The trans-Mississippi was so far distant that only broken echoes of its troubles could penetrate2 the web of hostile armies between it and the Capital. But those echoes were all of gloom. Desultory3 warfare4—with but little real result to either side, and only a steady drain on Confederate resources and men—had waged constantly. A trifling5 success had been gained at Lone6 Jack7, but it was more than done away with by aggregate8 losses in bloody9 guerrilla fighting. Spies, too, had been shot on both sides; but the act that came home to every southern heart was the wanton murder of ten Confederates at Palmyra, by the order of General McNeil, on the flimsy pretext10 of retaliation11. The act, and its attendant cruelties, gained for him in the South the name of "The Butcher;" and its recital12 found grim response in every southern camp—as each hard hand clasped tighter round the hard musket13 stock—and there was an answering throb14 to the cry of Thompson's prompt war song:
"Let this be the watchword of one and of all—
Remember the Butcher, McNeil!"
Meantime, Mississippi had been the scene of new disasters. Vicksburg, the "Queen of the West," still sat unhurt upon her bluffs15, smiling defiance16 to the storm of hostile shot and shell; teaching a lesson of spirit and endurance to which the whole country looked with admiration17 and emulation18. On the 15th of August the iron-clad ram19, "Arkansas," had escaped out of the Yazoo river; run the gauntlet of the Federal fleet at Vicksburg and made safe harbor under the town, to aid in its heroic defense20.
Twenty days thereafter, General Breckinridge made a most chivalrous21 and dashing, but equally useless and disastrous22, attack upon Baton23 Rouge24. His small force was greatly outnumbered by the garrison25, behind heavy works and aided by a heavy fleet of gunboats: and after a splendidly gallant26 fight, that had but one serious result—he was forced to withdraw. That result was the loss of the ram Arkansas—which went down to co-operate with this movement. Her machinery27 became deranged28, and there was only the choice of surrendering her to the enemy, or of sending her the road that every Confederate iron-clad went sooner, or later—and she was blown up.
But the gloom was only to grow deeper and deeper, with thickening clouds and fewer gleams of light.
After the fight at Iuka, in which that popular darling had been defeated and forced to fall back before superior numbers, Price had combined his army with that of Van Dorn; and on the 3d of October, the latter led them to another wild and Quixotic slaughtering—standing out among the deeds even of that stirring time, in bold relief for brilliant, terrible daring, and fearful slaughter—but hideous29 in its waste of life for reckless and ill-considered objects. The forces of the enemy at Corinth were in almost impregnable works; and Van Dorn—after worsting them in a hot fight on the 3d, and driving them into these lines, next day attacked the defenses themselves and was driven back. Officers and men behaved with a cool and brilliant daring that savored30 more of romance than of real war; deeds of personal prowess beyond precedent31 were done; and the army of Mississippi added another noble page to its record—but written deep and crimson32 in its best blood.
And another piteous cry was wrung33 from the hearts of the people to know how long, O, Lord! were these terrible scenes—killings, not battles; and with no result but blood and disaster!—to be re-enacted.
After its retreat from Kentucky, Bragg's army rested for over a month at Murfreesboro, the men recruiting from the fatigues34 of that exhausting campaign; and enjoying themselves with every species of amusement the town and its kindhearted inhabitants offered—in that careless reaction from disaster that ever characterized "Johnny Reb." There was no fresh defeat to discourage the anxious watchers at a distance; while the lightning dashes of John Morgan, wherever there was an enemy's railroad or wagon35 train; and the flail-like blows of Forrest, gave both the army and the people breathing space.
But fresh masses of Federals were hovering36 upon the track of the ill-starred Bragg, threatening to pounce37 down upon and destroy him—even while he believed so much in their inaction as to think of forcing them into an advance. The Federals now held West and Middle Tennessee, and they only needed control of East Tennessee to have a solid base of operations against Northern Georgia. Once firmly established there, they could either force their way across the state and connect with their Atlantic seaboard fleets; or could cut the sole and long line of railroad winding38 through the Confederate territory; thus crippling the whole body by tapping its main vital artery39, and causing death by depletion40. Rosecrans, with an army of between forty and fifty thousand men, was lying in Nashville, watching and waiting the moment for his telling blow.
This was the posture41 on Christmas, 1862. Three days after the enemy struck—heavily and unexpectedly.
The first intimation General Bragg had of the movement was cavalry42 skirmishes with his advance. These continued daily, increasing in frequency and severity until the 30th of December, when the contending armies were near enough for General Polk to have a heavy fight with the Federal right.
Next day, the weather being bitter and the driving sleet43 filling the atmosphere, the general battle was joined. McCowan and Cleburne, under Hardee, charged the Federal's right through a deadly hail of artillery44 and small arms, that darkened the air as thickly as the sleet—driving him back at the bayonet's point and swinging his front round from his center. The fierce valor45 of the southern troops and the brilliant dash of their leaders was resistless; and evening fell upon a field, wet with the blood of the South, but clearly a field of victory. Though the Federals fought with desperation, they were so badly hurt that Bragg believed they would fall back that night, in such confusion as to leave them his easy prey46.
Morning of the New Year dawned cold, dark and stormy; but the enemy was still in sight, having only taken up a stronger position on a hill and posted his artillery most advantageously. It began to look as if General Bragg's telegram to Richmond of the victory he had gained, might require a postscript47; but all that long New Year's day he allowed the enemy time to recuperate48 and strengthen his position.
It seemed as though another Shiloh was to be re-enacted; a victory wrenched49 from heavy odds50 by valor and skill was to be nullified by delay in crushing the enemy, while yet demoralized.
Next day came; and then Breckinridge was sent through a terrific storm of balls and shell, that cut down his gallant boys like grass before the scythe51. On, into the Valley of the Shadow they strode; thinned, reeling, broken under that terrible hail—but never blenching52. And the crest53 was won! but the best blood of Kentucky, Louisiana, Tennessee, Florida, Alabama and North Carolina was flooding that horrid54 field! Over two thousand noble fellows lay stiff, or writhing55 with fearful wounds—thick upon the path behind the victorious56 column.
And then—with that fatality57 that seemed ever to follow the fortunes of the unfortunate general in command—the army fell back!
Broken was the goblet58 of victory; wasted the wine of life! And it was accepted as but small consolation59, by the people who hoped and expected so much—small surcease to the sob60 of the widow and the moan of the orphan61! that "the retreat to Tullahoma was conducted in good order."
And again the public voice rose loud and hoarse62 and threatening against the general and the President, whose favorite he was declared to be.
But amid the darkening clouds that frowned close and threatening upon him—fearless of the future and heedless of the ominous63 roar of dissatisfaction far and near—sat the ruling spirit of the storm he had raised. Grim, steady and purposeful, Jefferson Davis worked his busy brain and frail64 body almost past belief, to redeem65 the errors of his chosen instruments—seeking no counsel, asking no aid—and day by day losing the confidence of the sand-shifting populace, who had once made him their God! And one act of his now did more than all besides to reassure66 the public mind.
Joseph E. Johnston was sent to command the armies of the West! Since his wound at "Seven Pines," the Government—from causes unknown to the people—had allowed this brilliant soldier to rust67 in inactivity; and now, when all of evil that ill-fortune and want of combination could accomplish had been done in the West, he was singled out, and sent forth68 to reap the harvest so bitterly sown. He was told, in effect, to take the frayed69 and scattered70 ends of armies and campaigns and bind71 them into a firm and resisting chain of strategy; or—to bear the sins of others upon his shoulders and have the finger of History point to him as the man who lost the West! But patriot72 soldier and true knight73 as he was—little resentful of the coldness of Government as he was doubtful of his own ability—"Joe Johnston" accepted the test cheerily and went forth to do, or die.
"For the Johnstons have ever borne wings on their spurs,
And their motto a noble distinction confers—
'Ever ready!' for friend, or for foe74!"
And this worthy75 son of noble sires went to clear the Augean Stables of the West; and the God-speed of his own state—swelled76 into a hearty77 chorus by the voice of the country—followed him on his knightly78 errand!
Meantime, Lincoln's famous Proclamation of Emancipation79 had been promulgated80. It made little difference to the people of the South; for it was at that time looked upon as a vaunt as idle as if he had declared the throne of England vacant. Secure in their belief in their right doing, and in the trusty arms and deadly rifles that defended it, the southern masses never dreamed the day would come when that proclamation would be more than the paper upon which it was engrossed81. Still, in the general gloom upon them, it was taken as but another augury82 of the bitter spirit animating83 their enemies; and of the extent to which it would drive them in this war for the union and flag.
And so the close of '62 fell dark and dismal84 upon the distracted country; enlivened only by the sole gleam in Virginia—the repulse85 of Burnside from Fredericksburg. But even the joy for this triumph was dashed by the precious blood spilled to purchase it; another vent86 for that steady drain of men, material and endurance—already almost past bearing.
But there was no weak yielding in Government, or in people. Men looked at each other through the gloom, and even as they asked—"Brother, what of the night?"—struck hands in a clasp that meant renewed faith in the cause and renewed determination to prove its right.
Early in the New Year, news reached Richmond of Magruder's amphibious victory, the recapture of Galveston; which town had fallen a prey to the enemy's naval87 power early in October. On the last night of '62—while the wearied troops of Bragg were sleeping on the bloody field of Murfreesboro—General Magruder, with a mixed command of three regiments88 of raw infantry89, some nineteen pieces of field artillery, and a boarding fleet of four unarmed boats, came down silently to Galveston. The Federal fleet—consisting of the Harriet Lane, the Clifton, the Westfield and the Ossawa—were lying just off the town; covering it with their broadsides and supported by a force of infantry.
Coming suddenly upon them, like shadows through the darkness, Magruder's land force opened a hot fire with field artillery—and aided by the daring boarding of the Lane by Colonel Leon Smith's co-operating water party—captured the former steamer, burned one other, and drove the remaining ones, with their tenders, to sea; where it was impossible to follow them.
This gallant and comparatively bloodless raising of the Galveston blockade was a gleam of hopeful light; especially as it was almost coincident with the first approach to a naval success, by the force of Commodore Ingraham in Charleston Harbor on the 30th of January. The vessels90 under his command were ill-built, awkward tubs—as will hereafter be seen; but the terrible Brooke gun did its work at long range, and drove the wooden blockading fleet from the harbor for the moment.
This victory, unimportant as it was—for the blockade it claimed to raise was renewed and strengthened within a few days—was cheering; for, said the people, if the Confederates can succeed on the water, surely the star of the South is not really on the wane91.
But there was, after the New Year, a sudden stoppage of active movements on both sides. The terrific crash of hostile cannon92—the continuous roar of opposing small arms—and the groan93 of the Federal mixed with the death-cry of the Confederate, were all suddenly stilled. The fearful tornado94 of war that had swept for many months the once-smiling Southland—leaving its wake only the blackened track of ruin piled thick with stiffened95 corpses96!—was suddenly hushed; as though the evil powers that had raised it must pause to gather fresh strength, before once more driving it in a fiercer and deadlier blast.
In the West, we had lost in the early year the strong position of Arkansas Post with its large accumulation of stores and its garrison of over 3,000 men; but the Queen City still sat defiant97 and unharmed, the hostile fleet and army having left its fruitless task; and the twin stronghold of Port Hudson showed another row of ugly teeth, into range of which no Federal force seemed yet ready to venture.
On the Atlantic seaboard, too, the prospects98, at this time, appeared more cheering. Girt as it was, with one unbroken line of watchful99 cruisers, with every port apparently100 sealed by blockade—southern ingenuity101 and pluck still defied them and ran in precious stores of arms, clothing and medicines. General Beauregard had taken active command of South Carolina and Georgia; and had put the defenses of both coasts—especially of Charleston and Savannah—into such a state of fitness as quite satisfied the Government and made the people of those states calm and confident in his ability to protect them and theirs. General Gustavus W. Smith—the friend and comrade of General Joe Johnston—had, like him, been rewarded for his sacrifices in coming South, and his able exertions102 afterward103, by the coldness and neglect of the Government. But like him, too, he forgot personal wrongs; and, when ordered to North Carolina, threw his whole energy and skill into the works of defense for the coast and for that vital artery of railroad, on which the life of the South depended.
Butler still waged his peculiar104 warfare upon unarmed men and weak women in the soft nest he had made himself, at New Orleans; but Mobile reared her defiant crest and took into her bosom105 peaceful vessels laden106 with stores of priceless utility, only to send them out again—bristling with rifled cannon, fleet-winged and agile107, ready to pounce upon the Federal shipping108.
In the Middle West, Johnston's presence had acted like oil upon the darkening waters of trouble and despair. There had been no record of fresh disaster, or fresh mismanagement; the troops were recruiting, resting and increasing in numbers and efficiency; the cavalry, mobilized under Van Dorn—at last placed in his proper sphere—had done efficient and harassing109, if desultory warfare, upon the enemy's small posts and communications. Pegram—by his effective raid through Kentucky—had shown that her people there were not forgotten by their brothers beyond; and his skillful retreat—laden with heavy droves of cattle and in the face of a superior force—gained him high praise from his superior officers.
And so the people watched and waited—hopeless no longer, but quite recovered from the prostration110 of the rapid, heavy and continuous blows of the previous autumn. Steadfast111 and buoyant, as they were ever, the masses of the South once more turned their backs upon past disaster, looking eagerly through the dark cloud for the silver lining112 they felt must be beyond.
And again, as ever, they turned their eyes toward Virginia—stately and calm amid the shock of battle. And they hoped not in vain; for over her blackened fields—furrowed by shot and shell, drenched113 with blood of best and bravest, but only more sacred for the precious libation—was again to ring the clarion114 shout of victory that ever swelled from the lines of Stonewall Jackson!
点击收听单词发音
1 battalions | |
n.(陆军的)一营(大约有一千兵士)( battalion的名词复数 );协同作战的部队;军队;(组织在一起工作的)队伍 | |
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2 penetrate | |
v.透(渗)入;刺入,刺穿;洞察,了解 | |
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3 desultory | |
adj.散漫的,无方法的 | |
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4 warfare | |
n.战争(状态);斗争;冲突 | |
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5 trifling | |
adj.微不足道的;没什么价值的 | |
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6 lone | |
adj.孤寂的,单独的;唯一的 | |
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7 jack | |
n.插座,千斤顶,男人;v.抬起,提醒,扛举;n.(Jake)杰克 | |
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8 aggregate | |
adj.总计的,集合的;n.总数;v.合计;集合 | |
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9 bloody | |
adj.非常的的;流血的;残忍的;adv.很;vt.血染 | |
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10 pretext | |
n.借口,托词 | |
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11 retaliation | |
n.报复,反击 | |
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12 recital | |
n.朗诵,独奏会,独唱会 | |
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13 musket | |
n.滑膛枪 | |
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14 throb | |
v.震颤,颤动;(急速强烈地)跳动,搏动 | |
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15 bluffs | |
恐吓( bluff的名词复数 ); 悬崖; 峭壁 | |
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16 defiance | |
n.挑战,挑衅,蔑视,违抗 | |
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17 admiration | |
n.钦佩,赞美,羡慕 | |
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18 emulation | |
n.竞争;仿效 | |
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19 ram | |
(random access memory)随机存取存储器 | |
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20 defense | |
n.防御,保卫;[pl.]防务工事;辩护,答辩 | |
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21 chivalrous | |
adj.武士精神的;对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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22 disastrous | |
adj.灾难性的,造成灾害的;极坏的,很糟的 | |
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23 baton | |
n.乐队用指挥杖 | |
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24 rouge | |
n.胭脂,口红唇膏;v.(在…上)擦口红 | |
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25 garrison | |
n.卫戍部队;驻地,卫戍区;vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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26 gallant | |
adj.英勇的,豪侠的;(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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27 machinery | |
n.(总称)机械,机器;机构 | |
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28 deranged | |
adj.疯狂的 | |
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29 hideous | |
adj.丑陋的,可憎的,可怕的,恐怖的 | |
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30 savored | |
v.意味,带有…的性质( savor的过去式和过去分词 );给…加调味品;使有风味;品尝 | |
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31 precedent | |
n.先例,前例;惯例;adj.在前的,在先的 | |
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32 crimson | |
n./adj.深(绯)红色(的);vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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33 wrung | |
绞( wring的过去式和过去分词 ); 握紧(尤指别人的手); 把(湿衣服)拧干; 绞掉(水) | |
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34 fatigues | |
n.疲劳( fatigue的名词复数 );杂役;厌倦;(士兵穿的)工作服 | |
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35 wagon | |
n.四轮马车,手推车,面包车;无盖运货列车 | |
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36 hovering | |
鸟( hover的现在分词 ); 靠近(某事物); (人)徘徊; 犹豫 | |
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37 pounce | |
n.猛扑;v.猛扑,突然袭击,欣然同意 | |
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38 winding | |
n.绕,缠,绕组,线圈 | |
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39 artery | |
n.干线,要道;动脉 | |
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40 depletion | |
n.耗尽,枯竭 | |
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41 posture | |
n.姿势,姿态,心态,态度;v.作出某种姿势 | |
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42 cavalry | |
n.骑兵;轻装甲部队 | |
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43 sleet | |
n.雨雪;v.下雨雪,下冰雹 | |
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44 artillery | |
n.(军)火炮,大炮;炮兵(部队) | |
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45 valor | |
n.勇气,英勇 | |
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46 prey | |
n.被掠食者,牺牲者,掠食;v.捕食,掠夺,折磨 | |
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47 postscript | |
n.附言,又及;(正文后的)补充说明 | |
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48 recuperate | |
v.恢复 | |
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49 wrenched | |
v.(猛力地)扭( wrench的过去式和过去分词 );扭伤;使感到痛苦;使悲痛 | |
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50 odds | |
n.让步,机率,可能性,比率;胜败优劣之别 | |
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51 scythe | |
n. 长柄的大镰刀,战车镰; v. 以大镰刀割 | |
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52 blenching | |
v.(因惊吓而)退缩,惊悸( blench的现在分词 );(使)变白,(使)变苍白 | |
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53 crest | |
n.顶点;饰章;羽冠;vt.达到顶点;vi.形成浪尖 | |
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54 horrid | |
adj.可怕的;令人惊恐的;恐怖的;极讨厌的 | |
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55 writhing | |
(因极度痛苦而)扭动或翻滚( writhe的现在分词 ) | |
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56 victorious | |
adj.胜利的,得胜的 | |
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57 fatality | |
n.不幸,灾祸,天命 | |
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58 goblet | |
n.高脚酒杯 | |
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59 consolation | |
n.安慰,慰问 | |
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60 sob | |
n.空间轨道的轰炸机;呜咽,哭泣 | |
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61 orphan | |
n.孤儿;adj.无父母的 | |
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62 hoarse | |
adj.嘶哑的,沙哑的 | |
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63 ominous | |
adj.不祥的,不吉的,预兆的,预示的 | |
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64 frail | |
adj.身体虚弱的;易损坏的 | |
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65 redeem | |
v.买回,赎回,挽回,恢复,履行(诺言等) | |
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66 reassure | |
v.使放心,使消除疑虑 | |
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67 rust | |
n.锈;v.生锈;(脑子)衰退 | |
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68 forth | |
adv.向前;向外,往外 | |
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69 frayed | |
adj.磨损的v.(使布、绳等)磨损,磨破( fray的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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70 scattered | |
adj.分散的,稀疏的;散步的;疏疏落落的 | |
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71 bind | |
vt.捆,包扎;装订;约束;使凝固;vi.变硬 | |
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72 patriot | |
n.爱国者,爱国主义者 | |
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73 knight | |
n.骑士,武士;爵士 | |
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74 foe | |
n.敌人,仇敌 | |
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75 worthy | |
adj.(of)值得的,配得上的;有价值的 | |
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76 swelled | |
增强( swell的过去式和过去分词 ); 肿胀; (使)凸出; 充满(激情) | |
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77 hearty | |
adj.热情友好的;衷心的;尽情的,纵情的 | |
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78 knightly | |
adj. 骑士般的 adv. 骑士般地 | |
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79 emancipation | |
n.(从束缚、支配下)解放 | |
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80 promulgated | |
v.宣扬(某事物)( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 );传播;公布;颁布(法令、新法律等) | |
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81 engrossed | |
adj.全神贯注的 | |
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82 augury | |
n.预言,征兆,占卦 | |
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83 animating | |
v.使有生气( animate的现在分词 );驱动;使栩栩如生地动作;赋予…以生命 | |
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84 dismal | |
adj.阴沉的,凄凉的,令人忧郁的,差劲的 | |
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85 repulse | |
n.击退,拒绝;vt.逐退,击退,拒绝 | |
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86 vent | |
n.通风口,排放口;开衩;vt.表达,发泄 | |
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87 naval | |
adj.海军的,军舰的,船的 | |
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88 regiments | |
(军队的)团( regiment的名词复数 ); 大量的人或物 | |
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89 infantry | |
n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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90 vessels | |
n.血管( vessel的名词复数 );船;容器;(具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的)人 | |
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91 wane | |
n.衰微,亏缺,变弱;v.变小,亏缺,呈下弦 | |
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92 cannon | |
n.大炮,火炮;飞机上的机关炮 | |
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93 groan | |
vi./n.呻吟,抱怨;(发出)呻吟般的声音 | |
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94 tornado | |
n.飓风,龙卷风 | |
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95 stiffened | |
加强的 | |
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96 corpses | |
n.死尸,尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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97 defiant | |
adj.无礼的,挑战的 | |
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98 prospects | |
n.希望,前途(恒为复数) | |
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99 watchful | |
adj.注意的,警惕的 | |
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100 apparently | |
adv.显然地;表面上,似乎 | |
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101 ingenuity | |
n.别出心裁;善于发明创造 | |
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102 exertions | |
n.努力( exertion的名词复数 );费力;(能力、权力等的)运用;行使 | |
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103 afterward | |
adv.后来;以后 | |
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104 peculiar | |
adj.古怪的,异常的;特殊的,特有的 | |
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105 bosom | |
n.胸,胸部;胸怀;内心;adj.亲密的 | |
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106 laden | |
adj.装满了的;充满了的;负了重担的;苦恼的 | |
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107 agile | |
adj.敏捷的,灵活的 | |
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108 shipping | |
n.船运(发货,运输,乘船) | |
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109 harassing | |
v.侵扰,骚扰( harass的现在分词 );不断攻击(敌人) | |
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110 prostration | |
n. 平伏, 跪倒, 疲劳 | |
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111 steadfast | |
adj.固定的,不变的,不动摇的;忠实的;坚贞不移的 | |
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112 lining | |
n.衬里,衬料 | |
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113 drenched | |
adj.湿透的;充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 );在某人(某物)上大量使用(某液体) | |
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114 clarion | |
n.尖音小号声;尖音小号 | |
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