On the 22d of July, 1620, the Speedwell, with its little band of Christian4 heroes, left the haven5 of Delft for England.
Rev6. Mr. Robinson and his friends returned sadly to Leyden. A prosperous wind rapidly bore the vessel7 across the channel to the British coast, and they entered the port of Southampton. Here they found a party of English emigrants8 who had chartered a vessel, the Mayflower, of one hundred and twenty tons. They were awaiting the arrival of the Speedwell, intending to unite with the Leyden band and sail in its company for the organization of a Christian colony in the New World.
Here, disappointed in some of their financial plans, it was found that they needed four hundred dollars to pay up sundry9 bills, before they could sail. To raise31 this money they were compelled to sell some of their provisions, including many firkins of butter, which luxury they thought they could best spare.
At length, all things being ready, both vessels10 weighed anchor and put to sea, from Southampton, on the 5th of August. In the two vessels there were about one hundred and twenty passengers. They had gone but about one hundred miles when Captain Reynolds, of the Speedwell, announced that his ship had sprung a leak, and that he did not dare to continue the voyage without having her examined and repaired. Both vessels, therefore, put into Dartmouth, losing a fair wind, and time which, with the rapidly passing summer weather, was invaluable11 to them. They were detained for more than a week, searching out the leaks and mending them. One of their number, Mr. Cushman, wrote from Dartmouth a doleful letter, full of anticipations12 of evil.
“We put in here,” he wrote, “to trim our vessel; and I think, as do others, also, that if we had stayed at sea for three or four hours more she would have sunk right down. And, though she was twice trimmed at Southampton, yet now she is open and leaky as a sieve13. We lay at Southampton seven days in fair weather waiting for her; and now we lie here in as fair a wind as can blow, and so have done these four days, and are like to do four days more; and by that time32 the wind will probably turn, as it did at Southampton. Our victuals14 will be half eaten up, I think, before we go from the coast of England. And if our voyage last long we shall not have a month’s victuals when we come into the country.
“If I should write to you all things which promiscuously15 forebode our ruin, I should overcharge my weak head and grieve your tender heart. Only this I pray you, prepare for evil tidings of us every day. I see not in reason how we shall escape even the gaspings of hunger-starved persons. But God can do much, and His will be done.”
Again the two vessels set sail, probably about the 21st of August.
They had been out but a day or two, having made about three hundred miles from Land’s End, keeping close company, when the commander of the Speedwell hung out a signal of distress16. Both vessels hove to and it appeared that the Speedwell had sprung a leak, of so serious a character that, though diligently17 plying18 the pumps, they could scarcely keep her afloat.
Nothing was to be done but to put back again to Plymouth, the nearest English port. Here the Speedwell was carefully examined, and pronounced to be, from general weakness, unseaworthy. The disappointment was very great. The vessel was abandoned; twenty passengers were left behind, who could not be received in the already crowded Mayflower.
33 “It was resolved,” writes Governor Bradford, “to dismiss the Speedwell and part of the company, and proceed with the other ship. The which, though it was grievous and caused great discouragement, was put in execution. So, after they had taken out such provisions as the other ship could well stow, and concluded what number and what persons to send back, they made another sad parting, the one ship going back to London, the other proceeding20 on her voyage. Those who went back were, for the most part, those who were willing so to do, either out of some discontent, or from fear they conceived of the ill success of the voyage, seeing so many crosses befal, and the time of the year so far spent. But others, in regard to their weakness and charge of many young children, were thought least useful, and most unfit to bear the brunt of this hard adventure; unto which work of God and judgment21 of their brethren they were contented22 to submit. And thus, like Gideon’s army, this small number was divided, as if the Lord, by this work of His providence23, thought these few too many for the great work He had to do. But here, by the way, let me show, how afterwards it was found that the leakiness of this ship was partly caused by being overmasted and too much pressed with sails; for after she was sold and put into her old trim, she made many voyages and performed her service very sufficiently24, to the great34 profit of her owners. But more especially by the cunning and deceit of the master and his company, who were hired to remain a whole year in America; and now, fancying dislike, and fearing want of victuals, they plotted this stratagem25 to free themselves, as afterwards was known, and by some of them confessed.”
Mr. Cushman, who wrote the doleful letter, was left behind at his own request. There was some excuse for his evil forebodings, for he was in a wretched state of health. He had written,
“Besides the imminent26 dangers of this voyage, which are no less than deadly, an infirmity of body hath seized me which will not, in all likelihood, leave me until death. What to call it I know not. But it is a bundle of lead, as it were, crushing my heart more and more these fourteen days; and, though I do the actions of a living man, yet I am but as dead.”
The whole number of persons who took their departure from Dartmouth, in the one solitary27 vessel, the Mayflower, for the New World, amounted to one hundred and two.
Among these passengers there was a marked man, to whom we have already alluded28, Captain Miles Standish. He was a native of Lancashire, England, a gentleman born, and the legitimate29 heir to a large estate. He had been for some time an officer in one of the British regiments30, which had garrisoned31 a town35 in the Netherlands. He was not a church member, and we know not what induced him to unite with the pilgrims in their perilous32 enterprise. Probably love of adventure, sympathy with them in their cruel persecution33, and attachment34 to some of the emigrants, were the motives35 which influenced him. It is certain that he was very highly esteemed36, and very cordially welcomed by the pilgrims. His military skill might prove of great value to the infant colony.
It is but little that we know of the early life of this remarkable37 man. He was born about the year 1584, and was, consequently, at this time, about thirty-six years of age. The family could boast of a long and illustrious line of ancestors. In the great controversy38 between the Catholics and the Protestants there was a division in the family, part adhering to the ancient faith, and part accepting the Protestant religion. Thus there arose, as it were, two families; the Catholics, who were of “Standish Hall,” and the Protestants, who were of “Duxbury Hall.” Both of these family seats are situated39 near the village of Chorley, in the county of Lancashire. The income of the whole property was large, being estimated at about five hundred thousand dollars a year.
It is probable that Miles Standish was the legal heir to all this property, and that, by gross injustice40, he was defrauded41 of it. A few years ago the heirs of36 Miles Standish, in this country, sent out an agent, Mr. Bromley, to examine into the title. He thoroughly42 searched the records of the parish for more than a hundred years, embracing the period between 1549 and 1652. The result of this investigation43 was fully19 convincing, to the mind of Mr. Bromley, that Miles Standish was the rightful heir to the property, but that the legal evidence had been fraudulently destroyed. In reference to this investigation, Mr. Justin Winsor, in his History of Duxbury, writes:
“The records were all readily deciphered, with the exception of the years 1584 and 1585; the very dates about which time Standish is supposed to have been born. The parchment leaf, which contained the registers of the births of these years was wholly illegible44; and their appearance was such that the conclusion was at once established that it had been purposely done with pumice stone, or otherwise, to destroy the legal evidence of the parentage of Standish, and his consequent title to the estates thereabout. The mutilation of these pages is supposed to have been accomplished45 when, about twenty years before, similar enquiries were made by the family in America.”
Young Miles was educated to the military profession. England was then in alliance with the Dutch, in one of those wars with which the continent of Europe has ever been desolated46. Miles was sent to the37 Netherlands, commissioned as a lieutenant48 in Queen Elizabeth’s forces. After peace was declared he remained in the country and attached himself to the English exiles, who, in Leyden, had found refuge from ecclesiastical oppression. He joined the first company of Pilgrims for America, and by his bravery and sagacity, contributed greatly to the success of their heroic enterprise.
Nothing of special moment occurred during the voyage, which was tedious, occupying sixty-four days. One event is recorded by Bradford as a special providence. One of the seamen49, a young man of vigorous health and lusty frame, was a very vile50 fellow. As he went swaggering about the decks he lost no opportunity to insult the Pilgrims, ever treating their religious faith with contempt. When he saw any suffering from the awful depression of sea sickness, he would openly curse them, and express the wish that he might have the pleasure of throwing their bodies overboard, before they should reach the end of the voyage. The slightest reproof51 would only cause him to curse and swear more bitterly. Why the captain of the Mayflower allowed this conduct, we are not informed. But there are other indications that he was not very cordially in sympathy with his persecuted52, comparatively friendless, but illustrious passengers. When about half way across the Atlantic, the dissolute young man38 was seized with sudden and painful sickness. Several days of severe suffering passed, as his ribald songs and oaths were hushed in the languor53 of approaching death. He died miserably54, and his body, wrapped in a tarred sheet, was cast into the sea. “Thus,” writes Bradford, “did his curses light upon his own head. And it was an astonishment55 to all his fellows, for they noted56 it to be the just hand of God upon him.”
Very rough storms were encountered, often with head winds, and the frail57 Mayflower was sorely strained and wrenched58 by gale59 and surge. The shrouds60 were broken, the sails were rent, and seams were opened, through the oaken ribs61, which threatened the engulfing62 of the ship in the yawning waves. Almost a mutiny was excited, as some, deeming the shattered bark incapable64 of performing the voyage, urged the abandonment of the expedition, and a return. After a careful examination, by the captain and the officers, of the injury the vessel had received, it was decided65 that the hull66 of the ship, under water, was still strong; that, to tighten67 the seam opened by the main beam, they had on board an immense iron screw, which the passengers had brought from Holland, which would raise the beam to its place; and that, by carefully calking the decks and upper works, and by the cautious avoidance of spreading too much sail, they might still, in safety, brave the perils of a stormy sea.
39 But we are told that many gales68 arose so fierce, and the sea ran so high, that for days together they could not spread an inch of canvass69, but, in nautical70 phrase, were compelled to scud71 under bare poles. In one of these terrific storms a young man, John Howland, who ventured upon deck, was, by the sudden lurching of the vessel and the breaking of a wave, swept into the sea. He seemed to have been carried down fathoms72 deep under the raging billows. But, providentially, he caught hold of the topsail halyards, which happened to hang overboard. Though they ran out to full length, still, with a death gripe, he kept his hold until he was drawn73 up to the surface of the water, when, with boat hooks and other means, he was rescued.
The first land they made was Cape Cod. But it had been their intention to seek a settlement somewhere near the mouth of Hudson river. They therefore tacked74 about and stood for the southward. But after sailing with a fair wind for half a day, they found themselves becalmed in the midst of dangerous shoals and wild breakers. Alarmed by the perils which surrounded them in such unknown seas, they resolved to make their way back and seek the protection of the cape. A gentle breeze rose in their favor, and swept them away from the shoals before night came on. The next morning they anchored their storm-shattered40 vessel in a safe harbor at the extremity75 of Cape Cod.
Governor Bradford writes feelingly: “Being thus arrived in a good harbor, and brought safe to land, they fell upon their knees and blessed the God of Heaven, who had brought them over the vast and furious ocean, and delivered them from all the perils and miseries76 thereof, again to set their feet on the firm and stable earth, their proper element.”
He continues in language which we slightly modernize77: “But here I cannot but stay and make a pause, and stand half amazed at this poor people’s present condition. And so I think will the reader too, when he well considers the same. Being thus past the vast ocean, and a sea of troubles before in their preparation, they had now no friends to welcome them, nor inns to entertain or refresh their weather-beaten bodies,—no houses, or much less, towns to repair to, to seek for succor78.
“It is recorded in Scripture79, as a mercy to the apostle and his shipwrecked company, that the barbarians80 showed them no small kindness in refreshing81 them; but these savage82 barbarians, when they met with them, as after will appear, were readier to fill their sides full of arrows than otherwise. And for the season, it was winter; and they that know the winters of this country, know them to be sharp and violent,41 and subject to cruel and fierce storms, dangerous to travel to known places, much more to search an unknown coast. Besides, what could they see but a hideous83 and desolate47 wilderness84, full of wild beasts and wild men? And what multitudes there might be of them they knew not. Neither could they, as it were, go up to the top of Pisgah to view, from this wilderness, a more goodly country to feed their hopes.
“For, which way soever they turned their eyes, save upward to the heavens, they could have little solace85 or content in respect of any outward objects. For, summer being done, all things stand upon them with a weather-beaten face, and the whole country, full of woods and thickets86, presented a wild and savage view. If they looked behind them there was the mighty87 ocean, which they had passed, and which was now as a main bar and gulf63 to separate them from all the civil parts of the world. If it be said they had a ship to succor them, it is true; but what heard they daily from the master and company, but that with speed they should look out a place with their shallop, where they would be at some near distance; for the season was such that he would not stir from thence till a safe harbor was discovered by them, where they would be left, and where he might go without danger; and that victuals consumed apace, but that he must42 and he would keep sufficient for the crew and their return. Yea, it was muttered by some, that if the Pilgrims got not a place soon, they would turn them and their goods ashore88 and leave them.”
It was in the morning of Saturday, November 11th, that the Mayflower, rounding the white sand cliffs of what is now Provincetown, on the extremity of Cape Cod, entered the bay on the western side of the Cape, where they cast anchor. Just before entering this harbor the Pilgrims had drawn up a brief constitution of civil government, upon the basis of republicanism, by which they mutually bound themselves to be governed. This was the germ of the American Constitution. John Carver they had unanimously chosen as their Governor for one year.
That afternoon a party of sixteen men, well armed, under Captain Miles Standish, was sent on shore to explore the country in their immediate89 vicinity. They returned in the early evening with rather a discouraging report. The land was sandy and poor, but covered with quite a dense90 forest of evergreens91, dwarf92 oaks and other deciduous93 trees. They could find no fresh water, and met with no signs of inhabitants. The peninsula there seemed to be a mere94 sand bank, a tongue of barren land, about a mile in breadth. The water in the bay, however, abounded95 with fish and sea fowl96. They brought on board much-needed43 fuel of the red cedar97, which emitted, in burning, a grateful fragrance98.
The next day was Sunday. These devout99 men, who had left their native land to encounter all the hardships and perils of the wilderness, that they might worship God freely, according to their own sense of duty, kept the day holy to the Lord. They had brought with them, as their pastor100, as we have mentioned, the Rev. William Brewster. He was a gentleman by birth and in all his habits; a man of fervent101 piety102 and of highly cultivated mind, having graduated at Cambridge University, and having already filled several responsible stations in church and state. Mr. Brewster preached from the deck of the Mayflower. In their temple, whose majestic103 dome104 was the overarching skies, their hymns105 blended with the moan of the wintry wind, and the dash of the surge on the rock-bound shore.
“Amidst the storm they sang, And the stars heard, and the sea, And the sounding aisles106 of the dim woods rang, To the anthems107 of the free.”
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1
perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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cod
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| n.鳕鱼；v.愚弄；哄骗 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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haven
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| n.安全的地方，避难所，庇护所 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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invaluable
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| adj.无价的，非常宝贵的，极为贵重的 | |
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anticipations
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| 预期( anticipation的名词复数 )； 预测； （信托财产收益的）预支； 预期的事物 | |
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sieve
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| n.筛，滤器，漏勺 | |
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victuals
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| n.食物；食品 | |
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promiscuously
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| adv.杂乱地，混杂地 | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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diligently
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| ad.industriously;carefully | |
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plying
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的现在分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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stratagem
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| n.诡计，计谋 | |
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imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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defrauded
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| v.诈取，骗取( defraud的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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illegible
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| adj.难以辨认的，字迹模糊的 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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desolated
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| adj.荒凉的，荒废的 | |
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desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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vile
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| adj.卑鄙的，可耻的，邪恶的；坏透的 | |
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reproof
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| n.斥责，责备 | |
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persecuted
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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languor
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| n.无精力，倦怠 | |
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miserably
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| adv.痛苦地；悲惨地；糟糕地；极度地 | |
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astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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wrenched
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| v.（猛力地）扭( wrench的过去式和过去分词 )；扭伤；使感到痛苦；使悲痛 | |
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gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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shrouds
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| n.裹尸布( shroud的名词复数 )；寿衣；遮蔽物；覆盖物v.隐瞒( shroud的第三人称单数 )；保密 | |
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ribs
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| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
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engulfing
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| adj.吞噬的v.吞没，包住( engulf的现在分词 ) | |
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63
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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64
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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65
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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66
hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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67
tighten
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| v.(使)变紧；(使)绷紧 | |
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68
gales
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| 龙猫 | |
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69
canvass
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| v.招徕顾客，兜售；游说；详细检查，讨论 | |
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70
nautical
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| adj.海上的，航海的，船员的 | |
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71
scud
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| n.疾行；v.疾行 | |
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72
fathoms
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| 英寻( fathom的名词复数 ) | |
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73
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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tacked
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| 用平头钉钉( tack的过去式和过去分词 )； 附加，增补； 帆船抢风行驶，用粗线脚缝 | |
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75
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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76
miseries
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| n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人 | |
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77
modernize
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| vt.使现代化，使适应现代的需要 | |
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78
succor
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| n.援助，帮助；v.给予帮助 | |
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79
scripture
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| n.经文，圣书，手稿；Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》，《圣经》中的一段 | |
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80
barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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81
refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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82
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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83
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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84
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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85
solace
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| n.安慰；v.使快乐；vt.安慰(物)，缓和 | |
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86
thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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87
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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89
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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90
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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91
evergreens
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| n.常青树，常绿植物，万年青( evergreen的名词复数 ) | |
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92
dwarf
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| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
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deciduous
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| adj.非永久的；短暂的；脱落的；落叶的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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95
abounded
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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fowl
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| n.家禽，鸡，禽肉 | |
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cedar
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| n.雪松，香柏(木) | |
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98
fragrance
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| n.芬芳，香味，香气 | |
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99
devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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100
pastor
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| n.牧师，牧人 | |
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101
fervent
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| adj.热的，热烈的，热情的 | |
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102
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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103
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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104
dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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105
hymns
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌( hymn的名词复数 ) | |
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106
aisles
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| n. (席位间的)通道, 侧廊 | |
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107
anthems
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| n.赞美诗( anthem的名词复数 )；圣歌；赞歌；颂歌 | |
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