Shattered and emaciated7 veterans, noble-browed matrons and pale, delicate maidens8 gathered around that sacred bier, in the awed9 hush10 of a common sorrow, too deep for words. Tears coursed over cheeks that had been bronzed in the fire of battle; sobs11 rose from hearts that had lost their dearest and nearest without a murmur12, save—Thy will be done! And little children were lifted up to look upon what was left of him who would ever be the greatest one of earth to them. And through the coffin-lid, that calm, still face seemed hourly to grow more holy and more radiant; the light of battle faded out from its softening13 lines and the seal of the God of Peace rested in plain token upon the glorified14 brow.
Truly did every one who looked upon it feel:
"O, gracious God! not gainless is the loss!
A glorious sunbeam gilds15 thy sternest frown—
For, while his country staggers 'neath the Cross,
He rises with the Crown!"
And when the funeral procession passed the streets of the Capital, the whole people stood bareheaded and mute. Following the wailing16 notes of the dirge17 with unsteady feet, moved the escort of ragged18 and war-worn soldiers—their tattered19 banners furled—and every torn dress and dented20 gun-carriage speaking eloquently21 of the right they had earned to sorrow for him. It was no mocking pageant22. No holiday soldiery, spruce and gay, followed that precious bier—no chattering23 crowds pointed3 out the beauties of the sight. Solemn and mourning the escort passed; sad and almost voiceless the people turned away and, going to their homes, sat with their sorrow.
After the Rappahannock fights came a lull24 of several weeks; and it was early in June when General Lee advanced to force the enemy out of the state. His army had been reorganized and strengthened as much as possible; General R. S. Ewell was chosen successor to Jackson; and to him, Longstreet and A. P. Hill—raised now to a full lieutenant-general—was given command of the three corps25.
Diverging26 from the main line, after some little coquetting for position, Ewell charged Jackson's "foot cavalry27" upon Winchester, capturing the town with its heavy depots28 of stores and munitions29; while Hill kept Hooker amused, and Longstreet slowly forged his way toward the river.
Great was the joy of the poor town when it once more welcomed the gray-jackets. From the beginning it had been battle-ground and billet of both armies a dozen times. Tossed from Federal to Confederate possession—a very shuttlecock of war—it had been harassed30, robbed and pillaged31 by the one; drained of the very dregs by free gifts to the other. But the people of Winchester never faltered32 in their faith; and to-day her noble women go down the roll of heroism33 and steadfast34 truth, hand in hand with the noblest ones of our history.
And the joy in Winchester was somewhat reflected at the harassed and eager-watching Capital. Undiminished by the sorrows of the last fall, undimmed by its reverses, still burned the southern desire to plant its victorious35 flag on hostile soil. It was neither a thirst for vengeance36 nor an empty boast; rather a yearning37 for relief—a craving38 for the rest from blood and battle-shocks that such a campaign would give.
It was with deep satisfaction, then, that Richmond heard that Ewell had crossed the Potomac at Williamsport, pushed on through Hagerstown and, leaving Early at York, had passed to Carlisle; that Longstreet had followed him at Williamsport; and that A. P. Hill had crossed at Shepherdstown and pushed for Chambersburg, reaching there on the 27th of June.
Hooker, falling rapidly back upon Washington—at which point he believed the movement aimed—had been sacrificed, and with more justice than usual, to popular clamor. General Geo. G. Meade replaced him in command, and strained every nerve to collect numbers of men, irrespective of quality—seeming to desire to crush the invasion by weight alone.
Wild was the alarm in the North when the rebel advance had penetrated39 the heart of Pennsylvania; when York was held by Early and laid under contribution and Harrisburg was threatened by Ewell. The whole North rose in its might. Governors Seymour, of New York, Andrew, of Massachusetts, and Curtin, of Pennsylvania, put their whole militia40 at the service of the President; the energy at Washington, momentarily paralyzed, soon recovered; and by the last day of the month, Meade had collected an army of near 200,000 men. Many of these were, of course, new levies41 and raw militia; but near one-half were the veterans of the armies of McClellan, Burnside and Hooker; men who had fought gallantly42 on southern soil and might be expected to do so on their own.
It seems that Lee's intention was to flank Meade; and leaving him in Maryland, to pass into Pennsylvania, occupy Harrisburg, destroy communications between Washington and the North and reduce Philadelphia.
Such, at least, was the universal belief of the southern people; and so rapidly did their mercurial44 temperament45 rise under it, and so great was their reliance in the army that was to accomplish the brilliant campaign, that they looked upon it already as a fixed46 fact. Now, at last, they felt, we will teach the Yankees what invasion really means. With their Capital leaguered, their President and Cabinet fugitives47 by water, and their great thoroughfare and second city in our hands, we will dictate48 our own terms, and end the war.
Such might have been the case, had Gettysburg been won, or had that battle never been fought.
If Lee's intention was to flank Meade and avoid a fight at the outset of the campaign, it was thwarted49 by the rapid concentration of troops in his front, near Gettysburg. To prevent being struck in detail and secure his communications, Lee was forced to recall Ewell and to concentrate his army. Hill and Longstreet were ordered up from Chambersburg; and by July 1st the opposing armies faced each other; each feeling its way cautiously and knowing that the result of this grapple of the giants must in a great measure decide the war. Meade's defeat would lose Washington, leave the heart of the North open, and demoralize the only army in that section. Lee's defeat, on the other hand, would jeopardy50 his very existence and probably leave Richmond an easy prey51 to fresh advance.
But in Richmond none of this was felt; for all that was known of the army was its victorious entry into Pennsylvania; and absurdly exaggerated stories of the dire52 panic and demoralization of the enemy received perfect credence53.
Then the shock came.
On the 1st of July, Hill's advance encountered the enemy under Reynolds; and—after a fierce struggle, in which their general was killed—drove them back into and through the town. Here they were reformed on a semi-circular crest54 of hills; massing their artillery55 and holding their position until dark. Their loss was heavier far than Hill's, and the men not in as good fighting trim; but it was very late, and General Lee feared pressing their reserve. Had he known that it was only the advance of Meade, broken and demoralized, that held the crest, he could undoubtedly56 have carried and occupied it. The fearful battles of the next two days, with their terrific loss of life, doubtless hung on this lost opportunity.
By next morning the enemy had massed the remainder of his army behind these hills, now frowning with two hundred guns and blue with one dense57 line of soldiery. Under a fearful cannonade, through a hail of bullets that nothing living might stand, Stewart works his way slowly and steadily58 forward on the enemy's left; driving him from line after line of works and holding every inch gained, by dogged valor and perseverance59. Hays and Hoke (of Early's) advance into the ploughing fire of the rifled guns—march steadily on and charge over their own dead and dying, straight for Cemetery60 Heights. This is the key of the enemy's position. That once gained the day is won; and on the brave fellows go, great gaps tearing through their ranks—answering every fresh shock with a savage61 yell. Line after line of the enemy gives way before that terrible charge. The breastwork is occupied—they are driven out! Melting under the horrid62 fire, unfaltering still—the gray-jackets reach the very hill!
Nothing mortal can stand the enfilading fire. They give way—again they charge—they are at the very works! But the fire is too heavy for their thinned ranks to stand; and night falls over the field, illumined by the red flash of cannon—drenched with blood and horrid with carnage of friend and foe63. But there is no advantage gained, save a slight advance of Stewart's position on their left.
With the morning of the third day came the conviction that the vital struggle must be made for Cemetery Heights. Lee must win them—and then for victory!
All the artillery was massed upon this point. Then awoke the infernal echoes of such an artillery duel64 as the war was never to see again. The air was black with flying shot and shell, and their wild whoo! made one continuous song through the sultry noon. Forth65 from the canopy66 of smoke and their screen of trees, comes the chosen storming party—Pickett's division of Virginians; supported on the right by Wilcox and on the left by Heth's division under Pettigrew, its own general having been wounded in the head the day before.
Unmindful of the fire-sheeted storm into which they march—down into the Valley of the Shadow of Death stride that devoted67 band. Now, they emerge into the Emmetsburg road, straight on for the coveted68 heights. On! never blenching69, never faltering—with great gaps crashing through them—filling the places of the dead with the living next to die—On! into the jaws70 of death goes the forlorn hope! They are at the rise—they reach the crest; and then their batteries are suddenly silent!
Behind them is the ghastly road, furrowed71 and ploughed by ceaseless shot, slippery with blood and dotted thick with their writhing72, bleeding brothers. Behind them is death—defeat! Before them a hundred belching73 cannon—a dense, dark mass of blue, relieved only by the volleying flash that shakes and rolls along their shattered line! Still up they go! on—ever on! That small Virginia division, shattered, bleeding—and alone reaches the works—fights for one moment and then—has won them!
But there are no supports—Pettigrew has not come up; and the decimated Virginians are literally74 overwhelmed by the fresh masses poured upon them. Broken, torn, exhausted75, they fall back—scattered into terrible death-dealing knots, that fight their way sullenly76 and terribly home to their own lines!
That charge—unequaled in history—has fearfully crippled the enemy. He can not pursue. But it has failed, and the battle of Gettysburg is over!
That night General Lee fell back toward Hagerstown, turning in his retreat to show front to the enemy that dared not attack. Nine days he stayed on the Maryland shore, waiting the advance that never came; then he recrossed the river, on the night of the 13th, and again fell back to the Rappahannock lines.
The second Maryland campaign had failed!
Into the midst of the general elation77 in Richmond crashed the wild rumors78 from the fight. We had driven the enemy through the town; we held the height; we had captured Meade and 40,000 prisoners. Washington was at our mercy; and Lee would dictate terms of peace from Philadelphia!
These were the first wild rumors; eagerly sought and readily credited by the people. They were determined80 to believe and would see no change of plan in General Lee's forced battle at Gettysburg, instead of on the plains at Harrisburg.
Then over the general joy, creeping none knew whence nor how, but rapidly gaining shape and substance, came a shadow of doubt. Crowds besieged81 the War Department, anxious, excited, but still hopeful. Then the truth came; tempered by the Government, but wildly exaggerated by northern sources.
Down to zero dropped the spirits of the people; down to a depth of despairing gloom, only the deeper from the height of their previous exultation82. The dark cloud from Gettysburg rolled back over Richmond, darkened and made dense a hundred fold in the transit83.
The terrible carnage of that field was exaggerated by rumor79. Pickett's gallant43 division was declared annihilated84; it was believed that the army had lost 20,000 men; and it was known that such priceless blood as that of Garnett, Pettigrew, Armistead, Pender, Kemper, Semmes and Barksdale had sealed the dreadful defeat.
It only needed what came the next day, to dash the last drop from the cup of hope the people still tried to hold to their lips; and that was the news of the fall of Vicksburg, on the 4th of July.
And out of the thick darkness that settled on the souls of all, came up the groan85 of inquiry86 and blame. Why had the campaign failed? they asked. Why had General Lee been forced into battle on ground of the enemy's choosing? Why had he attacked works that only an army like his would have made an effort to take, when he could have flanked the enemy and forced him to fight him on his own terms? Why had the Government—as was alleged—allowed the crucial test of liberty—the crisis campaign of the war—to be undertaken without proper transportation and supplies of ammunition87?
And why, above all, had the general they still loved and trusted, spite of their doubts—why had he sent their beloved Virginians unsupported to the shambles88? Why had he fought the whole Yankee army with one division?
Such were the murmurs89 on every side. And though they gradually died away, after the first shock of surprise and grief had passed; still they left a vague feeling behind that all was not well; that grave errors had been committed somewhere. For the southern people could not get over the feeling that there were no odds90 of numbers and position that could cause defeat to a southern army, properly supplied and properly handled. So, although the murmurs ceased, the conviction did not die with them that the battle of Gettysburg was a grave error; that there had been a useless waste of priceless lives; and that the campaign had been nullified, which else had ended the war.
And unlike other post-disaster conclusions of the southern people, this did not die out. It only became strengthened and fixed, the more light was thrown on the vexed91 questions and the more they were canvassed92. The excuses of the War Department that ammunition had given out, were scornfully rejected. Then, said the people, that was your fault. General Lee could not depend—in a campaign in the heart of an enemy's country and far away from his base—upon his captures. And as to his not intending to fight a pitched battle, how could he calculate upon that, or why then did he fight it; and upon ground of the enemy's choice?
And with the other objections to the conduct of the campaign, came that of the general's treatment of the people of Pennsylvania. It was felt to be an excess of moderation to a people whose armies had not spared the sword, the torch and insult to our unprotected tracts93; and it was argued—without a shadow of foundation—that Lee's knightly94 courtesy to the Dutch dames95 of Pennsylvania had disgusted his troops.
Those starving and barefooted heroes would have thought it right if their beloved chief had fallen down and worshiped the makers96 of apple-butter! They felt he could do no wrong; and it was indirect injustice97 to the gallant dead that dotted Cemetery Hill—and to the no less gallant living ready to march up to those frowning heights again—to intimate that any action of their general would, or could, have made them fight better.
Excessive as was that moderation—ill advised as it might have proved, in case of a long campaign—it could have had no possible effect on the fortunes of the disastrous98 and brief one just ended.
Equally unjust as that popular folly99, was the aspersion100 upon southern sympathizers in Maryland, that they did not come forth to aid their friends. The part of Maryland through which southern armies passed in both campaigns were sparsely101 settled, and that with strong union population. The Marylander of Baltimore and the lower counties—whatever may have been his wishes, was gagged and bound too closely to express, far less carry them out. Baltimore was filled with an armed guard and was, moreover, the passage-way of thousands of troops; the lower counties were watched and guarded. And, moreover, the Confederate army was not practically in Maryland, but from the 20th of June to the 1st of July.
The taunt102 to the down-trodden Marylanders—oppressed and suffering bravely for conscience sake—we must in justice to ourselves believe only the result of grief and disappointment. Men, like goods, can only be judged "by sample;" and, from the beginning to the end of the war, Maryland may point to Archer103, Winder, Elzey, Johnson and many another noble son—unhonored now, or filling, perhaps, a nameless grave—and ask if such men came from among a people who talked but would not act! And so in sorrow, disappointment and bitterness ended the second Maryland campaign.
And with it ended all hopes of carrying the war beyond our own gates in future; happy could we beat it thence, baffled and crushed as ever before.
For the short, sharp raid of General Early—penetrating to the gates of the Capital and with possible capabilities104 of even entering them—can hardly be considered an organized scheme of invasion. It was rather the spasmodic effort by a sharp, hard blow to loosen the tightening105 and death-dealing grip upon our throat, and give us time for one long, deep breath before the final tug106 for life.
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1
valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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naught
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| n.无，零 [=nought] | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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drooping
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| adj. 下垂的，无力的 动词droop的现在分词 | |
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5
wrung
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| 绞( wring的过去式和过去分词 )； 握紧（尤指别人的手）； 把（湿衣服）拧干； 绞掉（水） | |
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immortal
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| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
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emaciated
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| adj.衰弱的，消瘦的 | |
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maidens
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| 处女( maiden的名词复数 )； 少女； 未婚女子； （板球运动）未得分的一轮投球 | |
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awed
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| adj.充满敬畏的，表示敬畏的v.使敬畏，使惊惧( awe的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hush
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| int.嘘，别出声；n.沉默，静寂；v.使安静 | |
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sobs
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| 啜泣（声），呜咽（声）( sob的名词复数 ) | |
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murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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softening
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| 变软，软化 | |
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glorified
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| 美其名的，变荣耀的 | |
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gilds
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| 把…镀金( gild的第三人称单数 )； 给…上金色； 作多余的修饰（反而破坏原已完美的东西）； 画蛇添足 | |
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wailing
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| v.哭叫，哀号( wail的现在分词 )；沱 | |
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dirge
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| n.哀乐，挽歌，庄重悲哀的乐曲 | |
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ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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tattered
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| adj.破旧的，衣衫破的 | |
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dented
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| v.使产生凹痕( dent的过去式和过去分词 )；损害；伤害；挫伤（信心、名誉等） | |
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eloquently
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| adv. 雄辩地(有口才地, 富于表情地) | |
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pageant
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| n.壮观的游行；露天历史剧 | |
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chattering
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| n. （机器振动发出的）咔嗒声，(鸟等)鸣，啁啾 adj. 喋喋不休的，啾啾声的 动词chatter的现在分词形式 | |
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lull
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| v.使安静，使入睡，缓和，哄骗；n.暂停，间歇 | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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diverging
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| 分开( diverge的现在分词 )； 偏离； 分歧； 分道扬镳 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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depots
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| 仓库( depot的名词复数 )； 火车站； 车库； 军需库 | |
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munitions
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| n.军火，弹药；v.供应…军需品 | |
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harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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pillaged
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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faltered
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| （嗓音）颤抖( falter的过去式和过去分词 )； 支吾其词； 蹒跚； 摇晃 | |
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heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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steadfast
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| adj.固定的，不变的，不动摇的；忠实的；坚贞不移的 | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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yearning
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| a.渴望的；向往的；怀念的 | |
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craving
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| n.渴望,热望 | |
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penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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levies
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| （部队）征兵( levy的名词复数 )； 募捐； 被征募的军队 | |
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gallantly
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| adv. 漂亮地，勇敢地，献殷勤地 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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mercurial
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| adj.善变的，活泼的 | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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dictate
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| v.口授；(使)听写；指令，指示，命令 | |
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thwarted
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| 阻挠( thwart的过去式和过去分词 )； 使受挫折； 挫败； 横过 | |
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jeopardy
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| n.危险；危难 | |
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51
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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52
dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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53
credence
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| n.信用，祭器台，供桌，凭证 | |
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54
crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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55
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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56
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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cemetery
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| n.坟墓，墓地，坟场 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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64
duel
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| n./v.决斗；(双方的)斗争 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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coveted
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| adj.令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的v.贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图 | |
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69
blenching
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| v.（因惊吓而）退缩，惊悸( blench的现在分词 )；（使）变白，（使）变苍白 | |
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jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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furrowed
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| v.犁田，开沟( furrow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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writhing
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| （因极度痛苦而）扭动或翻滚( writhe的现在分词 ) | |
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belching
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| n. 喷出，打嗝 动词belch的现在分词形式 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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sullenly
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| 不高兴地，绷着脸，忧郁地 | |
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elation
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| n.兴高采烈，洋洋得意 | |
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rumors
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| n.传闻( rumor的名词复数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷v.传闻( rumor的第三人称单数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷 | |
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rumor
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| n.谣言，谣传，传说 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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exultation
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| n.狂喜，得意 | |
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83
transit
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| n.经过，运输；vt.穿越，旋转；vi.越过 | |
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annihilated
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| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
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85
groan
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| vi./n.呻吟，抱怨；(发出)呻吟般的声音 | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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shambles
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| n.混乱之处；废墟 | |
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89
murmurs
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| n.低沉、连续而不清的声音( murmur的名词复数 )；低语声；怨言；嘀咕 | |
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odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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vexed
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| adj.争论不休的；（指问题等）棘手的；争论不休的问题；烦恼的v.使烦恼( vex的过去式和过去分词 )；使苦恼；使生气；详细讨论 | |
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canvassed
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| v.（在政治方面）游说( canvass的过去式和过去分词 )；调查（如选举前选民的）意见；为讨论而提出（意见等）；详细检查 | |
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tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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knightly
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| adj. 骑士般的 adv. 骑士般地 | |
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dames
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| n.（在英国）夫人（一种封号），夫人（爵士妻子的称号）( dame的名词复数 )；女人 | |
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makers
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| n.制造者，制造商（maker的复数形式） | |
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injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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aspersion
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| n.诽谤，中伤 | |
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101
sparsely
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| adv.稀疏地；稀少地；不足地；贫乏地 | |
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102
taunt
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| n.辱骂，嘲弄；v.嘲弄 | |
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103
archer
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| n.射手，弓箭手 | |
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104
capabilities
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| n.能力( capability的名词复数 )；可能；容量；[复数]潜在能力 | |
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105
tightening
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| 上紧，固定，紧密 | |
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106
tug
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| v.用力拖(或拉)；苦干；n.拖；苦干；拖船 | |
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