bribe86 and fee the mariners87, and give extraordinary rates for their passages. And yet they were17 often betrayed, many of them, and both they and their goods intercepted88 and surprised, and thereby89 put to great trouble.”
The company at Scrooby however secretly chartered a vessel90, at Boston, in Lincolnshire, about fifty miles south-east from Scrooby, the nearest port for their purpose. The peril91 of the enterprise was so great that they had to practise the utmost caution and to pay exorbitant92 passage money. They travelled by land to the appointed rendezvous93, where to their bitter disappointment, they found neither captain nor vessel. After a long delay and heavy expenses, for which they were quite unprepared, the vessel made its appearance and, in the night, all were received on board. Then this infamous94 captain, having previously95 agreed to do so for his “thirty pieces of silver,” betrayed them, and delivered them all up to the search officers.
Rudely they were seized, their trunks broken open, their clothing confiscated96, and even the persons of their women searched with cruel indelicacy. Thus plundered97 and outraged98 they were placed in open boats and taken to the shore, where they were exhibited to the derisive99 gaze and the jeers100 of an ignorant and a brutal101 populace. A despatch102 was immediately sent to the Lords of the Council in London, and they were all committed to prison. After gloomy18 incarceration103 for a month, Mr. Brewster and six others of the most prominent men were bound over for trial, and the rest were released, woe-stricken, sick and impoverished104, to find their way back, as best they could, to the Scrooby which they had left, and where they no longer had any homes. Oh man! what a fiend hast thou been in the treatment of thy brother man!
The next Spring a portion of these resolute105 men and women made another attempt to escape to Holland. They did not venture again to trust one of their own countrymen, but made a contract with a Dutch shipmaster, from Zealand. He agreed to have his vessel, at an appointed day, in a retired107 spot upon the river Humber, not far from the seaport66 of Hull. Arrangements were made for the women and children, with their few goods, to be floated down the Humber in a barque, while the men made the journey by land. This was all done under the protection of night.
The Humber here swells108 into a bay, a long and wide arm of the sea. The wind was high, and the little barque, plunging109 over the waves, made the women and children deadly sea sick. Having arrived near their point of destination, before the dawn of the morning and the vessel not yet having arrived, the boatmen put into a little creek110 to find still water.19 Here the receding111 tide left them aground. In the morning came the ship. The captain, seeing the barque containing the women and children aground, and the men, who had come by land walking near by upon the shore, sent his boat to bring the men on board, that they might be already there when the returning tide should float the barque. One crowded boat load had reached the ship when a body of armed men, horse and foot, was seen rapidly approaching. The captain was terrified. Fine, imprisonment, and perhaps a worse fate awaited him. Uttering an oath, he weighed anchor, spread his sails, and a fresh breeze soon carried him out to sea.
Dreadful indeed was the condition of those thus abandoned to the insults and outrages112 of a brutal soldiery. Husbands and wives, parents and children were separated. The anguish113 of those, thus torn from their families, on board the ship, was no less than the distress114 of the mothers and daughters left upon the shore.
A storm soon rose—a terrific storm. For seven days and nights the ship was at the mercy of the gale57, without sight of sun or moon or stars. The ship was driven near to the coast of Norway; and more than once the mariners thought the ship sinking past all recovery. At length the gale abated115 and, fourteen days after they had weighed anchor, the20 vessel reached Amsterdam, where from the long voyage and the fury of the tempest, their friends had almost despaired of ever again seeing them.
But let us return to those who were left upon the banks of the Humber. They were all captured. Deplorable was the condition of these unhappy victims of religious intolerance, women and children weeping bitterly in their despair. Some of the men, who knew that the rigors116 of the law would fall upon them with the greatest severity, escaped. But most of those who had been left behind by the ship allowed themselves to be taken to share the fate of the destitute117 and helpless women and children, that they might if possible, assist them. The troops were very cruel in the treatment of their prisoners. They were roughly seized and hurried from one justice to another, the officers being much embarrassed to know what to do with them.
Governor Bradford, who witnessed these scenes, writes:—“Pitiful it was to see the heavy care of these poor women in this distress; what weeping and crying on every side; some for their husbands that were carried away in the ship; others not knowing what would become of them and their little ones; others melted in tears seeing their little ones hanging about them, crying for fear and quaking with cold.”
In view of their sufferings general sympathy was21 excited in their behalf. It seemed inhuman118 to imprison10, in gloomy cells of stone and iron, women and innocent children, simply because they had intended to accompany their husbands and fathers to another land. It was of no use to fine them, for they had no means of paying a fine. Neither could they be sent to their former homes, for their houses and lands had already been sold, in preparation for their removal.
At last the poor creatures were turned adrift. No historic pen has recorded the details of their sufferings. Some undoubtedly119 perished of exposure. Some were kindly120 sheltered by the charitable, and some succeeded in various ways in crossing the sea to Amsterdam. There were similar persecutions in other parts of England. Quite a large company of pilgrims from various sections of England had succeeded, some in one way and some in another, in effecting their escape to Holland. They had nearly all taken up their residence in Amsterdam. This flourishing city was so called because it had sprung up around a dam which had been thrown across the mouth of the Amstel river. It was even then renowned121 for its stately buildings, its extended commerce and its opulence122. Ships, from every clime, lined its wharfs123; water craft of every variety and in almost countless124 numbers floated upon its canals, which took the place of streets.22 From many parts of Europe Protestants had fled to this city, bringing with them their arts, manufactures and skill in trade. The emigrants125 from Scrooby were nearly all farmers. They had no money to purchase lands, and they found it very difficult to obtain remunerative126 employment in the crowded streets of the commercial city. Governor Bradford writes, of his companions in affliction:
“They heard a strange and uncouth127 language and beheld128 the different manners and customs of the people with their strange fashions and attires129; all so different from their plain country villages, wherein they were bred and had so long lived, as it seemed they were come into a new world. But these were not the things they much looked on, or which long took up their thoughts. For they had other work in hand and another kind of war to urge and maintain. For it was not long before they saw the grim and grisly face of poverty come on them, like an armed man, with whom they must buckle130 and encounter and from whom they could not fly.”
The new-comers did not find perfect harmony of agreement with those who had preceded them. After a few months tarry at Amsterdam they retired in a body to Leyden, a beautiful city of seventy thousand inhabitants, about forty miles distant. In allusion131 to this movement Governor Bradford writes:
23 “For these and some other reasons they removed to Leyden, a fair and beautiful city, and of a sweet situation; but made more famous by the university, wherewith it is adorned132, in which of late had been so many learned men. But wanting that traffic by sea which Amsterdam enjoys, it was not so beneficial for their outward means of living. But being now established here, they fell to such trades and employments as they best could; valuing peace and their spiritual comfort above any other riches whatever.
“Being thus settled, after many difficulties, they continued many years in a comfortable condition, enjoying much sweet and delightful133 society, and spiritual comfort together in the ways of God, under the able ministry of Mr. John Robinson and Mr. William Brewster, who was an assistant unto him, in the place of an Elder, unto which he was now called and chosen by the church. So they grew in knowledge and other gifts and graces of God, and lived together in peace and love and holiness; and many came unto them from diverse parts of England so as they grew a great congregation.
“And if at any time any differences arose, or offenses134 broke out, as it cannot be but some time there will, even among the best of men, they were even so met with and nipped in the head betimes, or otherwise so well composed as still love, peace and communion were continued.”
24 The condition of the Pilgrims in Holland was a very hard one. They were foreigners; they found the language difficult to acquire. They were generally poor, and notwithstanding their honesty and frugality135, could obtain but a scanty136 support. Their sons were strongly tempted137 to enlist138 as soldiers, or to wander away as sailors. The future of their families seemed very gloomy.
“Lastly,” writes Governor Bradford, “and which was not least, a great hope and inward zeal106 they had of laying some good foundation, or at least to make some way thereunto for propagating and advancing the kingdom of Christ, in those remote parts of the world,—yea, though they should be but the stepping stones unto others for the performing of so great a work.”
“Their numbers assembled at Leyden can only be conjectured139. It may, when at the largest, have counted between two and three hundred persons. Rev52. John Robinson was chosen their pastor, and William Brewster their assistant pastor.”
Thus gradually the Pilgrims came to the conviction that Holland was not a desirable place for their permanent home. Notwithstanding the oppression which they had endured from the British government, they were very unwilling140 to lose their native language or the name of Englishmen. They could not educate25 their children as they wished, and it was quite certain their descendants would become absorbed and lost in the Dutch nation. They therefore began to turn their thoughts to the New World, where every variety of clime invited them, and where boundless141 acres of the most fertile land, unoccupied, seemed to be waiting for the plough of the husbandman. “Hereby they thought they might more glorify142 God, do more good to their country, better provide for their posterity143, and live to be more refreshed by their labors144 than ever they could do in Holland.”1
Unsuccessful attempts had already been made to establish colonies in Maine and Virginia. They had also received appalling145 reports of the ferocity of the savages146. Deeply, solemnly, they pondered the all important question with many fastings and prayers. Bradford writes that,
“They considered that all great and honorable actions were accompanied with great difficulties, and must be both enterprised and overcome with answerable courages. The dangers were great, but not desperate; the difficulties were many, but not invincible147. For, though there were many of them likely, yet they were not certain. It might be, sundry of the things feared might never befall; others, by provident148 care26 and the use of good means, might, in a great measure, be prevented. And all of them, through the help of God, by fortitude149 and patience, might either be borne or overcome. Their ends were good and honorable, and therefore they might expect the blessing150 of God in their proceeding151.”2
The Dutch endeavored to induce them to join a feeble colony which they had established at the mouth of the Hudson river. Sir Walter Raleigh presented in glowing terms the claims of the valley of the Orinoco, in South America, which river he had recently explored for the second time.
“We passed,” writes the enthusiastic traveller, “the most beautiful country that my eyes ever beheld. I never saw a more beautiful country or more lively prospects152. There is no country which yieldeth more pleasure to its inhabitants. For health, good air, pleasure, riches, I am resolved that it cannot be equalled by any region either in the east or west.”3
There was a small struggling English colony in Virginia which they were urged to join. But Bradford writes that they were afraid that they should be as much persecuted there for their religion as if they lived in England. After pondering for some time these questions and perplexities, they decided to establish27 a distinct colony for themselves, obtaining their lands from the Virginia Company in England. A delegation153 was sent to the king of England, soliciting154 from him a grant of freedom of worship. The Virginia Company gladly lent its co-operation to the emigrants. The king, however, was so unrelenting in his desire to promote religious uniformity throughout all his domains155, that though the Secretary of State, and others high in authority, urged him to liberality, he could only be persuaded to give his reluctant assent156 to the assurance “that his majesty157 would connive158 at them, and not molest73 them, provided they carried themselves peaceably.”
The very important question now arose, Who should go. Manifestly all could not be in a condition to cross a wide and stormy sea, for a new world, never to return. As only a minority of the whole number could leave, it was decided that their pastor, Mr. Robinson, should remain with those left behind, while Elder Brewster should accompany the emigrants as their spiritual guide. For nearly twelve years they had resided in Leyden. The hour of their departure was a sad one for all. Many very grievous embarrassments were encountered, which we have not space here to record.
A small vessel of but sixty tons burden, called the Speedwell, was purchased, and was in the harbor at28 Delft Haven, twelve miles from Leyden, awaiting the arrival of the pilgrims. Their friends, who remained, gave them a parting feast. It was truly a religious festival.
DELFT-HAVEN.
“The feast,” writes Winslow, “was at the pastor’s house, which was large. Earnest were the prayers for each other, and mutual159 the pledges. With hymns160, prayers, and the interchange of words of love and cheer, a few hours were passed.” The pilgrims, then, about one hundred and twenty in number, accompanied by many of their Leyden friends, repaired on board canal boats, and were speedily conveyed to Delft Haven. Here another parting scene took place. The description of it, as given by Bradford, in his “Brief Narration,” is worthy161 of record:
“The night before the embarkation was spent with little sleep by the most; but with friendly entertainment and Christian62 discourse162, and other real expressions of true Christian love. The next day, the wind being fair, they went on board, and their friends with them, where truly doleful was the sight of that sad and mournful parting. To see what sighs and sobs163 did sound among them; what tears did gush164 from every eye, and pithy165 speeches pierced each heart; that sundry of the Dutch strangers that stood on the quay166 as spectators, could not refrain from tears. Yet comfortable and sweet it was to see such lively and true29 expressions of dear and unfeigned love. But the tide, which stays for no man, calling them away that were thus loath167 to part, their reverend pastor falling down upon his knees, and they all, with him, with watery168 cheeks, commended them, with most fervent169 prayers to the Lord and His blessing. And then, with mutual embraces and many tears, they took their leaves one of another.”
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enactments
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| n.演出( enactment的名词复数 )；展现；规定；通过 | |
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persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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pastor
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| n.牧师，牧人 | |
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haven
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| n.安全的地方，避难所，庇护所 | |
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embarkation
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| n. 乘船, 搭机, 开船 | |
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maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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imprison
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| vt.监禁，关押，限制，束缚 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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laity
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| n.俗人；门外汉 | |
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displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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gilded
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| a.镀金的，富有的 | |
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abolition
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| n.废除，取消 | |
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peremptory
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| adj.紧急的，专横的，断然的 | |
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ordained
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| v.任命（某人）为牧师( ordain的过去式和过去分词 )；授予（某人）圣职；（上帝、法律等）命令；判定 | |
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deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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delinquents
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| n.（尤指青少年）有过失的人，违法的人( delinquent的名词复数 ) | |
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dissuade
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| v.劝阻，阻止 | |
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pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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conformity
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| n.一致，遵从，顺从 | |
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banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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dissent
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| n./v.不同意，持异议 | |
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rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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dissenters
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| n.持异议者，持不同意见者( dissenter的名词复数 ) | |
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redress
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| n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除 | |
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liturgy
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| n.礼拜仪式 | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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petitioners
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| n.请求人，请愿人( petitioner的名词复数 )；离婚案原告 | |
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harry
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| vt.掠夺，蹂躏，使苦恼 | |
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grievances
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| n.委屈( grievance的名词复数 )；苦衷；不满；牢骚 | |
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conceited
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| adj.自负的，骄傲自满的 | |
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40
pedant
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| n.迂儒；卖弄学问的人 | |
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41
arrogant
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| adj.傲慢的，自大的 | |
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42
pretensions
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| 自称( pretension的名词复数 )； 自命不凡； 要求； 权力 | |
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43
outlawry
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| 宣布非法，非法化，放逐 | |
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44
bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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45
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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46
ecclesiastics
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| n.神职者，教会，牧师( ecclesiastic的名词复数 ) | |
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47
subscribe
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| vi.(to)订阅，订购；同意；vt.捐助，赞助 | |
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48
enjoined
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| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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49
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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50
concealment
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| n.隐藏, 掩盖，隐瞒 | |
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51
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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52
rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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53
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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54
dyke
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| n.堤，水坝，排水沟 | |
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55
manor
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| n.庄园，领地 | |
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56
kennels
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| n.主人外出时的小动物寄养处，养狗场；狗窝( kennel的名词复数 )；养狗场 | |
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57
gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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58
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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59
sojourn
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| v./n.旅居，寄居；逗留 | |
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60
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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61
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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62
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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63
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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64
embarrassments
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|
| n.尴尬( embarrassment的名词复数 )；难堪；局促不安；令人难堪或耻辱的事 | |
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65
vigilantly
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| adv.警觉地，警惕地 | |
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66
seaport
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| n.海港，港口，港市 | |
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67
seaports
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| n.海港( seaport的名词复数 ) | |
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68
conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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69
persecuted
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|
| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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70
beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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71
livelihood
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|
| n.生计，谋生之道 | |
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72
molested
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|
| v.骚扰( molest的过去式和过去分词 )；干扰；调戏；猥亵 | |
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73
molest
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| vt.骚扰，干扰，调戏 | |
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74
joint
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|
| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
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75
sundry
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|
| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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76
thither
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|
| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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77
constrained
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|
| adj.束缚的,节制的 | |
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78
hearsay
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|
| n.谣传，风闻 | |
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79
miseries
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|
| n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人 | |
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80
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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81
subsist
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|
| vi.生存，存在，供养 | |
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82
ordinances
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|
| n.条例，法令( ordinance的名词复数 ) | |
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83
providence
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|
| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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84
havens
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|
| n.港口，安全地方( haven的名词复数 )v.港口，安全地方( haven的第三人称单数 ) | |
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85
conveyance
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|
| n.(不动产等的)转让，让与；转让证书；传送；运送；表达；（正）运输工具 | |
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86
bribe
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|
| n.贿赂；v.向…行贿，买通 | |
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87
mariners
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| 海员，水手（mariner的复数形式） | |
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88
intercepted
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|
| 拦截( intercept的过去式和过去分词 )； 截住； 截击； 拦阻 | |
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89
thereby
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|
| adv.因此，从而 | |
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90
vessel
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|
| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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91
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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92
exorbitant
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|
| adj.过分的；过度的 | |
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93
rendezvous
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|
| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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94
infamous
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|
| adj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，邪恶的 | |
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95
previously
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|
| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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96
confiscated
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|
| 没收，充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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97
plundered
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|
| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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98
outraged
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|
| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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99
derisive
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|
| adj.嘲弄的 | |
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100
jeers
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|
| n.操纵帆桁下部（使其上下的）索具；嘲讽( jeer的名词复数 )v.嘲笑( jeer的第三人称单数 ) | |
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101
brutal
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|
| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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102
despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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103
incarceration
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| n.监禁，禁闭；钳闭 | |
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104
impoverished
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|
| adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化 | |
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105
resolute
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|
| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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106
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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107
retired
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|
| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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108
swells
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| 增强( swell的第三人称单数 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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109
plunging
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|
| adj.跳进的，突进的v.颠簸( plunge的现在分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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110
creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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111
receding
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| v.逐渐远离( recede的现在分词 )；向后倾斜；自原处后退或避开别人的注视；尤指问题 | |
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112
outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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113
anguish
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| n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼 | |
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114
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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115
abated
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|
| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
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116
rigors
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| 严格( rigor的名词复数 )； 严酷； 严密； （由惊吓或中毒等导致的身体）僵直 | |
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117
destitute
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|
| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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118
inhuman
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|
| adj.残忍的，不人道的，无人性的 | |
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119
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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120
kindly
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|
| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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121
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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122
opulence
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| n.财富，富裕 | |
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123
wharfs
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| 码头，停泊处 | |
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124
countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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125
emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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126
remunerative
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|
| adj.有报酬的 | |
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127
uncouth
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| adj.无教养的，粗鲁的 | |
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128
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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129
attires
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| v.使穿上衣服，使穿上盛装( attire的第三人称单数 ) | |
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130
buckle
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| n.扣子，带扣；v.把...扣住，由于压力而弯曲 | |
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131
allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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132
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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133
delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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134
offenses
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| n.进攻( offense的名词复数 )；（球队的）前锋；进攻方法；攻势 | |
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135
frugality
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| n.节约，节俭 | |
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136
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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137
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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138
enlist
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| vt.谋取(支持等)，赢得；征募；vi.入伍 | |
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139
conjectured
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| 推测，猜测，猜想( conjecture的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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140
unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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141
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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142
glorify
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| vt.颂扬，赞美，使增光，美化 | |
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143
posterity
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| n.后裔，子孙，后代 | |
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144
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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145
appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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146
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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147
invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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148
provident
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| adj.为将来做准备的，有先见之明的 | |
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149
fortitude
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| n.坚忍不拔；刚毅 | |
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150
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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151
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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152
prospects
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| n.希望，前途(恒为复数) | |
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153
delegation
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| n.代表团；派遣 | |
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154
soliciting
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| v.恳求( solicit的现在分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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155
domains
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| n.范围( domain的名词复数 )；领域；版图；地产 | |
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156
assent
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| v.批准，认可；n.批准，认可 | |
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157
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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158
connive
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| v.纵容；密谋 | |
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159
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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160
hymns
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌( hymn的名词复数 ) | |
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161
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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162
discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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163
sobs
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| 啜泣（声），呜咽（声）( sob的名词复数 ) | |
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164
gush
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| v.喷，涌；滔滔不绝(说话)；n.喷，涌流；迸发 | |
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165
pithy
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| adj.(讲话或文章)简练的 | |
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166
quay
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| n.码头，靠岸处 | |
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167
loath
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| adj.不愿意的；勉强的 | |
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168
watery
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| adj.有水的，水汪汪的；湿的，湿润的 | |
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169
fervent
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| adj.热的，热烈的，热情的 | |
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