In a speech made some years ago Sir Michael Hicks-Beach observed that nearly one million sterling’s worth of tobacco was wasted annually7 by throwing away cigarette-ends and the stumps8 of cigars. But what would you, Sir Michael? Are the lieges to cremate9 their lips and singe10 their moustaches by smoking on to the (literally) bitter end? Whether or no, it is tolerably certain that there is an enormous daily waste in the matter of in-tox-i-ca-ting drinks—without counting the wanton, although con-sci-en-tious, des-truc-tion made by teetotal magnates. According to statistics—I shall not madden my readers with many of these—more than ￡138,000,000 {62} are spent annually in Great Britain on spirituous liquors. Half of this sum, it may be fairly stated, is spent in the provinces. It may also be taken as read that 5 per cent of beer and stout is wasted, in the way of froth, spillings, and leavings, and 3 per cent of spirits. This brings us face to face with the calculation that the value of our daily waste in drinks is nearly ￡6500. Carbonic acid gas is undoubtedly11 answerable for a lot of this waste. In The Old Guard, a musical piece produced at the Avenue Theatre some years ago, Mr. Arthur Roberts in his instructions to Miss Phyllis Broughton—who made a very comely12 stage barmaid—particularly enjoined13 her, when drawing ale, to use her left hand to bring the handle down.
“The right hand,” he observed—of course it was all “gag”—“is for the froth.” And then he shewed her how to make half a pint14 of liquor fill a pint measure. Of course there be some professional imbibers who would object strongly and refuse to accept the froth programme; but on the other hand it pays the retailer15, in the long-run. I am not going to re-tell the old story of the Quaker; but will only mention that in the early seventies the landlord of a favourite tavern17 in the Strand—a house of call for histrions, which has since then been transmogrified and adorned18 with much bevelled glass and carved walnut—once confided19 to me that he made every bit of ￡300 per annum out of his froth. His barmaids were all of angelic appearance, with most beautiful heads of hair (the girls wore plenty of it in those days) and a wealth of pretty prattle20. And the {63} customers being susceptible21, and liberal-minded, the rest was easy.
Egyptian manuscripts written at least 3000 years before the Christian22 era shew conclusively23 that even at that primitive24 period the man-u-fac-ture of an intoxicating25 liquor from barley5 or other grain was extensively carried out in Egypt. Probably the wretched Israelites got far more birch and bastinado than beer given them whilst engaged in brickmaking; but it is quite on the cards that Cleopatra, when fatigued26 with practising the spot stroke on her billiard-table, often commanded one of her slaves to draw her a pint of bitter with a head on it; and who knows but that her beloved Antony cooled his coppers with small ale?
Pliny—who would be a useful sort of man to have in a daily newspaper office nowadays—records that in his time a fermented27 drink made from “corn and water” was in regular use in all the districts of Europe with which he was acquainted. But in Britain little was known about beer before the Roman conquest, as the favourite beverages28 of our ancestors were mead29 and cider. But the Romans, although they never quite succeeded in subduing30 the stubborn dispositions31 of the “barbarians,” managed to teach them a bit of husbandry, and to shew them something about brewing33. There were no means of making wine in those days, and—save in Wales—there were no grapes to make it with; but the Latins were not long in teaching the Britons—who were never slow to learn anything which might lead to revelry—that a very good {64} substitute for wine might be expressed from grain and water. Hops35 were undoubtedly known in England before the conquest, but do not appear to have been regularly used in brewing before the be-gin-ning of the sixteenth century. It is probable, therefore, that they were employed as medicine—and there is no better tonic36 than your hop34. The Germans would seem to have brewed37 with the “wicked weed” before the Englanders did, according to the omniscient38 Pliny.
The horny-handed son of toil39, who can put away his four or five gallons daily during harvest-time, without falling off the waggon40, may not know it, but it is only the female hop which is used by the brewer41 of to-day. The char-ac-ter-is-tics of the he-hop are not known to the writer, or whether he plays any part in aiding to relieve the thirst of the lieges; but the female is said to exercise “a purifying, a preservative42, and an aromatic43 influence over the wort.”
It used to be a popular fallacy that the beer made at Burton-on-Trent was brewed from Trent water, instead of, as was and is the case, from spring-water, which is eminently44 suited to the purpose. The chief industry at Burton was, originally, cotton-spinning, but fifty years ago this industry was discontinued owing to the triumphal march of John Barleycorn. Why spin cotton when the man-u-fac-ture of beer is not only a much healthier occupation but is far more lucrative45? So Burton stuck to its beer-making, a trade which was originally established {65} there—in a very small way—in the sixteenth century. There appears to have been a demand for Burton ale in London, during the reign46 of Charles I.; although details are missing as to whether the demand extended to the royal palaces. It is certain, however, that more than one hundred years ago Burton-on-Trent did a considerable export trade with the Baltic. In 1791 there were nine breweries47 here, and in 1851 sixteen. But at the be-gin-ning of the present century, until the last-named year, when the great Exhibition attracted all the world and his wife to England, the breweries at Burton were not all in a flourishing condition; and I have more than once heard my grandfather—who spoke48 from personal knowledge—tell the story of how the late Mr. Michael Thomas Bass most magnanimously offered to “prop up” another large firm, with the remark, “There’s room enough for us both here!”
At present there are thirty breweries in Burton-on-Trent, and employed in these are some 8000 men and boys. After the opening of the Midland Railway in 1839 the brewing trade here began to improve, but it was mainly due to the energy and practical knowledge of Mr.
Bass
aforementioned that Burton-on-Trent in general, and the great firm of Bass are in their present flourishing condition. In the words of Shakespeare, “He was a man; take him for all in all we shall not look upon his like again.” Beginning as traveller to the firm, he was not long ere {66} he became its chief director. He was untiring in business, a man possessing the broadest views of men and things, a bit crotchety on occasion, but possessed49 of “that most excellent gift of charity,” in boundless50 supplies. Amongst his other benefactions was the building and endowment of St. Paul’s, Burton, and the gift of recreation grounds, a free library, and swimming-baths to the adjacent town of Derby. He also built and endowed another church on his own estate, at Rangemore; and his hand was never out of his cash-pocket when he could aid in a good work. He represented Derby, in the Liberal interest, from 1848 to 1883, and was a tower of strength to that party, albeit51 possessed of nothing like bigoted52 opinions. On the contrary, it was his custom through life, like Hal o’ the Wynd in The Fair Maid of Perth, to “fight for his own hand.” And as an instance of his energy and grit53, it may be mentioned that after voting in the House of Commons for Mr. Gladstone’s Irish Church Disestablishment Bill—the division on which did not take place till 2 A.M.—he travelled by the “newspaper train” at 5 A.M. from Euston to Rugeley in order to hunt with Mr. Hugo Meynell Ingram’s hounds, later in the morning, changing his clothes on the way down. The meet was at Brereton Hayes, close to Cunnock Chase, and I well remember greeting him that morning, and receiving for a reply: “Thank you, I’m pretty well for an old ’un.” He was over seventy (I think) at the time. That was three decades ago; and since then the trade of Bass has increased enormously. {67} For the annual holiday of the staff I should be afraid to state from memory how many special trains are required to convey the great hive of workers to Brighton, and other far-distant watering-places, and back to Burton again. In short, it would be hard to find a spot in the inhabited world in which the name of Bass is not known and respected.
I mentioned further back Scotch54 and English barleys as being employed for malting purposes; but as a matter of fact the produce of many countries is used, in a blend, the whole being divided into two classes, heavy and light. And in making choice of barleys it is necessary that they should be thoroughly55 and equally ripened56, well “got” or harvested, and as far as possible presented to the brewer in the perfect husk or envelope with which nature has furnished the kernel57. Ancient and modern modes of thrashing and dressing58 to a greater or less extent damage both the husk and the kernel, and thus at the very threshold introduce one of the causes of disease. Whenever the grain is broken or bruised59 it is liable to be attacked when moist by a variety of moulds which lead to more or less serious disaster.
Of the different varieties of beer, “pale ale” or “bitter” is a highly-hopped60 beer made from the very finest selected malt and hops; whilst “mild ale,” or as it is called in Scotland “sweet ale,” is of greater gravity or strength, and is comparatively lightly hopped. “Old ale” is, naturally, the best stuff that can be brewed, in a state of maturity61; and it is a peculiarity62 of ale {68} that, securely bottled, it will keep its strength far longer than any other fermented drink. In December 1889 some bottles of beer were found walled up in a cellar at Burton-on-Trent; and the records of the firm, as well as the shape of the bottles, shewed that the beer had been brewed nearly a hundred years before. It was as bright as a sunbeam, and quite drinkable, but had lost its bitterness, and assumed the character of sherry. But old ale, like old brandy, is of little value to the toper, in that it takes a very minute quantity to accomplish in him the desired effect—oblivion. “Audit” ales and “college” ditto require very delicate handling of the jug63; and I have tasted ancient beer in Allsopp’s cellars in Burton, a wine-glassful of which would probably have put a coal-whipper on his back. It was the colour of mahogany and oh! so seductive.
Porter, as most people know, is a black beer, brewed in much the same manner as the other stuff, with roasted malt to give it colour; whilst stout is simply a superior kind of porter. As for the lager beer of the Fatherland it is fermented at a very low temperature, the fermentation being longer delayed. Some years ago great stress was laid on the German system of mashing65 called the “thick mash64,” which consisted of boiling or cooking a portion of the mash, and running it back and remixing it with the portion left in the tun; but it is now found possible to brew32 the finest lager beer with a slight modification66 of our own mashing method.
The sons of Britannia for a considerable period held aloof67 from this lager, which was {69} pronounced by some to be mere68 “hogwash,” and by others to consist principally of the juice of fir-cones and onions mixed with snow-water. The fir-cone flavour is, I believe, accounted for by the “pitching” of the barrels in which the beer is stored; but I don’t know where the oniony flavour comes from. The prejudice against this beer has long since departed from our midst; in fact it has become quite a favourite summer drink. It is generally considered less intoxicating than its English cousin. In fact the German students are in the habit of putting huge quantities thereof out of sight, on the occasion of passing examinations, and public rejoicings; and these “beer-drinkings” are, apparently69, fully70 sanctioned by the authorities.
It has been written that it is to Dean Nowell, “classed by Fuller among the worthies71 of England,” that we are indebted for the discovery of bottled beer. According to Fuller, “this worthy72, who was an en-thus-ias-tic fish-er-man, was one day angling in the Thames; but at the very time when he was trying to catch perch73 to carry to the frying-pan, that benighted74 bigot Bishop75 Bonner was trying to catch him to tie him to the stake for pur-poses of cremation76, to the glory of the old religion. The reverend gen-tle-man heard that he was ‘wanted,’ left his fishing, and fled as far from the Thames as he could, leaving untasted in a safe place a bottle of beer which he had filled in the morning. Bonner’s day did not last long, and Dean Nowell was soon able to return to his old haunts. Fishing as usual, he went to look after his bottle of beer, and {70} found that it had turned into a species of gun—it exploded its contents, when touched.” Thus Nature, which is ever kind, turned the martyrdom and misery77 of Bloody78 Mary’s reign to good—it brought about bottled beer. The Dean un-bos-omed himself of his great dis-covery to his clerical friends, and the clergy79 let it out gradually to the laity80.
Gervase Markham, the aforementioned con-tem-po-rary of Shake-speare, gives the fol-low-ing directions to “the English House-wife” of 1631, for
Brewing of Bottle-Ale.
Touching81 the brewing of Bottle-ale, it differeth nothing at all from the brewing of strong Ale, onely it must be drawne in a larger proportion, as at least twenty gallons of halfe a quarter; and when it comes to be changed, you shall blinke it (as was before shewed) more by much than was the strong Ale, for it must bee pretty and sharpe, which giveth the life and quicknesse to the Ale: and when you tunne it, you shall put it into round bottles with narrow mouthes, and then stopping them close with corke, set them in a cold sellar up to the wast in sand, and be sure that the corkes be fast tied in with strong packe-thrid, for feare of rising out, or taking vent16, which is the utter spoyle of the Ale.
Now for the small drinke arising from this Bottle-ale, or any other beere or ale whatsoever83, if you keep it after it is blinckt and boyled in a close vessell, and then put it to barme every morning as you have occasion to use it, the drinke will drinke a great deale the fresher, and be much more lively in taste. {71}
I confess that the above directions are somewhat vague to my untutored mind, which is quite a blank upon the subject of “blinckt and boyled” ale. Nor do I imagine for one moment that the “English Housewife” of the year 1899 will cumber84 herself with brewing or bottling, any sort of malt-liquor, as long as there be bonnets85 to be chosen, bicycles to be ridden, or golf to be played.
Wholesome86 as may be the beer in itself, its surroundings are not always hygienic. The system of pumping up the glorious fluid from the cellar through leaden pipes neither improves the flavour nor renders it more valuable as a morning “livener.” And there is a story—which I believe to be strictly87 true—told of a night cabman in London who used to call at the nearest tavern to his stand, the first thing in the morning, and swallow the first glass of beer drawn82 for the day. His end was lead-poisoning.
But there! John Barleycorn has probably done far more good than harm in his day; so let us toast the “Egyptian drink” in itself, the while we sing, in the words of the old song:—
Dang his eyes,
If ever he tries
To rob a poor man of his beer?!
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1
perquisites
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| n.（工资以外的）财务补贴( perquisite的名词复数 )；额外收入；（随职位而得到的）好处；利益 | |
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coppers
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| 铜( copper的名词复数 )； 铜币 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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bass
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| n.男低音(歌手)；低音乐器；低音大提琴 | |
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barley
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| n.大麦，大麦粒 | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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8
stumps
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| （被砍下的树的）树桩( stump的名词复数 )； 残肢； （板球三柱门的）柱； 残余部分 | |
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cremate
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| v.火葬，烧成灰 | |
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singe
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| v.(轻微地)烧焦；烫焦；烤焦 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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12
comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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13
enjoined
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| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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pint
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| n.品脱 | |
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retailer
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| n.零售商(人) | |
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16
vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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tavern
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| n.小旅馆，客栈；小酒店 | |
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18
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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confided
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| v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的过去式和过去分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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prattle
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| n.闲谈；v.（小孩般）天真无邪地说话；发出连续而无意义的声音 | |
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21
susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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conclusively
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| adv.令人信服地，确凿地 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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25
intoxicating
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| a. 醉人的,使人兴奋的 | |
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fatigued
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| adj. 疲乏的 | |
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fermented
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| v.（使）发酵( ferment的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）激动；骚动；骚扰 | |
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beverages
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| n.饮料( beverage的名词复数 ) | |
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29
mead
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| n.蜂蜜酒 | |
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30
subduing
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| 征服( subdue的现在分词 )； 克制； 制服； 色变暗 | |
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dispositions
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| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
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brew
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| v.酿造，调制 | |
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brewing
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| n. 酿造, 一次酿造的量 动词brew的现在分词形式 | |
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34
hop
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| n.单脚跳，跳跃；vi.单脚跳，跳跃；着手做某事；vt.跳跃，跃过 | |
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35
hops
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| 跳上[下]( hop的第三人称单数 )； 单足蹦跳； 齐足（或双足）跳行； 摘葎草花 | |
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tonic
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| n./adj.滋补品，补药，强身的，健体的 | |
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brewed
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| 调制( brew的过去式和过去分词 )； 酝酿； 沏（茶）； 煮（咖啡） | |
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omniscient
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| adj.无所不知的；博识的 | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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waggon
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| n.运货马车，运货车；敞篷车箱 | |
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41
brewer
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| n. 啤酒制造者 | |
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42
preservative
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| n.防腐剂；防腐料；保护料；预防药 | |
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aromatic
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| adj.芳香的，有香味的 | |
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eminently
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| adv.突出地；显著地；不寻常地 | |
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lucrative
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| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
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46
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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47
breweries
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| 酿造厂，啤酒厂( brewery的名词复数 ) | |
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48
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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49
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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50
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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51
albeit
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| conj.即使；纵使；虽然 | |
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52
bigoted
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| adj.固执己见的，心胸狭窄的 | |
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53
grit
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| n.沙粒，决心，勇气；v.下定决心，咬紧牙关 | |
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scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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55
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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56
ripened
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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57
kernel
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| n.(果实的)核，仁；(问题)的中心，核心 | |
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58
dressing
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| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
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59
bruised
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| [医]青肿的，瘀紫的 | |
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60
hopped
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| 跳上[下]( hop的过去式和过去分词 )； 单足蹦跳； 齐足（或双足）跳行； 摘葎草花 | |
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61
maturity
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| n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期 | |
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62
peculiarity
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| n.独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖 | |
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63
jug
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| n.(有柄，小口，可盛水等的)大壶，罐，盂 | |
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64
mash
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| n.麦芽浆，糊状物，土豆泥；v.把…捣成糊状，挑逗，调情 | |
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65
mashing
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| 捣碎 | |
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66
modification
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| n.修改，改进，缓和，减轻 | |
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aloof
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| adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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69
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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70
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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71
worthies
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| 应得某事物( worthy的名词复数 )； 值得做某事； 可尊敬的； 有（某人或事物）的典型特征 | |
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72
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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73
perch
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| n.栖木，高位，杆；v.栖息，就位，位于 | |
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74
benighted
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| adj.蒙昧的 | |
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75
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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76
cremation
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| n.火葬，火化 | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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78
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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79
clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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80
laity
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| n.俗人；门外汉 | |
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81
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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82
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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83
whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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84
cumber
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| v.拖累，妨碍；n.妨害；拖累 | |
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85
bonnets
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| n.童帽( bonnet的名词复数 )；（烟囱等的）覆盖物；（苏格兰男子的）无边呢帽；（女子戴的）任何一种帽子 | |
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86
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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87
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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