(1) The Task. Linyanti lies a hundred miles from the Zambesi river, at which the two possible routes may be said to fork. The one, eastward2, was comparatively simple: it was to follow the great river some thousand miles to the sea. The other, westward3, meant tracing the river towards the source so far as was possible, and then striking westward for St. Paul de Loanda, a matter in all of some fifteen hundred miles. Cape4 Town lay to the south, another fifteen hundred miles. These were the three spokes5 of the wheel from the centre at Linyanti.{67} Little was known to Livingstone of either the eastward or the westward route. He could only roughly estimate the distance. He had no notion what hostile tribes, what malarial6 swamps, what impenetrable forests, what waterless deserts might fall to be encountered. All that lay in the lap of destiny. He had not only to make this pilgrimage himself; he had to watch over the safety of his Makololo “boys,” keep them supplied with food and drink, and protect them in the event of attack by savages9. The deadly “tsetse” fly lay in wait for his oxen. The African fever lurked10 in ambush11 everywhere. In all times of extremity12 he had nothing to consult but his own stout13 heart and resourceful brain. Perils15 of floods and fevers, wild beasts and wilder human foes16 might be expected as a daily portion. Death would be almost a familiar companion. No love of adventure, no curiosity and fascination17 of exploration would have driven Livingstone through this self-imposed task. One has only to study his journal and listen to his simple, artless{68} confessions18 of faith to see that at every step the Christian19 motive20 was supreme21. He had sight of the ultimate City—the coming civilisation22 of Christ—and the lions of the way were all chained, and the dangerous rapids charmed.
(2) The Equipment for the Task. Never was a journey of such heroic proportions undertaken with so simple an equipment. When one reads of the elaborate preparations for modern expeditions not half so formidable one is amazed at the contrast. Many of my readers have probably seen the four tin canisters, fifteen inches square, that held the valuables. One contained spare shirts, trousers, and shoes to be used when civilisation was reached. One was a medicine chest. One a library. One held the magic lantern by means of which the Gospel story was to be preached. For the rest, there were twenty pounds of beads23, value forty shillings, a few biscuits, a few pounds of tea and sugar, and about twenty pounds of coffee. There were five guns in all: three muskets24 for the natives who could use them, and who{69} only hit things by accident; a rifle and double-barrelled shot gun for Livingstone, whose injured arm always made shooting difficult, and whose fever-shaken frame sometimes made it impossible. A bag of clothes for the journey, a small tent, a sheepskin mantle25, and a horse-rug to sleep on completed this equipment. The sextant and other instruments were carried separately; and the ammunition26 was “distributed through the luggage,” so that if any portion were lost some powder and shot would remain to them. Twenty-seven “boys” were chosen for the westward journey; and it is as well to set down the fact here that all the twenty-seven were brought back in safety to their homes.
The expedition left Linyanti on the 11th of November, 1853. Away in Europe the English and French fleets had entered the Bosphorus, and a delirious27 public opinion was hurrying Great Britain into the blunders of the Crimean War. Far away from all the “fool-furies” of European politics, one single-minded Christian hero was setting his heart on the more renowned28 victories of peace and{70} freedom, with nothing to sustain him but his own quenchless29 faith in God and the Right. Even at the start he had been severely30 shaken with fever, and much preaching had brought back an old troublesome complaint in the throat; but these were personal inconveniences which he never allowed to deter31 him from any line of duty. The farewells were said with Sekeletu at Seshéke on the Zambesi, and the expedition passed away to the north-west into the great unknown.
For the particulars of Livingstone’s memorable32 journeys we are dependent on what he called his “lined journal.” It was a strongly bound quarto volume of more than eight hundred pages, and fitted with lock and key. The writing in it is extraordinarily33 neat and clear; but there are pathetic pages in it when it is evident that the writer is shaking with fever, yet nevertheless his iron will is compelling his trembling fingers to do their office. Everything went down in his journal. Dr. Blaikie well says that “it is built up in a random-rubble style.” There are frequent prayers and poignant34 religious{71} reflections, the ejaculations of a heart charged to overflowing35 with the Divine love and human compassion36. Immediately following will be scientific observations, or speculations37 on some problem of natural history or geological structure. The various incidents in the journey are all recorded with the simplicity38 and freedom from sensationalism of the Evangelist Mark. Livingstone never magnifies a peril14, and dwells not at all on his personal heroism39. The “lined” journal ranks as one of his “books,” and its companions in the little canister were only a Sechuana Pentateuch, Thomson’s Tables, a Nautical40 Almanac, and a Bible. He confesses that “the want of other mental pabulum is felt severely.”
A misfortune little short of a disaster befel him at the beginning of this journey. The greater part of his medicines were stolen. With the health of all his escort to see to, and with fever racking his own frame, it must have seemed as if the chances of success were sensibly diminished.
It is interesting to compare Livingston{72}e’s rate of progress with that of ordinary traders. The trader thought seven miles a day good travelling, and even so he only reckoned on travelling ten days a month. Seventy miles a month was, in his eye, satisfactory progress. Livingstone struck an average of ten miles a day, and travelled about twenty days a month. Thus he seldom made less than two hundred miles a month. He travelled from Linyanti to Loanda (some 1,400 miles) in six months and a half, which as a mere41 feat42 of rapid African transit43 was quite amazing. On this journey he rode hundreds of miles on the back of his riding-ox, Sindbad, whose temper was uncertain and whose idiosyncrasies were pronounced. We shall see as we proceed that Sindbad was by no means always a satisfactory colleague.
Complications that might have led to ugly developments occurred while they were still in Sekeletu’s sphere of influence and among his people. It was discovered that a party of Makololo had made a foray to the north, and had destroyed some of the villages of{73} the Balonda, through whose country they were bound to pass. Some of the villagers had been seized for slaves, and Livingstone foresaw reprisals44 and the probability that prejudice would be excited against himself and his men. He therefore insisted that the captives should be restored, as a means of demonstrating that his errand was one of friendliness45 and peace. This act helped to disarm46 the hostility47 of the Balonda chief, and Livingstone afterwards busied himself to form a commercial alliance between the Balonda and the Makololo. It was always his policy to overcome the jealousies48 and hostilities49 of rival tribes, and substitute confidence based on mutual50 interest. After leaving the country of the Makololo, and while ascending51 the Barotse valley, the rains were almost incessant52, and the expedition moved forward through clouds of vapour that hardly ever lifted. For a whole fortnight at a time neither sun nor moon was seen sufficiently53 to get an observation for latitude54 and longitude55. The very tent that sheltered him by night began to rot with the excessive and{74} incessant humidity. In spite of being kept well oiled, the guns grew rusty56; and the clothing of the party became “mouldy and rotten.” Part of the way lay through dense57 forest, and the axe58 had continually to be plied7. The waters of the river were crowded with hippopotami, alligators59, and at times with fish; but it was not easy to get food in the forest, and repeatedly they were reduced to living on such roots as could be trusted, while moles60 and mice became a luxury. They were making now for the country of the great chief Shinté, whose fame had travelled far; and early in the New Year of 1854 found them at his capital, the most imposing61 town that Livingstone had seen in Central Africa. In the town were two Portuguese62 half-castes who were trading for slaves and ivory. “They had a gang of young female slaves in a chain, hoeing the ground in front of their encampment.” This was the first time that Livingstone’s Barotse companions had seen slaves in chains. “They are not men,” they exclaimed (meaning they are beasts), “who treat their children so.{75}”
The explorer was received with great ceremony. Shinté sat on a “sort of throne” covered with a leopard’s skin, under a banyan63 tree. He must have presented a somewhat bizarre appearance, for Livingstone tells us “he had on a checked jacket and a kilt of scarlet64 baize edged with green. Strings65 of beads, copper66 armlets and bracelets67 hung about his neck and limbs. For crown he had a great helmet made of beads and surmounted68 with a huge bunch of goose feathers. The subsequent ceremony was as odd and elaborate as the chief’s wardrobe. There were terrifying man?uvres of savage8 soldiers armed to the teeth. Livingstone suspected that their object was to cause him and his friends to take to their heels, but if so it was a failure. At last the new-comers were presented to the chief by the orator69 Sambanza, who described Livingstone’s exploits in great style, dwelt on the fact that he had brought back the captives taken by the Makololo, that he possessed70 “the Word from Heaven,” that he sought the peace of all the tribes, and was opening up a path for trade.{76} This speech was a great effort, and its effect was by no means minimised that the orator wore “a cloth so long that a boy carried it after him as a train.” It would appear that fashionable habits are the same all the world over. During his stay at Shinté’s court Livingstone suffered agonies from fever, accompanied by “violent action of the heart.” But he made his own invariable impression upon the chief by his frankness, independence and courtesy. He preached to the assembled tribesmen, and showed the magic-lantern pictures; and he pleaded urgently with Shinté personally against the growing practice of slavery. When his stay was over Shinté gave him the last evidence of goodwill71, for “he drew from out his clothing a string of beads and the end of a conical shell, which is considered in regions far from the sea of as great value as the Lord Mayor’s badge is in London. He hung it round my neck, and said, ‘There now you have a proof of my friendship.’” Shinté also bequeathed to the expedition his “principal guide,” Mtemése, who he promised would conduct them to the sea.
Mtemése proved to be by no means an immaculate person. Among other delinquencies he left the pontoon behind, a loss that was keenly felt. He had, too, a prejudice against speedy travel which Livingstone could not be induced to share. He was useful, however, in levying72 tribute of food throughout Shinté’s dominion74, and evidently thought Livingstone a great fool for paying a fair price for what could have been had for nothing. Gradually Shinté’s territory was left behind, and that of Katema was invaded. It seemed to Livingstone that as they moved north the moral conditions darkened. At times the great horror of heathenism laid hold of him. Everywhere was the same unrelieved tragedy of brutality75 and murder. Sometimes over the camp fires his savage hosts would exult76 in their customs. They told of the death of chiefs, and the slaughter77 of enough of their subjects to be an escort to the nether78 world. The further north Livingstone penetrated79 the more{79} “bloodily superstitious” did the people become. Yet he must eat with them, chat with them, laugh with them; and the impression of such religious teaching as he could impart was, alas80! so superficial. Katema proved peaceable; but his people lived under the perpetual shadow of the slave-trade, and would gladly have been taken away to the Makololo country.
The beginning of March found them for the first time in hostile territory. There had been much rain and flood, wading81 and swimming. Livingstone himself had had an adventure that thoroughly82 alarmed his men, and served to evoke83 their real devotion. He was flung from his ox in midstream, and compelled to strike out for the opposite bank. There was a simultaneous rush on the part of all his men to rescue him. Their delight was unbounded when they found he could swim like themselves. “Who carried the white man across the river but himself,” they said afterwards. It was among the Chiboques that the expedition came nearest to having to fight for their lives; and bloodshed{80} was only averted84 by Livingstone’s wonderful patience and fearlessness. He sat on a campstool with his double-barrelled gun across his knees, and insisted on arguing with the chief who was endeavouring to levy73 blackmail85. It was characteristic of Livingstone that he argued the legitimacy86 of passing through their country on the ground that the land belonged to God. If their gardens had been damaged compensation would have been paid, but the earth is the Lord’s. “They did not attempt to controvert87 this,” he comments, “because it is in accordance with their own ideas.” Finally he told them that if there was to be a fight they must begin it, and the guilt88 be on their heads. Matters looked critical for some hours; but Livingstone’s tact89 prevailed and the gift of an ox satisfied them for the time being. They had more trouble later before getting quit of the Chiboques, but there was no actual outbreak. There was thieving, however, of their goods, which were getting sadly reduced; and the attitude of enmity and treachery added to the gloom of a very{81} gloomy forest through which a way had to be found. So thick was the atmosphere that the hanging creepers could not be seen, and again and again the riders were swept off the backs of the oxen. On one occasion Sindbad went off at a plunging90 gallop91, the bridle92 broke, and Livingstone came down backwards93 on the crown of his head. At the same time Sindbad completed the triumph by dealing94 him a kick on the thigh95. Livingstone makes light of all this, only remarking that “he does not recommend it as a palliative for fever.” Repeated attacks of fever had reduced him to a skeleton. The sodden96 blanket which served as a saddle caused abrasions97 and sores. His “projecting bones” were chafed98 on the hard bed at nights. He had enough burdens to bear without having to dare the threats of savages. At the last outpost of the Chiboque country their two guides turned traitors99 and thieves, and escaped with the larger portion of their beads, so necessary for barter100. This was almost the last straw; and there was mutiny among Livingstone’s men, for they declared they{82} would go home. He was in despair; and having finally told them that in that case he would go on alone, he went into his little tent and flung himself upon his knees, “with the mind directed to Him who hears the sighing of the soul.” Presently one of the men crept into the tent. “We will never leave you,” he said. “Do not be disheartened. Wherever you lead we will follow.” The others took up the chorus. They were all his children, they told him, and they would die for him. They had only spoken in the bitterness of their feeling and because they felt they could do nothing.
They had one more parley101 with a bullying102 chief, but came out victorious103, thanks to the opportune104 appearance of a young military half-caste Portuguese, who afterwards showed them every hospitality. Moreover, they were now able to dispose of certain tusks105 of ivory presented to them by Sekeletu, the proceeds of which clothed the whole party and partially106 armed them.
The journey was easy now, save that the intrepid107 leader had had twenty-seven attacks{83} of fever, and suffered one more humiliation108 at the hands of Sindbad, being compelled inadvertently to bathe in the Lombé. He had to reassure109 his men as they drew near to the Atlantic, for they began to be troubled lest after all he should leave them to the cruel mercies of other white men. “Nothing will happen to you but what happens to me,” he told them. “We have stood by one another hitherto, and will do so till the last.” In course of time they crossed the sterile110 plains near Loanda, and gazed upon the sea. “We marched along with our father,” they said afterwards, “believing that what the ancients had always told us was true, that the world has no end; but all at once the world said to us, ‘I am finished, there is no more of me.’”
It was a weak, worn, haggard figure that on the 31st May, 1854, entered the city of Loanda, “labouring under great depression of spirits.” The fever had brought on chronic111 dysentery. He could not sit on his ox ten minutes at a time. His mind was “depressed by disease and care.” His{84} heart misgave112 him as to his welcome. But he had finished his course. He had accomplished113 his superhuman task. He had reached the coast. He had protected and guided his faithful company. He had robbed no man’s goods and taken no man’s life; and all the fourteen hundred miles he had preached the Gospel and argued for freedom and peace.
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1
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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spokes
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| n.（车轮的）辐条( spoke的名词复数 )；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 | |
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malarial
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| 患疟疾的，毒气的 | |
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plied
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的过去式和过去分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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lurked
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| vi.潜伏，埋伏（lurk的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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fascination
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| n.令人着迷的事物，魅力，迷恋 | |
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confessions
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| n.承认( confession的名词复数 )；自首；声明；（向神父的）忏悔 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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delirious
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| adj.不省人事的，神智昏迷的 | |
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renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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quenchless
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| 不可熄灭的 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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deter
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| vt.阻止，使不敢，吓住 | |
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memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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extraordinarily
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| adv.格外地；极端地 | |
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poignant
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| adj.令人痛苦的，辛酸的，惨痛的 | |
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overflowing
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| n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的，充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式 | |
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compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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speculations
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| n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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nautical
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| adj.海上的，航海的，船员的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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transit
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| n.经过，运输；vt.穿越，旋转；vi.越过 | |
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reprisals
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| n.报复（行为）( reprisal的名词复数 ) | |
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friendliness
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| n.友谊，亲切，亲密 | |
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disarm
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| v.解除武装，回复平常的编制，缓和 | |
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hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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jealousies
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| n.妒忌( jealousy的名词复数 )；妒羡 | |
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hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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longitude
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| n.经线，经度 | |
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rusty
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| adj.生锈的；锈色的；荒废了的 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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alligators
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| n.短吻鳄( alligator的名词复数 ) | |
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moles
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| 防波堤( mole的名词复数 )； 鼹鼠； 痣； 间谍 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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banyan
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| n.菩提树，榕树 | |
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scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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strings
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| n.弦 | |
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copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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67
bracelets
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| n.手镯，臂镯( bracelet的名词复数 ) | |
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68
surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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69
orator
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| n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家 | |
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70
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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goodwill
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| n.善意，亲善，信誉，声誉 | |
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72
levying
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| 征（兵）( levy的现在分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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73
levy
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| n.征收税或其他款项，征收额 | |
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74
dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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brutality
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| n.野蛮的行为，残忍，野蛮 | |
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76
exult
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| v.狂喜，欢腾；欢欣鼓舞 | |
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77
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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78
nether
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| adj.下部的，下面的；n.阴间；下层社会 | |
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penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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80
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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81
wading
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的现在分词 ) | |
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82
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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83
evoke
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| vt.唤起，引起，使人想起 | |
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84
averted
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| 防止，避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 )； 转移 | |
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85
blackmail
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| n.讹诈，敲诈，勒索，胁迫，恫吓 | |
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legitimacy
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| n.合法，正当 | |
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controvert
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| v.否定；否认 | |
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guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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plunging
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| adj.跳进的，突进的v.颠簸( plunge的现在分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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gallop
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| v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔；飞速发展 | |
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bridle
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| n.笼头，束缚；vt.抑制，约束；动怒 | |
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backwards
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| adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地 | |
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dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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thigh
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| n.大腿；股骨 | |
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sodden
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| adj.浑身湿透的；v.使浸透；使呆头呆脑 | |
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abrasions
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| n.磨损( abrasion的名词复数 )；擦伤处；摩擦；磨蚀（作用） | |
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98
chafed
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| v.擦热（尤指皮肤）( chafe的过去式 )；擦痛；发怒；惹怒 | |
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99
traitors
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| 卖国贼( traitor的名词复数 )； 叛徒； 背叛者； 背信弃义的人 | |
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100
barter
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| n.物物交换，以货易货，实物交易 | |
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101
parley
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| n.谈判 | |
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102
bullying
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| v.恐吓，威逼( bully的现在分词 )；豪；跋扈 | |
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103
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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104
opportune
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| adj.合适的，适当的 | |
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105
tusks
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| n.（象等动物的）长牙( tusk的名词复数 )；獠牙；尖形物；尖头 | |
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106
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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107
intrepid
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| adj.无畏的，刚毅的 | |
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108
humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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109
reassure
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| v.使放心，使消除疑虑 | |
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110
sterile
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| adj.不毛的，不孕的，无菌的，枯燥的，贫瘠的 | |
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111
chronic
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| adj.(疾病)长期未愈的，慢性的；极坏的 | |
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112
misgave
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| v.使（某人的情绪、精神等）疑虑，担忧，害怕( misgive的过去式 ) | |
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113
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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