The result of the "Seven Days" was to produce a profound joyousness1 in the South, which lightened even those deep shadows from the sorrows that had fallen upon individuals; to raise the spirits of the whole people and to send into every heart that loved the cause a glow of confident pride in the southern soldier—chastened somewhat by present sorrow and tempered, perhaps, by the lessons of the past—that nothing in their after misfortunes could quench2.
But while it taught the people this, the victory taught the Government that no energy could be too great—no watchfulness3 misplaced, in preparing for the heavy blows of the northern government at all times, and at any point, to carry out its pet scheme of reducing the southern Capital.
The blatant4 triumph that had followed other victories and the secure apathy5 of the southern government, had alike been swept away by that terrific surge of battle, rolled back harmlessly, only when on the point of overwhelming us; and in their stead came the deep-seated resolve to act in the present, even while they dreamed in the future.
In the North, a hoarse6 roar of rage went up. The good behavior of their troops and the great ability of their general—unquestioned even by the men who had steadily7 fought and doggedly8 driven him before them—were both lost sight of in the wild wail9 that went up over—the cost!
Millions upon millions had been spent in equipping the grand army—all wasted now in that futile10 effort to conquer the Rebel Capital—offered as a burnt offering to the avenging11 War God; and only the blood of its thousands to manure12 the fields in front of the coveted13 city!
There was a howl of malediction14 against the only general so far tried—who had proved himself a tactician15 in anything but name; and as part of its policy the northern government shamelessly sacrificed McClellan, while it could not but unhesitatingly acknowledge his merit.
Unlike the South, the North throughout the whole war bent16 its every energy toward concentrating the most useful elements among its many parties. Seeming to bend to the will of each; propitiating17 all popular elements and utilizing18 all able ones; listening patiently to the mouthing of demagogues and the vituperation of the press; distributing its contracts so as to make every dollar of patronage20 tell; and handling the great engine, Wall street, in masterly style—the Washington government simply collected and sifted21 the varied22 mass of opinion and material—to form from it a composite amalgam-policy that proved its only salvation23. Through every change in that policy—through every gradation of animus24 that affected25 the complexion26 of the war—the masses of the North really believed they were fighting for the Constitution—for the flag, and for the union!
Whether they were so tightly blindfolded27 as not yet to see their error, is no question to be discussed here.
No sooner had the howl gone up through the North, against the General who—spite of refused re-enforcements, jealousy28 and intrigue29 behind his back, and the terrible enemy before him—had saved his army, than the Government responded to it. Large numbers of men were sent from Harrison's Landing to Acquia Creek30; the Federal forces at Warrentown, Alexandria and Fredericksburg were mobilized and strengthened; and the baton31 of command was wrenched32 from the hand of McClellan to be placed in that of Major-General John Pope!
The history of this new popular hero, to this time, may be summed up by saying that he had been captain of Topographical Engineers; and that the books of that bureau showed he had prosecuted33 his labors34 with perhaps less economy than efficiency.
Rapidly promoted for unknown reasons in the western armies, the public hit upon him as the right man at last; and the complaisant35 Government said: "Lo! the man is here!" and made him general-in-chief of the Army of Virginia.
From the command of Pope dates a new era in the war. No longer a temperate36 struggle for authority, it became one for conquest and annihilation. He boldly threw off the mask that had hitherto concealed37 its uglier features, and commenced a systematic38 course of pillage39 and petty plundering—backed by a series of curiously40 bombastic41 and windy orders.
Calmly to read these wonderful effusions—dated from "Headquarters in the saddle"—by the light of his real deeds, one could only conceive that General Pope coveted that niche42 in history filled by Thackeray's O'Grady Gahagan; and that much of his reading had been confined to the pleasant rambles43 of Gulliver and the doughty44 deeds of Trenck and Munchausen.
To sober second thought, the sole reason for his advancement45 might seem his wonderful power as a braggart46. He blustered47 and bragged49 until the North was bullied50 into admiration51; and his sounding boasts that he had "only seen the backs of his enemies," and that he had "gone to look for the rebel, Jackson"—were really taken to mean what they said. When Pope did at last "find the rebel, Jackson," the hopeful public over the Potomac began to believe that their truculent52 pet might have simply paraphrased53 Falstaff, and cried—
"Lying and thieving have blown me up like a bladder!"
For Jackson gave the bladder a single prick54, and lo! it collapsed55.
Resting his wearied and shattered troops only long enough to get them again into fighting trim, General Lee prepared to check the third great advance upon Manassas. Working on the inner line and being thus better able to concentrate his strength, he left only enough troops around Richmond to delay any advance of McClellan from the Peninsula; and, before the end of July, sent Stonewall Jackson—with Ewell's, A. P. Hill's, and his own old division under General Charles S. Winder, in all about 10,000 men—to frustrate56 the flatulent designs of the gong-sounding commander, whose Chinese warfare57 was echoing so loudly from the frontier.
Cautious, rapid and tireless as ever, Jackson advanced into Culpeper county; and on the 9th of August gave the gong-sounder his first lesson on the field of Cedar58 Mountain. Throwing a portion of his force under Early on the enemy's flank and bringing Ewell and, later, Winder against his front, Jackson forced him from his position after a bloody59 fight, which the advance of A. P. Hill turned into a complete victory.
Cedar Mountain was a sharp and well-contested fight; but the Confederates inflicted60 a loss five times their own, held the field, and captured a number of prisoners and guns. General Winder led his troops gallantly62 to the charge, but just at the moment of collision he was struck and mortally wounded by a shell. And the unstained spirit of the gallant61 son of Maryland winged its flight, ere the shouts of victory could cheer it on its way!
The Washington government at once ordered the remains63 of McClellan's army to General Pope; and massing with them Burnside's army at Fredericksburg and the vicinity, strained every nerve to aid his successful advance.
But here we may digress for the moment, to take a bird's-eye view of matters of grave moment passing in distant quarters of the Confederacy.
While victory had perched upon Confederate banners in Virginia, a heavy cloud was gathering64 over the West; threatening to burst and sweep ruin and destruction over the whole trans-Alleghany region. Not dispirited by the reverses in Virginia, the northern government remitted65 nothing of its designs upon the West, but rather pushed them toward more rapid completion. These designs were to hold the State of Kentucky by the army under Buell, wrest66 from the South the possession of Tennessee and Alabama—as a base for attack upon Georgia and cutting through to the seaboard; and to push the army under Grant down through Mississippi to the Gulf67. These movements would not only weaken the Confederacy, by diverting so many men, ill to be spared, to watch the various columns; but would, moreover, wrest from it the great grain-producing and cattle-grazing sections from which the armies were mainly fed. Simultaneously68 with these a heavy force was to be massed under McClernand in Ohio, to sweep down the Mississippi; while the weak show of Confederate force in the states west of the river was to be crushed before it could make head.
Such was the Federal programme; well conceived and backed by every appliance of means, men and material. To meet it we had but a small numerical force to defend an extensive and varied tract19; and at the Capital grave fears began to prevail that the overpowering numbers and points of attack would crush the little armies we could muster69 there.
Nor was the feeling of the people rendered more easy by their confidence in the general to whom the defense70 of this invaluable71 section was entrusted72. General Braxton Bragg—however causeless and unjust their dictum may have been—had never been popular with the southern masses. They regarded him as a bloodthirsty martinet73, and listened too credulously74 to all silly stories of his weakness and severity that were current, in the army and out. Influenced rather by prejudice than by any real knowledge of the man, they believed him vain, arrogant75 and weak; denying him credit for whatever real administrative76 ability that he possessed77. The painful result of his command was later emphasized by the pessimists78, to justify79 their incredulity as to his executive powers.
Besides, many people believed that General Bragg was a pet—if not a creature of Mr. Davis; and that he was thrust into a position that others deserved far more, when he succeeded Beauregard in command of the army of the West.
The latter officer had, after the evacuation of Corinth, been compelled to retire by ill health; and Bragg was soon sent to take his place, with the understanding in the minds of the people that Kentucky was to be the theater of active operations, and that a programme of aggression—rather than of defense—was to be carried out, as suggested by Beauregard.
General Bragg entered upon his command with a show of great vigor—falling into General Beauregard's views that a diversion toward Ohio, threatening Cincinnati, would leave the main army free to march upon Louisville before re-enforcements could reach Buell. With this view General Kirby Smith, with all the troops that could be spared—ill clad, badly equipped, and with no commissariat—was pushed forward toward the Ohio. On the 29th of August—while our victorious80 cannon81 were still echoing over the field of the second Manassas—he met and defeated the enemy at Richmond; pressed on to Lexington, and thence to a point in easy reach of Cincinnati—at that moment not only the great granary and storehouse of the Federal armies of the West, but their depot82 and arsenal83 as well; her wharves84 crowded with transports, quartermasters' steamers and unfinished gunboats, and her warehouses85 bursting with commissary and ordnance86 stores.
When the news of Smith's triumphant87 march to the very gates of Cincinnati reached Richmond, it was universally believed that the city would be captured, or laid in ashes; and thinking men saw great results in the delay such destruction would cause to the advance of the enemy into the heart of their territory.
Meantime, General Bragg had entered Kentucky from Chattanooga, with an army re-enforced and better equipped than had been seen in that section since the war began. Once more cheering reports came to Richmond that the Confederates were in full march for the enemy; that any moment might bring news of the crushing of Buell before re-enforcements, or fresh supplies, could reach him. Great was the disappointment, therefore, when news really came of the withdrawal88 of southern troops from before Cincinnati; and that all action of Bragg's forces would be postponed89 until Smith's junction90 with him.
Intense anxiety reigned91 at the Capital, enlivened only by the fitful report of the fight at Munfordville—inflicting heavy loss upon both sides, but not productive of any result; for, after the victory, Bragg allowed Buell to escape from his front and retire at his will toward the Ohio. That a Confederate army, at least equal in all respects, save perhaps numbers, to that of the enemy, should thus allow him to escape was then inexplicable92 to the people; and, as far as I have learned, it is so still.
There is no critic so censorious as the self-appointed one; no god so inexorable as the people's voice. General Bragg's last hold upon the southern masses—military and civil—was lost now.
The fight at Munfordville occurred on the 17th of September, but it was not until the 4th of the next month that the junction with Smith was effected at Frankfort. Then followed a Federal advance upon that town, which proved a mere93 diversion; but it produced the effect of deceiving General Bragg and of causing him to divide his forces. Hardee's and Buckner's divisions were sent to Perryville; and they with Cheatham's—who joined them by a forced march—bore the brunt of the battle of Perryville on the 8th of October. Notwithstanding the great disparity of numbers, the vim94 of the "barefooted boys" prevailed against the veterans of Buell's army, under General G. W. Thomas. They gained a decided95 advantage over three times their number, but once again what was a mere success might have been a crushing defeat, had Bragg's whole army been massed at Perryville.
It is neither within the scope nor the purpose of this chapter to give more than a bare skeleton of events, or to discuss the delicate points of strategy; but it was a great dash to the hopes of the entire people that what might have been a crushing blow to Buell—freeing three states from Federal occupation—resulted only in the retreat of the Confederates from Kentucky.
For, whatever may have been the cause, or the necessity for the movement, the army was hastily withdrawn96. Supplies were burned; disabled carriages and abandoned arms marked the retreat; and the terror-stricken people who had, a few weeks before, dismissed the southern banners with vivas and blessings98 to certain victory, now saw that same army, to their dismay and sorrow, filing sadly and wearily toward the border.
Almost equally as astonished as their retreating enemy, the Federals pressed on in pursuit, hot and close; and it was only the ability and dash with which General Wheeler covered the retreat of the army—laden as it was with captured arms and munitions99, and encumbered100 with crowds of women and children, who dared not stay behind—that saved it from destruction on that disastrous101 road from Perryville to Cumberland Gap.
Loud, deep and bitter were the comments of the people when the full news of the Kentucky campaign reached them. Unpopular as the name of Bragg had been before, it was now mentioned often with execration102; and the reverses of his universally-condemned favorite reacted upon the popularity of Mr. Davis as well. Without understanding the details of the campaign, and with no patience to listen to the excuses of his few defenders103, the public voice was unanimous in denunciation of the plan and conduct of the whole movement; and it arraigned104 the President for the fault of his inferior, calling him to trial before a jury that daily was becoming more biased105 and more bitter against him.
Like all the gloomy pages of Confederate history, the Kentucky campaign was illumined by flashes of brilliance106, dash and enduring courage, surpassed by no theater of the war. Disastrous as it was in result, it fixed107 more firmly than ever the high reputation of Kirby Smith; it wreathed the names of Buckner, Hardee, Cheatham and Adams with fresh bays; and it gave to Joseph Wheeler a record that the people of that country will long remember.
In the events first preceding the disaster, too, as well as in his independent raid during July, John H. Morgan had added additional luster48 to his rising star, that was only to culminate108 in his exploits of the next year. These were the brighter gleams; but the whole picture was, indeed, a somber109 one; and there can be no wonder at the people's anger and distrust when they looked upon it. For it showed a vast and rich territory, teeming110 with those supplies needed most, yielded up to the full uses of the enemy; a people one with the South at heart given over to oppression of an alien soldiery and unable to co-operate with their own long days to come; and across the face of the somber picture was drawn97 the track of the blood of hundreds of brave men; sacrificed needlessly, the people said—and in a manner stupid, if not barbarous.
A grave injustice111 had been done the people of Kentucky, because of their conduct during the retreat. Baseless charges of their cowardice112 and treachery had been bandied about in the mouths of the unreflecting; the many had been made to suffer for the baseness of the few; and the shield of the state had been tarnished113 because of an inaction her people could not avoid.
Crushed, bound and deserted114, as they were—with their only reliance fading away from their eyes, and a bitter and triumphant enemy in hot pursuit at their very doors—it would have been worse than folly—it would have been suicide! had the people on the line of that retreat offered a blatant sympathy. Utterly115 useless to others it must have been—and even more ruinous to themselves!
And this is the verdict of that Justice who, though slow of foot, fails not to overtake Truth, in her own good time.
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joyousness
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| 快乐，使人喜悦 | |
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quench
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| vt.熄灭，扑灭；压制 | |
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watchfulness
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| 警惕，留心； 警觉（性） | |
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blatant
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| adj.厚颜无耻的；显眼的；炫耀的 | |
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apathy
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| n.漠不关心，无动于衷；冷淡 | |
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6
hoarse
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| adj.嘶哑的，沙哑的 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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doggedly
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| adv.顽强地，固执地 | |
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wail
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| vt./vi.大声哀号，恸哭；呼啸，尖啸 | |
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futile
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| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
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11
avenging
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| adj.报仇的，复仇的v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的现在分词 )；为…报复 | |
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manure
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| n.粪，肥，肥粒；vt.施肥 | |
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coveted
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| adj.令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的v.贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图 | |
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14
malediction
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| n.诅咒 | |
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tactician
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| n. 战术家, 策士 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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propitiating
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| v.劝解，抚慰，使息怒( propitiate的现在分词 ) | |
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utilizing
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| v.利用，使用( utilize的现在分词 ) | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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patronage
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| n.赞助，支援，援助；光顾，捧场 | |
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sifted
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| v.筛( sift的过去式和过去分词 )；筛滤；细查；详审 | |
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varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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animus
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| n.恶意；意图 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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complexion
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blindfolded
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| v.（尤指用布）挡住（某人）的视线( blindfold的过去式 )；蒙住（某人）的眼睛；使不理解；蒙骗 | |
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jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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intrigue
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| vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋 | |
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creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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baton
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| n.乐队用指挥杖 | |
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wrenched
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| v.（猛力地）扭( wrench的过去式和过去分词 )；扭伤；使感到痛苦；使悲痛 | |
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prosecuted
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| a.被起诉的 | |
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labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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complaisant
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| adj.顺从的，讨好的 | |
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temperate
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| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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systematic
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| adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的 | |
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pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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bombastic
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| adj.夸夸其谈的，言过其实的 | |
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niche
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| n.壁龛；合适的职务(环境、位置等) | |
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rambles
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| （无目的地）漫游( ramble的第三人称单数 )； （喻）漫谈； 扯淡； 长篇大论 | |
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doughty
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| adj.勇猛的，坚强的 | |
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advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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braggart
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| n.吹牛者；adj.吹牛的，自夸的 | |
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blustered
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| v.外强中干的威吓( bluster的过去式和过去分词 )；咆哮；（风）呼啸；狂吹 | |
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luster
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| n.光辉；光泽，光亮；荣誉 | |
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bragged
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| v.自夸，吹嘘( brag的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bullied
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| adj.被欺负了v.恐吓，威逼( bully的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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51
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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52
truculent
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| adj.野蛮的，粗野的 | |
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paraphrased
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| v.释义，意译( paraphrase的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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prick
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| v.刺伤，刺痛，刺孔；n.刺伤，刺痛 | |
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collapsed
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| adj.倒塌的 | |
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frustrate
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| v.使失望；使沮丧；使厌烦 | |
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warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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cedar
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| n.雪松，香柏(木) | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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gallantly
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| adv. 漂亮地，勇敢地，献殷勤地 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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remitted
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| v.免除（债务），宽恕( remit的过去式和过去分词 )；使某事缓和；寄回，传送 | |
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wrest
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| n.扭，拧，猛夺；v.夺取，猛扭，歪曲 | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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68
simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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69
muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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70
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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71
invaluable
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| adj.无价的，非常宝贵的，极为贵重的 | |
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72
entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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73
martinet
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| n.要求严格服从纪律的人 | |
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74
credulously
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| adv.轻信地，易被瞒地 | |
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75
arrogant
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| adj.傲慢的，自大的 | |
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76
administrative
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| adj.行政的，管理的 | |
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77
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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78
pessimists
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| n.悲观主义者( pessimist的名词复数 ) | |
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79
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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80
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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81
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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82
depot
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| n.仓库，储藏处；公共汽车站；火车站 | |
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83
arsenal
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| n.兵工厂，军械库 | |
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84
wharves
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| n.码头，停泊处( wharf的名词复数 ) | |
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85
warehouses
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| 仓库，货栈( warehouse的名词复数 ) | |
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86
ordnance
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| n.大炮，军械 | |
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87
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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88
withdrawal
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| n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销 | |
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89
postponed
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| vt.& vi.延期，缓办，（使）延迟vt.把…放在次要地位；[语]把…放在后面（或句尾）vi.（疟疾等）延缓发作（或复发） | |
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90
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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91
reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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92
inexplicable
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| adj.无法解释的，难理解的 | |
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93
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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94
vim
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| n.精力，活力 | |
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95
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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96
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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97
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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98
blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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99
munitions
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| n.军火，弹药；v.供应…军需品 | |
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100
encumbered
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，拖累( encumber的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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101
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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102
execration
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| n.诅咒，念咒，憎恶 | |
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103
defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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104
arraigned
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| v.告发( arraign的过去式和过去分词 )；控告；传讯；指责 | |
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105
biased
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| a.有偏见的 | |
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106
brilliance
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| n.光辉，辉煌，壮丽，（卓越的）才华，才智 | |
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107
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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108
culminate
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| v.到绝顶，达于极点，达到高潮 | |
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109
somber
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| adj.昏暗的，阴天的，阴森的，忧郁的 | |
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110
teeming
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| adj.丰富的v.充满( teem的现在分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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111
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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112
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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113
tarnished
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| （通常指金属）（使）失去光泽，（使）变灰暗( tarnish的过去式和过去分词 )； 玷污，败坏 | |
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114
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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115
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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