More men, was the cry from every general in the field. With more men, the army of Manassas could have carried the war over the Potomac frontier; perhaps have ended it there. With more men, Nashville would have been saved and Shiloh won. With more men, the enemy, pouring over the daily contracting frontiers, if not checked in their advance, might be restrained from, or chastised1 for, the brutal2 and uncivilized warfare4 that now began to wage, away from all great army centers.
Great as was the need for new blood and new brains, in the council of the nation—still more dire5 was the need for fresh muscle in its armies. Levies6 must be raised, or all was lost; and the glories that had wreathed the southern flag, even when it drooped7 lowest—priceless blood that had been poured as a sacrament to consecrate8 it—would all be set at naught9 by the imbecility of the chosen lawgivers of the people. Thus, after a pressure of months from cooler heads in government, the more thoughtful of the people, and the most farsighted of the press, the few live men in Congress wrung10 from it the "Conscription Act" on the 16th day of April.
The reader may have gained some faint idea of the alacrity11 with which men of all classes rushed into the ranks; of the steady endeavor and unmurmuring patience with which they bore the toils12 and dangers of their chosen position; of their unwavering determination to fight the good fight to the end. That the same spirit as genuinely pervaded14 the masses of the army now, there is little doubt; but the South—instead of husbanding her resources, had slept during these precious months the North utilized15 to bring a half million of men against her.
Now, when she woke to the plain fact that her existence depended—not only on keeping in the ranks every man already there, but of adding largely to their numbers—it was but natural that the Government's torpor16 had, in a slight degree, reacted upon its soldiers.
When the Government had assumed more form and regularity17 with increased proportions and the conviction, forced upon the most obtuse18 mind, that a struggle was at hand demanding most perfect organization, the looseness of a divided system had become apparent. The laws against any State maintaining a standing19 army were put into effect; and the combined military power was formally turned over, as a whole, to the Confederate authorities. This change simply meant that complete organizations were accepted as they stood, as soldiers of the Confederacy instead of soldiers of the states; the men were mustered20 into the Confederate service and the officers had their state commissions replaced by those from the Confederate War Department. From that date, the troops were to look to the central Government for their pay, subsistence, and supplies.
In mustering22 in, all troops—with only exceptions where their contracts with state governments demanded—were received "for three years of the war." At Montgomery, many admirable organizations had been tendered to the Government for one year; and much discussion had ensued on the subject of their reception. It was then generally believed, even by the longest heads in the Cabinet, that the war would be only a campaign. I have elsewhere alluded24 to the tenacity25 with which its supporters clung to this idea; and Mr. Davis was almost alone in his persistent26 refusal to accept the troops for less than three years, or the war. To the one campaign people he said, very justly, that if the troops were taken for twelve months, and the war were really over in six, here was the Government saddled with the incubus27 at a standing army, infinitely28 greater than its needs; and here large bodies of men who might be of incalculable service elsewhere, tied to the vitiating and worse than useless influences of a peace camp. On the other hand, should the war last longer, in its very climax29 a large body of educated soldiers, just trained to a point of usefulness, would have the right to demand their discharge, when their places would be difficult to fill even with raw levies. There was much dissatisfaction among the one campaign people; but their own argument—that, if received for the war, the troops would get home before their proposed twelve months expired—was unanswerable. Now, when the same arguments were used to enforce the passage of the Conscription Act, the enemies that Mr. Davis had by this time gathered around him, little recked that in their wisdom, they were quoting him.
This transfer to the Confederate Government covered all the troops of the several states, except the militia31. This, of course, remained under the authority of their respective governors.
Naturally, with the addition to the force originally contemplated32 by "the assembled wisdom of the land," the five brigadier-generals allowed by Congress proved totally inadequate33. A law had subsequently been forced from them, granting the appointment of five generals—a rank paramount34 to that of field-marshal in European armies—of the regular army, who were to command volunteers; and allowing the President to appoint such number of brigadiers of volunteers as the necessities of the service demanded.
There had been little hesitancy in the selection of the generals—all of them men who had served with distinction in the army of the United States; and who had promptly36 left it to cast their lot with the new Government. So little difference could be found in their claims for precedence, that the dates of their old commissions decided37 it. They were Samuel Cooper, Albert Sidney Johnston, Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston and Pierre G. T. Beauregard.
These nominations38 had been received with unanimity39 by the Senate, and with profound satisfaction by the people. Had fitness and right been consulted equally in other appointments, much priceless blood might have been saved to the South.
Still, at the time, it was believed that the commissions of brigadier of volunteers were conferred upon the most meritorious40 of the resigned officers; or, where there was reason to hope good results to the service—upon the best of those men the troops had chosen as commanders. Strong pressure was, of course, brought to bear upon the President, regarding these appointments; but the verdict of army and people was that these first selections were made with as much judgment41 and impartiality42 as the untried state of the army permitted.
But fifteen months' quiet endurance of hardship, danger and doubt; the universal wail43 from homes that had never before known, a dark hour, but where unaccustomed toil13 now fought vainly against misery45 and disease; a pervading46 sense of insecurity for any point, and that those homes—broken and saddened as they were—might meet a yet worse fate—all these causes had done their work. Undaunted and unconquered as the men were, the bravest and most steadfast47 still longed for a sight of the dear faces far away.
The term of service of more than a hundred regiments49 would expire soon, enlistments had become slow and were not to be stimulated50 by any inducements legislation could offer. The very danger that had been pointed51 out in refusing more "twelve months' men" became too imminent52 to evade53.
The soldiers of the South were more anxious than ever to meet the foe54. Added to their love for the cause, many now felt bitter personal incentive55 to fight; and every blow was now struck alike for country and for self. But while panting for the opportunity, they had a vague feeling that they must fight nearer home and—forgetting that the sole protection to their loved ones lay in a union, closer and more organized than ever—each yearned56 for the hour when he would be free to go and strike for the defense57 of his own hearthstone.
The intent of the conscription was to put every man in the country, between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five, into the army; restricting "details" from the field within the narrowest limits of absolute necessity. It retained, of course, every man already in the field; and, had its spirit been vigorously carried out, would have more than doubled the army by midsummer.
It provided for the separate enrollment58 of each state under a "Commandant of Conscripts;" and for collecting new levies at proper points in "Camps of Instruction," under competent officers, that recruits might go to the army prepared in drill and knowledge of camp life for immediate59 service.
But, the Conscription Act, like all other congressional measures, was saddled with a companion, "Bill of Exemptions62." This—while so loosely constructed as almost to nullify all good effect of the law—opened the door to constant clashing of personal and public interests, and to great abuses of the privilege.
It would, of course, have been folly63 to draw every able-bodied male from districts already so drained of effective population as to have become almost non-producing. Such a course would have put thousands of additional mouths into the ranks, and still further have reduced the straitened means for feeding them. And it would have been equally suicidal to draw from forge and from lathe64, those skilled artisans who were day and night laboring65 to put weapons in the hands of those sent to wield66 them.
But the "Bill of Exemptions" left possible both of these things, at the same time that it failed to restrain abuses of privileges in certain high quarters. The matter of "details" was, of course, essential; and it was only to be supposed that generals in the field could best judge the value of a man in another position than the front.
But the most objectionable feature to the army was the "Substitute Law," which allowed any one able to buy a man, not subject to the action of conscription, to send him to be shot at in his place. Soldiers who had endured all perils67 and trials of the war, naturally felt that if they were retained in positions they objected to, those who had been comfortably at home—and in many instances coining that very necessity into fortunes—should be forced at the eleventh hour to come and defend themselves and their possessions. Besides, the class of men who were willing to sell themselves as substitutes were of the very lowest order. All citizens of the South were liable to conscription; and the "exempts68" open to purchase, were either strange adventurers, or men over and under age, who—argued the soldiers—if fit for service should come of their own free will.
Veteran troops had a low enough opinion of the "conscript" as a genus; but they failed not to evince, by means more prompt than courteous69, their thorough contempt for the "substitute."
These causes produced much discontent, where men would cheerfully have acquiesced70 in a law essential to the preservation71 of the fabric72 they had reared and cemented with their blood. To quell73 this feeling, a reorganization of the army was effected. A certain time was allowed for any liable man to volunteer and choose his branch of the service and, if practicable, his regiment48; and so great was the dread74 of incurring75 the odium of conscription, that the skeleton veteran regiments rapidly filled up to a point of efficiency. They were then allowed to choose their own officers by election; and, though this lost to the service many valuable men who had become unpopular, still the army was better satisfied within itself.
The refilled regiments were re-brigaded by states when practicable, a general from a different state being sometimes placed in command; and the whole army was divided into corps76, of three divisions each, commanded by a lieutenant-general.
Whatever the weakness of its construction—and the abuses of the exemption60 and detail power in carrying it out—there can be little doubt that the conscription at this time saved the country from speedy and certain conquest; and credit should be given to the few active workers in the congressional hive who shamed the drones into its passage.
Had the men whose term expired been once permitted to go home, they could never again have been collected; the army would have dwindled77 into a corporal's guard here and there; the masses the North was pouring down on all sides would have swept the futile78 resistance before it; and the contest, if kept up at all, would have degenerated79 into a guerrilla warfare of personal hatred80 and vengeance81, without a semblance82 of confederation, or nationality.
Once passed, the people of the whole country acquiesced in and approved the conscription, and gave all the aid of their influence to its progress. Here and there a loud-mouthed demagogue would attempt to prejudice the masses against the measure; but scarcely a community failed to frown down such an effort, in the great extremity83 of the country, as vicious and traitorous84. The opposition85 that the project had met in the administration—from doubt as to its availability—was removed by its very first working. What had been in its inception86 an unpopular measure, received now the approbation87 of all classes; and the governors of every state—save one—went to work with hearty88 good will to aid its carrying out.
This exception was Governor Joseph E. Brown, of Georgia, who entered into a long wrangle89 with the administration on the constitutional points involved. He denied the right of Congress to pass such an act, and of the Executive to carry it out within the limits of a sovereign state; averred—with much circumlocution90 and turgid bombast—that such attempt would be an infringement91 of the State Rights of Georgia, which he could not permit.
Mr. Davis replied in a tone so reasonable, decorous and temperate92 as to wring93 unwilling94 admiration95 even from his opponents. He pointed out briefly96 the weak points that rendered the governor's position utterly97 untenable, ignored the implied warning of resistance to the law; and succinctly98 stated that he relied upon the patriotism99 of Georgians to grasp the full meaning of the crisis their executive failed to comprehend; and he closed by stating that the conscription must go on.
Governor Brown found no supporters for his extreme views, even in the anti-administration party. The people felt the imminence100 of the danger; and here, as in all matters of deep import, they placed the conservation of the cause high above partisan101 prejudices, or jealousies102 of cliques103. Utterly silenced by the calm dignity and incisive104 logic105 of Mr. Davis, and abandoned by the few supporters his defiance106 of the administration had at first collected around him, Governor Brown was forced to yield; achieving only the conviction that he had the general condemnation107 of the popular voice.
Once set in motion, the machinery108 of conscription worked rapidly and somewhat smoothly109. The Camps of Instruction in all states not possessed110 by the enemy filled rapidly, and the class of conscripts on the whole was fairly good. By early summer they began to arrive in Richmond and "Camp Lee"—the station where they were collected—became a point equally of curiosity to the exempt61 and of dread to the liable.
It was curious to note the prevalence of the various state-traits, showing in the squads112 of conscripts from time to time passing through the city. The sturdy farmers from the interior, especially those from Virginia, Georgia and Alabama, though lacking the ease and careless carriage of the veteran soldier, had a determined113 port that spoke114 for their future usefulness. They were not merry naturally. Called from accustomed avocations115 and leaving behind them families defenseless and without means of support, they could scarcely have marched gaily116, even when willingly, into the Carnival117 of Death. But they were resolute118 men, earnest in their love for the South and honest in their wish to serve her—with the musket119, if that were better than the plough.
Tall and lank120, but long-limbed and muscular, the Georgians had a swinging stride of their own; and, even when the peculiar121 dialect did not ring out over their ranks, something in their general style gave the idea that these were the men who would one day be fellow-soldiers of the famous "fighting Third."
Ever and anon came a dejected, weary squad111 with slouching gait and clayey complexions122. Speaking little and then with a flat, unintoned drawl that told of the vicinage of "salt marsh35;" bearing the seeds of rice-field fevers still in them, and weakly wondering at the novel sights so far from home, the South Carolina conscripts were not a hopeful set of soldiers. As soon as the tread of hostile battalions123 had echoed on her soil, the sons of the Palmetto State flew to their posts. State regulars went to the coast, picked volunteer corps came to Virginia. None stayed behind but those really needed there by the Government, or that refuse class which had determined to dodge124 duty, but now failed to dodge "the conscript man." The former were, of course, as much needed now as ever; the latter did not ride into the battle with defiance on their brows, but, on the contrary, seemed looking over their shoulders to find a hole in the mesh125 that implacable conscription had drawn126 about them.
Their next neighbors of the Old North State were hardly better in the main, but some men among them seemed not unlike the militia that had fought so well at Roanoke Island. Green and awkward; shrinking away from the chaff127 of passing regulars; looking a little sheepish for being conscripts, "Zeb Vance's boys" yet proved not unworthy the companionship of the men of Bethel, of Manassas and of Richmond.
At first the border states, or those overrun by the enemy, gave few additions to the conscript camps.
Kentucky, on whose adherence128 and solid aid to the cause such reliance had been placed in the beginning, had sadly failed to meet it. With the reminiscences of her early chivalry129, her romantic warfare of the "Dark and Bloody130 Ground," and the warlike habits of her men, mingled131 considerations of the usefulness of her vast resources and her natural points for defense, lying so near the Federal territory. But as the war wore on and the state still wavered, the bent132 of her people seemed strangely to incline to the northern side. Seeking a neutrality that was clearly impossible, the division in her councils admitted the Federals within her borders. Then, when it was hopeless to do more, the noblest and most honored of her sons left Kentucky and ranged themselves under that banner they had in vain sought to unfurl over her.
Like Maryland, Kentucky had early formed a corps d' élite, called the "State Guard," which numbered many of the best-born and most cultured young men of the state, with headquarters at Louisville. This was commanded by General S. B. Buckner and under the general control of Governor Magoffin. This corps was supposed to represent the feelings of all better citizens in its opposition to the union cause.
But when the action of political schemers—aided by the designs of a money-loving and interested populace—laid Kentucky, like Maryland, bound hand and foot at the feet of the Federal government; when the union council of the state strove to disarm133 or put them in the union ranks, the soldiers of the "State Guard" left unhesitatingly and joined the army of the South in large numbers.
Late in November, 1861, a convention had met; and, declaring all bonds with the union dissolved, passed a formal Ordinance134 of Secession and sent delegates to ask admission from the Richmond Congress. A month later Kentucky was formally declared a member of the Confederacy; but before that time Buckner and Breckinridge had received the commissions, with which they were to win names as proud as any in the bright array of the South; a Kentucky brigade—whose endurance and valiant135 deeds were to shed a luster136 on her name that even the acts of her recreant137 sons could not dim—were in General Johnston's van; some of her ablest and most venerable statesmen had given up honors and home for the privilege of being freemen! All the South knew that the admission of the state was but an empty form—powerless alike to aid their cause, or to wrest138 her from the firm grasp the Federal government had set upon her.
At the time of the first conscription the few men left in Kentucky, who had the will, could not make their way into Confederate camps; far less could the unwilling be forced to come.
Tennessee, also, had been a source of uneasiness to the Richmond Government from the spread of union tendencies among a portion of her inhabitants. Though she had been a member of the Confederacy near a year, still the half civilized3 and mountainous portions of her territory, known as East Tennessee, had done little but annoy the army near it, by petty hostilities139 and even by a concerted plan for burning all the railroad bridges in that section and thus crippling communications.
Fortunately this scheme had been frustrated140, and the half-savage population—for the better class of Tennesseeans were almost unanimous in expression of loyalty141 to the South—kept in subjection.
But now with her soil overrun by Federal soldiers, and with a Federal fleet in every river, the state could not respond to the call of the South; and, of course, the soldiers she yielded the conscription were from the narrow tracts23 in Confederate possession only.
One hears much of the "union feeling" in the South during the war. Immediately on its close, a rank crop of "southern loyalists" had sprung up in many quarters; basking142 in the rays of the Freedmen's Bureau and plentifully143 manured with promises and brotherly love by the open-mouthed and close-fisted philanthropy of New England. But like all dunghill products, the life of these was ephemeral. Its root struck no deeper than the refuse the war had left; and during its continuance the genus was so little known that a Carlyle, or a Brownlow, was looked upon with the same curiosity and disgust as a very rare, but a very filthy144, exotic.
With the exceptions of portions of Kentucky and Tennessee, no parts of the South were untrue to the government they had accepted.
Florida was called "loyal" and General Finnegan proved with what truth. "Loyal" Missouri has written her record in the blood of Price's ragged145 heroes. Louisiana, crushed by the iron heel of military power, spoiled of her household gods and insulted in her women's name, still bowed not her proud head to the flag that had thus become hostile.
And the Valley of Virginia! Ploughed by the tramp of invading squadrons—her fair fields laid waste and the sanctity of her every household invaded—alternately the battle-ground of friend and foe—where was her "loyalty?"
Pinched for her daily food, subsidized to-day by the enemy and freely giving to-morrow to their own people—with farming utensils146 destroyed and barns bursting with grain burned in wanton deviltry—the people of the Valley still held to the allegiance to the flag they loved; and the last note of the southern bugle147 found as ready echo in their hearts as in the first days of the invasion—
"Their foes148 had found enchanted149 ground—
But not a knight150 asleep!"
In possibly one or two instances, the official reports of invading generals may have been in some slight degree erroneous; newspaper correspondents are not in every instance absolutely infallible; and perhaps it was more grateful to the tender sensibilities of the war party at the North to feel that there were hearts of brothers beating for them in the glare of burning rooftrees, or swelling151 with still more loyal fervor152 to the cry of the insulted wife!
But at this day—when the clap-trap of war has died away with the roll of its drums; when reason may in some sort take the place of partisan rage—not one honest and informed thinker in the North believes that "loyal" feeling ever had deep root anywhere among the southern masses; or that "loyal citizens" were as one in ten thousand!
Whole communities may have murmured; there may have been "schism153 in the council and robbery in the mart;" demagogues may have used wild comparisons and terrible threats about the Government; staunch and fearless newspapers may have boldly exposed its errors and mercilessly lashed154 its weak or unworthy members; some men may have skulked155 and dodged156 from their rightful places in the battle's front!
But, however misplaced the world's verdict may declare their zeal—however great the error for which they fought and suffered and died—no man to-day dare refuse to the southern people the need of their unparalleled constancy!
Even conquered—manacled and gagged by the blind and blood-thirsty faction30 in power—the southern people held on to the small fragments of rights left them, with brave tenacity. Willing to accept that arbitration157 to which they had submitted their cause, and ready to suffer with the bright memories of their past, rather than efface158 them by signing their own degradation159.
They were conquered and bound in the flesh, but there was enough of manhood left in the spirit to say—
"Though you conquer us, men of the North, know ye not
What fierce, sullen160 hatred lurks161 under the scar?
How loyal to Hapsburg is Venice, I wot!
How dearly the Pole loves 'his father'—the Czar!"
No more singular sight was presented by all the war than the conscript depot162 at Richmond. The men from the "camps of instruction" in the several states—after a short sojourn163 to learn the simplest routine of the camp, and often thoroughly164 untaught in the manual even—were sent here to be in greater readiness when wanted. Such officers as could be spared were put in charge of them, and the cadets of the Virginia Military Institute were employed as drill officers.
Citizens of various states—young, old, honest and vicious alike—the conscripts were crowded together in camp, left to their own devices enough to make them learn to live as soldiers; and put through constant drill and parade to accustom44 them to the use of arms.
Almost every variety of costume obtained among them. The butternut jacket with blue pants of the Federal soldier, the homespun shirt with the cast-off pants of some lucky officer; and the black broadcloth frock and jauntily-cut pants that some friendly lady had ransacked166 her absent one's stores to give, all appeared on dress parade; surmounted167 by every variety of head gear, from the straw hat of many seasons to the woolen168 night-cap the good "marm" had knitted.
Notwithstanding much work, there was still too much leisure time; and "apple jack165" filtered its way through provost guards, and cards, the greasiest169 and most bethumbed, wiled170 many an hour for the unwary and verdant171.
The lower class of conscripts were almost invariably from the cities—the refuse population of the wharf172, bar-room and hotel. Unwilling to volunteer, these gentry173 skulked behind every excuse to avoid conscription; but when forced off at last, they and the substitutes banded in an unholy brotherhood174 to make the best of their position.
Ringleaders in every insubordination and every vice21 they assumed a dégagé, or air of superiority, and fleeced their verdant companions of the very clothes they wore; while they made the impure175 air of the camps more foul176 with ribald jest and profane177 song.
A single glance segregated178 this element from the quiet country conscripts. The latter were generally gloomy, thinking of the field untilled and the wife and little ones, perhaps, unfed. When they drank "new dip" it was to drown thought, for the fumes179 of every stew-pan brought back shadowy memories of home and comfort; and when they slept on the damp ground—wrapped in the chance rug, or worn scrap180 of carpet charity had bestowed—a sad procession marched through their dreams, and sorrowful and starving figures beckoned181 them from mountain side and hamlet.
Great misery and destitution182 followed the conscription. Large numbers of men, called from their fields just as they were most needed, cut down greatly the supplies of grain. Almost all who remained at home bought their exemption by giving so large a portion of their product to Government as to reduce civil supplies still more; and these two facts so enhanced the price of food—and so reduced the value of money—that the poorer classes rapidly became destitute183 of all but the barest means of life. Whether this was the result of inevitable184 circumstance, or the offspring of mismanagement, in no way affects the fact. Food became very hard to procure185 even at high prices; and the money to get it was daily more and more monopolized186 by a grasping few.
The Confederate soldier now had a double share of toil and torture. When the smoke of the fight rolled away, and with it the sustaining glow of battle, thought bore him but grim companionship at the camp fireside; for he saw famine stalk gaunt and pale through what had been his home.
When tidings of want and misery came, he strove to bear them. When he heard of burning and outrage—where naught was left to plunder—who may wonder that he sometimes fled from duty to his country, to that duty more sacred to him of saving his wife and children!
Who does not wonder, rather, in reading the history of those frightful187 days, that desertions were so few—that untutored human nature could hide in its depths such constancy and devotion to principle!
But, great as were the privation and the suffering caused by the first conscription, they were still to be increased. Through those twin abortions188 of legislation, the substitute and exemption bills, the results of the first law proved inadequate to fill the gaps of the fatal fights of the summer.
Detail and substitute had done their work, as thoroughly as had the shells of Malvern Hill, the bullets of Sharpsburg, or the raw corn of the retreat to the river.
More men were wanted! At whatever cost in territory, or in suffering, more men must be had. And on the 27th September, Congress passed an act extending the age of conscription from 18 to 45 years. But the exemption and substitute laws remained as effective as ever. True, some feeble moves were made toward narrowing the limits of the former; but while it stood a law in any form, enough could be found to read it in any way. The extension law, while it still further drained the almost exhausted189 country—and left in its track deeper suffering and destitution, that brought famine from a comparative term into an actual verity—still left in the cities an able-bodied and numerous class; who, if not actually useless, were far more so than the food-producing countrymen sent to the front to take their places.
Yet so blind was the Congress—so impervious190 to the sharpest teachings of necessity and so deaf to the voice of common sense and reason, that unceasingly upbraided191 it—that this state of things continued more than a year from the passage of the extension act.
Then, when it was almost too late for human aid to save the cause—when the enemy had not only surrounded the contracted territory on every side, but had penetrated192 into its very heart—the substitute bill was repealed193, and every man in the land between the ages of 18 and 45, declared a Confederate soldier subject to service. Then, too, the abuses of exemption and detail, so often and so clearly pointed out, were looked into and measurably corrected.
Further than this, all boys from 16 to 18, and older men, from 45 to 60, though not conscribed, were formed into reserve "home guards;" and then General Grant wrote to Washington that the cause was won when the Rebels "robbed the cradle and the grave."
But the infantile and the moribund194 murmured not; and more than once a raid was turned and a sharp skirmish won, when the withered195 cheek of the octogenarian was next the rosy196 face of the beardless stripling!
Only one complaint came, and that was heard with grim amusement alike by veteran, by conscript, and by substitute.
The substitute buyers now loudly raised a wail of anguish197. Plethoric198 ledger199 and overflowing200 till, alas201! must be left; the auctioneer's hammer and the peaceful shears202 must alike be thrown aside, and the rusty203 musket grasped instead; soft beds and sweet dreams of to-morrow's profit must be replaced by red mud and the midnight long roll!
It was very bitter; and rising in their wrath204, a few of these railed at the perfidy205 of the Government in breaking a contract; and even employed counsel to prove that in effect they were already in the field.
One ardent206 speculator even sought the War Department and logically proved that, having sent a substitute, who was virtually himself, and that substitute having been killed, he himself was a dead man, from whom the law could claim no service!
But the Department was now as deaf as the adder207 of Scripture208; and the counsel, let us hope, pleaded not very earnestly. So the substitute buyers—except in the few cases where the long finger of influential209 patronage210 could even now intervene—went, as their ill-gotten dollars had gone before.
It is plainly impossible, in limits of a desultory211 sketch212, to give even a faint outline of the conscription. Its ramifications213 were so great—the stress that caused it so dire, and the weaknesses and abuses that grew out of it so numerous, that a history of them were but a history of the war.
Faithfully and stringently214 carried out, it might have saved the South. Loosely constructed and open to abuse, it was still the most potent215 engine the Government had used; and while it failed of its intent, it still for the first time caused the invader216 to be met by anything approaching the whole strength of the country.
Under its later workings, every man in the South was a soldier; but that consummation, which earlier might have been salvation—came only when the throes of death had already begun to seize her vitals.
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chastised
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| v.严惩（某人）（尤指责打）( chastise的过去式 ) | |
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brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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levies
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| （部队）征兵( levy的名词复数 )； 募捐； 被征募的军队 | |
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drooped
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| 弯曲或下垂，发蔫( droop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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consecrate
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| v.使圣化，奉…为神圣；尊崇；奉献 | |
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naught
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| n.无，零 [=nought] | |
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wrung
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| 绞( wring的过去式和过去分词 )； 握紧（尤指别人的手）； 把（湿衣服）拧干； 绞掉（水） | |
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11
alacrity
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| n.敏捷，轻快，乐意 | |
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12
toils
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| 网 | |
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13
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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14
pervaded
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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15
utilized
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| v.利用，使用( utilize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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16
torpor
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| n.迟钝；麻木；（动物的）冬眠 | |
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17
regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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18
obtuse
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| adj.钝的；愚钝的 | |
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19
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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20
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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21
vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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22
mustering
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的现在分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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23
tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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24
alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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25
tenacity
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| n.坚韧 | |
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26
persistent
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| adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的 | |
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27
incubus
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| n.负担；恶梦 | |
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28
infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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29
climax
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| n.顶点；高潮；v.(使)达到顶点 | |
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30
faction
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| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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31
militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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32
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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33
inadequate
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| adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的 | |
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34
paramount
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| a.最重要的，最高权力的 | |
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35
marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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36
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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37
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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38
nominations
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| n.提名，任命( nomination的名词复数 ) | |
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39
unanimity
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| n.全体一致，一致同意 | |
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40
meritorious
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| adj.值得赞赏的 | |
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41
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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42
impartiality
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| n. 公平, 无私, 不偏 | |
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43
wail
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| vt./vi.大声哀号，恸哭；呼啸，尖啸 | |
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44
accustom
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| vt.使适应，使习惯 | |
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45
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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46
pervading
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的现在分词 ) | |
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47
steadfast
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| adj.固定的，不变的，不动摇的；忠实的；坚贞不移的 | |
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48
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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49
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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50
stimulated
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| a.刺激的 | |
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51
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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52
imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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53
evade
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| vt.逃避，回避；避开，躲避 | |
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54
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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55
incentive
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| n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机 | |
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56
yearned
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| 渴望，切盼，向往( yearn的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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57
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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58
enrollment
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| n.注册或登记的人数；登记 | |
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59
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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60
exemption
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| n.豁免，免税额，免除 | |
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61
exempt
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| adj.免除的；v.使免除；n.免税者，被免除义务者 | |
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62
exemptions
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| n.（义务等的）免除( exemption的名词复数 )；免（税）；（收入中的）免税额 | |
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63
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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64
lathe
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| n.车床，陶器，镟床 | |
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65
laboring
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| n.劳动，操劳v.努力争取(for)( labor的现在分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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66
wield
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| vt.行使，运用，支配；挥，使用(武器等) | |
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67
perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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68
exempts
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| 使免除[豁免]( exempt的第三人称单数 ) | |
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69
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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70
acquiesced
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| v.默认，默许( acquiesce的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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71
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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72
fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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73
quell
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| v.压制，平息，减轻 | |
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74
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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75
incurring
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| 遭受，招致，引起( incur的现在分词 ) | |
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76
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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77
dwindled
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| v.逐渐变少或变小( dwindle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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78
futile
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| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
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79
degenerated
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| 衰退，堕落，退化( degenerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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80
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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81
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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82
semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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83
extremity
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|
| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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84
traitorous
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|
| adj. 叛国的, 不忠的, 背信弃义的 | |
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85
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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86
inception
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|
| n.开端，开始，取得学位 | |
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87
approbation
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| n.称赞；认可 | |
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88
hearty
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|
| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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89
wrangle
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| vi.争吵 | |
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90
circumlocution
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|
| n. 绕圈子的话，迂回累赘的陈述 | |
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91
infringement
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| n.违反；侵权 | |
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92
temperate
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|
| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
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93
wring
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| n.扭绞；v.拧，绞出，扭 | |
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94
unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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95
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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96
briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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97
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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98
succinctly
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|
| adv.简洁地；简洁地，简便地 | |
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99
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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100
imminence
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| n.急迫，危急 | |
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101
partisan
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| adj.党派性的；游击队的；n.游击队员；党徒 | |
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102
jealousies
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| n.妒忌( jealousy的名词复数 )；妒羡 | |
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103
cliques
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| n.小集团，小圈子，派系( clique的名词复数 ) | |
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104
incisive
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| adj.敏锐的，机敏的，锋利的，切入的 | |
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105
logic
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| n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性 | |
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106
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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107
condemnation
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| n.谴责; 定罪 | |
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108
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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109
smoothly
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| adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地 | |
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110
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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111
squad
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| n.班，小队，小团体；vt.把…编成班或小组 | |
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112
squads
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| n.（军队中的）班( squad的名词复数 )；（暗杀）小组；体育运动的运动（代表）队；（对付某类犯罪活动的）警察队伍 | |
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113
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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114
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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115
avocations
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| n.业余爱好，嗜好( avocation的名词复数 )；职业 | |
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116
gaily
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| adv.欢乐地，高兴地 | |
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117
carnival
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| n.嘉年华会，狂欢，狂欢节，巡回表演 | |
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118
resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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119
musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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120
lank
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| adj.瘦削的；稀疏的 | |
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121
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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122
complexions
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| 肤色( complexion的名词复数 )； 面色； 局面； 性质 | |
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123
battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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124
dodge
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| v.闪开，躲开，避开；n.妙计，诡计 | |
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125
mesh
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|
| n.网孔，网丝，陷阱；vt.以网捕捉，啮合，匹配；vi.适合； [计算机]网络 | |
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126
drawn
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|
| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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127
chaff
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| v.取笑，嘲笑；n.谷壳 | |
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128
adherence
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| n.信奉，依附，坚持，固着 | |
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129
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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130
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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131
mingled
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|
| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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132
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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133
disarm
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| v.解除武装，回复平常的编制，缓和 | |
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134
ordinance
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| n.法令；条令；条例 | |
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135
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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136
luster
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| n.光辉；光泽，光亮；荣誉 | |
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137
recreant
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|
| n.懦夫；adj.胆怯的 | |
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138
wrest
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| n.扭，拧，猛夺；v.夺取，猛扭，歪曲 | |
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139
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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140
frustrated
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| adj.挫败的，失意的，泄气的v.使不成功( frustrate的过去式和过去分词 )；挫败；使受挫折；令人沮丧 | |
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141
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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142
basking
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| v.晒太阳，取暖( bask的现在分词 )；对…感到乐趣；因他人的功绩而出名；仰仗…的余泽 | |
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143
plentifully
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| adv. 许多地，丰饶地 | |
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144
filthy
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| adj.卑劣的；恶劣的，肮脏的 | |
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145
ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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146
utensils
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| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
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147
bugle
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| n.军号，号角，喇叭；v.吹号，吹号召集 | |
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148
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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149
enchanted
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| adj. 被施魔法的，陶醉的，入迷的 动词enchant的过去式和过去分词 | |
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150
knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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151
swelling
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| n.肿胀 | |
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152
fervor
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| n.热诚；热心；炽热 | |
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153
schism
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| n.分派，派系，分裂 | |
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154
lashed
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| adj.具睫毛的v.鞭打( lash的过去式和过去分词 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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155
skulked
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| v.潜伏，偷偷摸摸地走动，鬼鬼祟祟地活动( skulk的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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156
dodged
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| v.闪躲( dodge的过去式和过去分词 )；回避 | |
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157
arbitration
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| n.调停，仲裁 | |
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158
efface
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| v.擦掉，抹去 | |
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159
degradation
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| n.降级；低落；退化；陵削；降解；衰变 | |
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160
sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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161
lurks
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| n.潜在，潜伏；（lurk的复数形式）vi.潜伏，埋伏（lurk的第三人称单数形式） | |
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162
depot
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| n.仓库，储藏处；公共汽车站；火车站 | |
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163
sojourn
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| v./n.旅居，寄居；逗留 | |
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164
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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165
jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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166
ransacked
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| v.彻底搜查( ransack的过去式和过去分词 )；抢劫，掠夺 | |
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167
surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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168
woolen
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| adj.羊毛(制)的；毛纺的 | |
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169
greasiest
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| adj.脂肪的( greasy的最高级 )；（人或其行为）圆滑的；油腻的；（指人、举止）谄媚的 | |
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170
wiled
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| v.引诱( wile的过去式和过去分词 )；诱惑；消遣；消磨 | |
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171
verdant
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| adj.翠绿的，青翠的，生疏的，不老练的 | |
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172
wharf
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| n.码头，停泊处 | |
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173
gentry
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| n.绅士阶级，上层阶级 | |
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174
brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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175
impure
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| adj.不纯净的，不洁的；不道德的，下流的 | |
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176
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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177
profane
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| adj.亵神的，亵渎的；vt.亵渎，玷污 | |
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178
segregated
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| 分开的； 被隔离的 | |
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179
fumes
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| n.(强烈而刺激的)气味，气体 | |
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180
scrap
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| n.碎片；废料；v.废弃，报废 | |
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181
beckoned
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| v.（用头或手的动作）示意，召唤( beckon的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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182
destitution
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| n.穷困，缺乏，贫穷 | |
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183
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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184
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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185
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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186
monopolized
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| v.垄断( monopolize的过去式和过去分词 )；独占；专卖；专营 | |
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187
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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188
abortions
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| n.小产( abortion的名词复数 )；小产胎儿；（计划）等中止或夭折；败育 | |
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189
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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190
impervious
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| adj.不能渗透的，不能穿过的，不易伤害的 | |
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191
upbraided
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| v.责备，申斥，谴责( upbraid的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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192
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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193
repealed
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| 撤销，废除( repeal的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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194
moribund
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| adj.即将结束的，垂死的 | |
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195
withered
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| adj. 枯萎的，干瘪的，（人身体的部分器官）因病萎缩的或未发育良好的 动词wither的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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196
rosy
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| adj.美好的，乐观的，玫瑰色的 | |
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197
anguish
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| n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼 | |
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198
plethoric
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| adj.过多的，多血症的 | |
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199
ledger
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| n.总帐，分类帐；帐簿 | |
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200
overflowing
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| n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的，充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式 | |
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201
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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202
shears
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| n.大剪刀 | |
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203
rusty
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| adj.生锈的；锈色的；荒废了的 | |
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204
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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205
perfidy
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| n.背信弃义，不忠贞 | |
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206
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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207
adder
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| n.蝰蛇；小毒蛇 | |
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208
scripture
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| n.经文，圣书，手稿；Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》，《圣经》中的一段 | |
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209
influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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210
patronage
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| n.赞助，支援，援助；光顾，捧场 | |
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211
desultory
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| adj.散漫的，无方法的 | |
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212
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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213
ramifications
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| n.结果，后果( ramification的名词复数 ) | |
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214
stringently
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| adv.严格地，严厉地 | |
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215
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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216
invader
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| n.侵略者，侵犯者，入侵者 | |
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