Though in area Queen Wilhelmina's colonial possessions are exceeded by those of Britain and France, she is the sovereign of the second largest colonial empire, in point of population, in the world. But, because it lies beyond the beaten paths of tourist travel, because it has been so little advertised by plagues and famines and rebellions, and because it has been so admirably and unobtrusively governed, it has largely escaped public attention—a fact, I imagine, with which the Dutch are not ill-pleased. Did you realize, I wonder, that the Insulinde, as Netherlands India is sometimes called, is as large, or very nearly as large, as all that portion of the United States lying east of the Mississippi? Did you know that in the third largest island of the archipelago, Sumatra, the State of California could be set down and still leave a comfortable margin15 all around? Or that the fugitive16 from justice who turns the prow17 of his canoe westward18 from New Guinea must sail as far as from Vancouver to [76]Yokohama before he finds himself beyond the shadow of the Dutch flag and the arm of Dutch law?
Until the closing years of the sixteenth century, European trade with the Far East was an absolute monopoly in the hands of Spain and Portugal. Incredible as it may seem, the two Iberian nations alone possessed19 the secret of the routes to the East, which they guarded with jealous care. In 1492, Columbus, bearing a letter from the King of Spain to the Khan of Tartary, whose power and wealth had become legendary20 in Europe through the tales of Marco Polo and other overland travelers, sailed westward from Cadiz in search of Asia, discovering the islands which came to be known as the West Indies. Five years later a Portuguese21 sea-adventurer, Vasco da Gama, turned the prow of his caravel south from the mouth of the Tagus, skirted the coast of Africa, rounded the Cape14 of Good Hope, crossed the Indian Ocean, and dropped his anchor in the harbor of Calicut—the first European to reach the beckoning22 East by sea. For a quarter of a century the Portuguese were the only people in Europe who knew the way to the East, and their secret gave them a monopoly of the Eastern trade. Lisbon became the richest port of Europe. Portugal was mistress of the seas. But in 1519 another Portuguese seafarer, Hernando de Maghallanes—we call him Ferdinand Magellan—who, resenting his treatment by the King of Portugal, had shifted his allegiance to Spain, sailed southwestward across the Atlantic, rounded the southern extremity23 of America by the [77]straits which bear his name, crossed the unknown Pacific, and raised the flag of Spain over the islands which came in time to be called the Philippines. Spain had reached the Indies by sailing west, as Portugal had reached them by sailing east.
Though the fabulous24 wealth of the lands thus discovered was discussed around every council table and camp-fire in Europe, the routes by which that wealth might be attained25 were guarded by Portugal and Spain as secrets of state. The charts showing the routes were not intrusted to the captains of vessels26 in the Eastern trade until the moment of departure, and they were taken up immediately upon their return; the silence of officers and crews was insured by every oath that the church could frame and every penalty that the state could devise. For more than three-quarters of a century, indeed, the two Iberian nations succeeded in keeping the secret of the sea roads to the East, its betrayal being punishable by death. In 1580, however, the English freebooter, Francis Drake, nicknamed "The Master Thief of the Unknown World," duplicated the voyage of Magellan's expedition of threescore years before, thus discovering the route to the Indies used by Spain.
At this period the Dutch, "the waggoners of the sea," possessed, as middlemen, a large interest in the spice trade, for the Portuguese, having no direct access to the markets of northern Europe, had made a practise of sending their Eastern merchandise to the Netherlands in Dutch bottoms for distribution by way [78]of the Rhine and the Scheldt. As a result, the enormous carrying trade of Holland was wholly dependent upon Lisbon. But when Spain unceremoniously annexed27 Portugal in 1580, the first act of Philip, upon becoming master of Lisbon, was to close the Tagus to the Dutch, his one-time subjects, who had revolted eight years before. As a result of the revenge thus taken by the Spanish tyrant28, the Dutch were faced by the necessity of themselves going in quest of the Indies if their flag was not to disappear from the seas. Their opportunity came a dozen years later when a venturesome Hollander, Cornelius Houtman, who was risking imprisonment29 and even death by trading surreptitiously in the forbidden city on the Tagus, succeeded in obtaining through bribery30 a copy of one of the secret charts. The Spanish authorities scarcely could have been aware that he had learned a secret of such immense importance, or his silence would have been insured by the headsman. As it was, he was thrown into prison for illegal trading, where he was held for heavy ransom31. But he managed to get word to Amsterdam of the priceless information which had come into his possession, whereupon the merchants of that city promptly33 formed a syndicate, subscribed34 the money for his ransom, and obtained his release. Thus it came about that shortly after his return to Holland there was organized the Company of Distant Lands, a title as vague, grandiose35 and alluring as the plans of those who founded it. In 1595, then, nearly a century after da Gama had shown the way, four caravels[79] under the command of Houtman, the banner of the Netherlands flaunting36 from their towering sterns, sailed grandly out of the Texel, slipped past the white chalk cliffs of Dover, sped southward before the trades, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and laid their course across the Indian Ocean for the Spice Islands. When the adventurers returned, two years later, they brought back tales of islands richer than anything of which the Dutch burghers had ever dreamed, and produced cargoes37 of Eastern merchandise to back their stories up.
The return of Houtman's expedition was the signal for a great outburst of commercial enterprise in the Low Countries, seekers after fortune or adventure flocking to the Indies as, centuries later, other fortune-seekers, other adventurers, flocked to the gold-diggings of the Sierras, the Yukon, and the Rand. On those distant seas, however, the adventurers were beyond the reach of any law, the same lawless conditions prevailing38 in the Indies at the beginning of the seventeenth century which characterized Californian life in the days of '49. The Dutch warred on the natives and on the Portuguese, and, when there was no one else to offer them resistance, they fought among themselves. By 1602 conditions had become so intolerable that the government of Holland, in order to tranquillize the Indies, and to stabilize39 the spice market at home, decided40 to amalgamate41 the various trading enterprises into one great corporation, the Dutch East India Company, which was authorized42 to exercise the [80]functions of government in those remote seas and to prosecute43 the war against Spain. When Philip shut the Dutch out of Lisbon, he made a formidable enemy for himself, for, though the burghers went to the East primarily in order to save their commerce from extinction44, they were animated45 in a scarcely less degree by a determination to even their score with Spain.
The history of the Dutch East India Company is not a savory46 one. It was a powerful instrument for extracting the wealth of the Indies, and, so long as the wealth was forthcoming, the stockholders at home in Holland did not inquire too closely as to how the instrument was used. The story of the company from its formation in 1602 until its dissolution nearly two centuries later is a record of intrigue47, cruelty and oppression. It exercised virtually sovereign powers. It made and enforced its own laws, it maintained its own fleet and army, it negotiated treaties with Japan and China, it dethroned sultans and rajahs, it established trading-posts and factories at the Cape of Good Hope, in the Persian Gulf48, on the coasts of Malabar and Coromandel, and in Bengal; it waged war against the Portuguese, the Spaniards and the English in turn. When at the summit of its power, in 1669, the company possessed forty warships49 and one hundred and fifty merchantmen, maintained an army of ten thousand men, and paid a forty per cent dividend50.
Meanwhile a formidable rival to the Dutch company, the English East India Company, had arisen, but the accession of a Dutchman, William, Prince of [81]Orange, to the throne of England in 1688 turned the rivals into allies, the trade of the eastern seas being divided between them. But toward the close of the eighteenth century there came another change in the status quo, for the Dutch, by allying themselves with the French, became the enemies of England. By this time Great Britain had become the greatest sea power in the world, so that within a few months after the outbreak of hostilities51 in 1795 the British flag had replaced that of the Netherlands over Ceylon, Malacca, and other stations on the highway to the Insulinde. When the Netherlands were annexed to the French Empire by Napoleon in 1810 the British seized the excuse thus provided to occupy Java, Thomas Stamford Raffles, the brilliant young Englishman who was then the agent of the British East India Company at Malacca, in the Malay States, being sent to Java as lieutenant-governor. Urgent as were his appeals that Java should be retained by Britain as a jewel in her crown of empire, the readjustment of the territories of the great European powers which was effected at the Congress of Vienna, in 1816, after the fall of Napoleon, resulted in the restoration to the Dutch of those islands of the Insulinde, including Java, which the British had seized. But, though Raffles ruled in Java for barely four and a half years, his spirit goes marching on, the system of colonial government which he instituted having been continued by the Dutch, in its main outlines, to this day. He won the confidence and friendship of the powerful native [82]princes, revolutionized the entire legal system, revived the system of village or communal52 government, reformed the land-tenure, abolished the abominable53 system of forcing the natives to deliver all their crops, and gave to the Javanese a rule of honesty, justice and wisdom with which, up to that time, they had not had even a bowing acquaintance. As a result of the lessons learned from Stamford Raffles, the Dutch possessions in the East are today more wisely and justly administered than those of any other European nation.
The Dutch had not seen the last of Raffles, however, for in 1817 he returned from England, where he had been knighted by the Prince Regent, to take the post of lieutenant-governor of Sumatra, to which the British did not finally relinquish54 their claims until half a century later. His administration of that great island was characterized by the same breadth of vision, tact55, and energy which had marked his rule in Java. It was during this period that Raffles rendered his greatest service to the empire. The Dutch, upon regaining56 Java, attempted to obtain complete control of all the islands of the archipelago, which would have resulted in seriously hampering57, if not actually ending, British trade east of Malacca. But Raffles, recognizing the menace to British interests, defeated the Dutch scheme in January, 1819, by a sudden coup58 d'etat, when he seized the little island at the tip of the Malay Peninsula which commands the Malacca Straits and the entrance to the China seas, and founded Singapore, thereby59 giving Britain control of the gateway60 [83]to the Farther East and ending forever the Dutch dream of making of those waters a mare61 clausum—a Dutch lake.
The thousands of islands, islets, and atolls which comprise Netherlands India—the proper etymological62 name of the archipelago is Austronesia—are scattered63 over forty-six degrees of longitude64, on both sides of the equator. Although in point of area Java holds only fifth place, Sumatra, Borneo, New Guinea and the Celebes being much larger, it nevertheless contains three-fourths of the population and yields four-fifths of the produce of the entire archipelago. Though scarcely larger than Cuba, it has more inhabitants than all the Atlantic Coast States, from Maine to Florida, combined. This, added to the strategic importance of its situation, the richness of its soil, the variety of its products, the intelligence, activity and civilization of its inhabitants, and the fact that it is the seat of the colonial government, makes Java by far the most important unit of the Insulinde. Because of its overwhelming importance in the matters of position, products and population, it is administered as a distinct political entity65, the other portions of the Dutch Indies being officially designated as the Outposts or the Outer Possessions.
Westernmost and by far the most important of the Outposts is Sumatra, an island four-fifths the size of France, as potentially rich in mineral and agricultural wealth as Java, but with a sparse66 and intractable population, certain of the tribes, notably67 the Achinese, who [84]inhabit the northern districts, still defying Dutch rule in spite of the long and costly68 series of wars which have resulted from Holland's attempt to subjugate69 them. The unmapped interior of Sumatra affords an almost virgin70 field for the explorer, the sportsman and the scientist. It has ninety volcanoes, twelve of which are active (the world has not forgotten the eruption71, in 1883, of Krakatu, an island volcano off the Sumatran coast, which resulted in the loss of forty thousand human lives); the jungles of the interior are roamed by elephants, tigers, rhinoceroses72, panthers and occasional orang-utans, while in the scattered villages, with their straw-thatched, highly decorated houses, dwell barbarous brown men practising customs so incredibly eerie73 and fantastic that a sober narration74 of them is more likely than not to be greeted with a shrug75 of amused disbelief. One who has no first-hand knowledge of the Sumatran tribes finds it difficult to accept at their face value the accounts of the customs practised by the Bataks of Tapanuli, for example, who, when their relatives become too old and infirm to be of further use, give them a pious76 interment by eating them. When the local Doctor Oslers have decided that a man has reached the age when his place at the family table is preferable to his company, the aged32 victim climbs a lemon-tree, beneath which his relatives stand in a circle, wailing77 the deathsong, the weird78, monotonous79 chant being continued until the condemned80 one summons the courage to throw himself to the ground, whereupon the members [85]of his family promptly despatch81 him with clubs, cut up his body, roast the meat, and eat it. Thus every stomach in the tribe becomes, in effect, a sort of family burial-plot. I was unable to ascertain82 why the victim is compelled to throw himself from a lemon-tree. It struck me that some taller tree, like a palm, would better accomplish the desired result. A matter of custom, doubtless. Perhaps that explains why we dub83 persons who are passé "lemons." Then there are the Achinese, whose women frequently marry when eight years old, and are considered as well along in life when they reach their teens; and the Niassais, who are in deadly fear of albino children and who kill all twins as soon as they are born. Or the Menangkabaus, whose tribal84 government is a matriarchy: lands, houses, crops and children belonging solely85 to the wife, who may, and sometimes does, sell her husband as a slave in order to pay her debts.
Trailing from the eastern end of Java in a twelve-hundred-mile-long chain, like the wisps of paper which form the tail of a kite, and separated by straits so narrow that artillery86 can fire across them, are the Lesser Sundas—Bali, noted87 for its superb scenery and its alluring women; Lombok, the northernmost island whose flora88 and fauna89 are Australian; Sumbawa, where the sandalwood comes from; Flores, whose inhabitants consider the earth so holy that they will not desecrate90 it by digging wells or cultivation91; Timor, the northeastern half of which, together with Goa in India and Macao in China, forms the last remnant of [86]Portugal's once enormous Eastern empire; Rotti, Kei, and Aroo, the great chain thus formed linking New Guinea, the largest island in the world, barring Australia, with the mainland of Asia. Of the last-named island, the entire western half belongs to Holland, the remaining half being about equally divided between British Papua, in the southeast, and in the northeast the former German colony of Kaiser Wilhelm Land, now administered by Australia under a mandate92 from the League of Nations.
The population of Dutch New Guinea is estimated at a quarter of a million, but the predilection93 of its puff-ball-headed inhabitants for human flesh has discouraged the Dutch census-takers from making an accurate enumeration94, as the Papuan cannibal does not hesitate to sacrifice the needs of science to those of the cooking-pot. Though New Guinea is believed to be enormously rich in natural resources, and has many excellent harbors, the secrets of its mysterious interior can only be conjectured95. The natives are as degraded as any in the world; their principal vocation96 is hunting birds of paradise, whose plumes97 command high prices in the European markets; their chief avocation98 in recent years has been staging imitation cannibal feasts for the benefit of motion-picture expeditions. But, unknown and unproductive as it is at present, I would stake my life that New Guinea will be a great colony some day.
To the west of New Guinea and to the south of the Philippines lie the Moluccas—Ceram, Amboin, [87]Ternate, Halmahera, and the rest—the Spice Islands of the old-time voyagers, the scented99 tropic isles100 of which Camoens sang. Amboin, owing to the fact that Europeans have been established there for centuries on account of its trade in spices, is characterized by a much higher degree of civilization than the rest of the Moluccas, a considerable proportion of its inhabitants professing101 to be Christians102. The flower of the colonial army is recruited from the Amboinese, who regard themselves not as vassals104 of the Dutch but as their allies and equals, a distinction which they emphasize by wearing shoes, all other native troops going barefoot. Beyond the Moluccas, across the Banda Sea, sprawls105 the Celebes,[1] familiar from our school-days because of its fantastic outline, the plural106 form of its name being due to the supposition of the early explorers that it was a group of islands instead of one. And finally, crossing Makassar Straits, we come to Borneo, the habitat of the head-hunter and the orang-utan. Though Borneo is a treasure-house for the naturalist107, the botanist108, and the ethnologist, the Dutch, as in New Guinea, have merely scratched its surface, almost no attempt having thus far been made to exploit its enormous natural resources. Thus I have arrayed for your cursory109 inspection110 the congeries of curious and colorful islands which constitute Netherlands India in order that you may comprehend the problems of civilization and administration which [88]Holland has had to solve in those distant seas, and that you may be better qualified111 to judge the results she has achieved.
The Insulinde has eight times the population and sixty times the area of the mother country, from which it is separated by ten thousand miles of sea, yet the sovereignty of Queen Wilhelmina is upheld among the cannibals of New Guinea, the head-hunters of Borneo, and the savages112 of Achin, no less than among the docile113 millions of Java, by less than ten thousand European soldiers. That a territory so vast and with so enormous a population, should be so admirably administered, everything considered, by so small a number of white men, is in itself proof of the Dutch genius for ruling subject races.
From the day when Holland determined114 to organize her colonial empire for the benefit of the natives themselves, instead of exploiting it for the benefit of a handful of Dutch traders and settlers, as she had previously115 done, she has employed in her colonial service only thoroughly116 trained officials of proved ability and irreproachable117 character. The Dutch officials whom I met in Java and the Outposts impressed me, indeed, as being men of altogether exceptional capacity and attainments118, better educated and qualified, as a whole, than those whom I have encountered in the British and French colonial possessions. Since the war, owing to the difficulty of obtaining men of sufficient caliber119 and experience to fill the minor120 posts, [89]which are not particularly well paid, Holland has given employment in her colonial service to a considerable number of Germans, most of whom had been trained in colonial administration in Germany's African and Pacific possessions, but they are appointed, of course, only to posts of relative unimportance.
Every year the Minister of the Colonies ascertains122 the number of vacancies123 in the East Indian service, and every year the Grand Examination of Officials is held simultaneously124 in The Hague and Batavia, the results of this examination determining the eligibility125 of candidates for admission to the colonial service and the fitness of officials already in the service for promotion126. With the exception of the Governor-General and two or three other high officials, who are appointed by the crown, no official can evade127 this examination, to pass which requires not only an intimate knowledge of East Indian languages, politics and customs, but real scholarship as well. The names of those candidates who pass this examination are certified128 to the Minister of the Colonies, who thereupon directs them to report to the Governor-General at Batavia and provides them with funds for the voyage. Upon their arrival in the Indies the Governor-General appoints them to the grade of controleur and tests their capacity by sending them to difficult and trying posts in Sumatra, Borneo, the Celebes, or New Guinea, where they must conclusively129 prove their ability before they can hope for promotion to the grades of assistant resident and resident, and the relative comfort of [90]official life in Java. In the Outposts they at once come face to face with innumerable difficulties and responsibilities, for the controleur is responsible, though within narrower limits than the resident, for everything: justice, police, agriculture, education, public works, the protection of the natives, and the requirements of the settlers in such matters as labor130 and irrigation. He is, in short, an administrator131, a police official, a judge, a diplomatist, and an adviser132 on almost every subject connected with the government of tropical dependencies. The officials in the Outposts are given more authority and greater latitude133 of action than their colleagues in Java, for they have greater difficulties to cope with, while the intractability, if not the open hostility134 of the natives whom they are called upon to rule demands greater tact and diplomacy135 than are required in Java, where the officials are inclined to become spoiled by their easy-going life and the semi-royal state which they maintain.
Though Holland demands much of those who uphold her authority in the Indies, she is generous in her rewards. The Governor-General draws a salary of seventy thousand dollars together with liberal allowances for entertaining, and is provided with palaces at Batavia and Buitenzorg, while at Tjipanas, on one of the spurs of the Gedei, nearly six thousand feet above the sea, he has a country house set in a great English park. Wherever he is in residence he maintains a degree of state scarcely inferior to that of the sovereign herself. The residents are paid from five [91]thousand dollars to nine thousand dollars according to their grades, the assistant residents from three thousand five hundred dollars to five thousand dollars, and the controleurs from one thousand eight hundred dollars to two thousand four hundred dollars. Though officials are permitted leaves of absence only once in ten years, those who complete twenty-five years' service in the Insulinde may retire on half-pay. Even at such salaries, however, and in a land where living is cheap as compared with Europe, it is almost impossible for the officials to save money, for they are expected to entertain lavishly136 and to live in a fashion which will impress the natives, who would be quick to seize on any evidence of economy as a sign of weakness.
Netherlands India is ruled by a dual137 system of administration—European and native. By miracles of patience, tact, and diplomacy, the Dutch have succeeded in building up in the Indies a gigantic colonial empire, which, however, they could not hope to hold by force were there to be a concerted rising of the natives. Realizing this, Holland—instead of attempting to overawe the natives by a display of military strength, as England has done in Egypt and India, and France in Algeria and Morocco—has succeeded, by keeping the native princes on their thrones and according them a shadowy suzerainty, in hoodwinking the ignorant brown mass of the people into the belief that they are still governed by their own rulers. Though at first the princes, as was to be expected, bitterly resented the curtailment138 of their prerogatives139 and [92]powers, they decided that they might better remain on their thrones, even though the powers remaining to them were merely nominal140, and accept the titles, honors and generous pensions which the Dutch offered them, than to resist and be ruthlessly crushed. In pursuance of this shrewd policy, every province in the Indies has as its nominal head a native puppet ruler, known as a regent, usually a member of the house which reigned141 in that particular territory before the white man came. Though the regents are appointed, paid, and at need dismissed by the government, and though they are obliged to accept the advice and obey the orders of the Dutch residents, they remain the highest personages in the native world and the intermediaries through whom Holland transmits her wishes and orders to the native population.
In order to lend color to the fiction that the natives are still ruled by their own princes, the regents are provided with the means to keep up a considerable degree of ceremony and pomp; they have their opera-bouffe courts, their gorgeously uniformed body-guards, their gilded142 carriages and golden parasols, and some of the more important ones maintain enormous households. But, though they preside at assemblies, sign decrees, and possess all the other external attributes of power, in reality they only go through the motions of governing, for always behind their gorgeous thrones sits a shrewd and silent Dutchman who pulls the strings143. Though this system of dual government has the obvious disadvantage of being both cumbersome144 [93]and expensive, it is, everything considered, perhaps the best that could have been devised to meet the existing conditions, for nothing is more certain than that, should the Dutch attempt to do away with the native princes, there would be a revolt which would shake the Insulinde to its foundations and would gravely imperil Dutch domination in the islands.
The most interesting examples of this system of dual administration are found in the Vorstenlanden, or "Lands of the Princes," of Surakarta and Djokjakarta, in Middle Java. These two principalities, which once comprised the great empire of Mataram, are nominally145 independent, being ostensibly ruled by their own princes: the Susuhunan of Surakarta and the Sultan of Djokjakarta, who are, however, despite their high-sounding titles and their dazzling courts, but mouthpieces for the Dutch residents. The series of episodes which culminated146 in the Dutch acquiring complete political ascendency in the Vorstenlanden form one of the most picturesque147 and significant chapters in the history of Dutch rule in the East. Until the last century these territories were undivided, forming the kingdom of the Susuhunan of Surakarta, who, being threatened by a revolt of the Chinese who had settled in his dominions148, called in the Dutch to aid him in suppressing it. They came promptly, helped to crush the rebellion, and so completely won the confidence of the Susuhunan that he begged their arbitration149 in a dispute with one of his brothers, who had launched an insurrection in an attempt to place himself [94]on the throne. Certain historians assert, and probably with truth, that this insurrection was instigated150 and encouraged by the Dutch themselves, who foresaw that it would be easier to subjugate two weak states than a single strong one. In pursuance of this policy, they suggested that, in order to avoid a fratricidal and bloody151 war, the kingdom be divided, two-thirds of it, with Surakarta as the capital, to remain under the rule of the Susuhunan; the remaining third to be handed over to the pretender, who would assume the title of Sultan and establish his court at Djokjakarta. This settlement was reluctantly accepted by the Susuhunan because he realized that he could hope for nothing better and by his brother because he recognized that he might do much worse.
In principle, at least, the Sultan remained the vassal103 of the Susuhunan, in token of which he paid him public homage152 once each year at Ngawen, near Djokjakarta, where, in the presence of an immense concourse of natives, he was obliged to prostrate153 himself before the Susuhunan's throne as a public acknowledgment of his vassalage154. But as the years passed the breach155 thus created between the Susuhunan and the Sultan showed signs of healing, which was the last thing desired by the Dutch, who believed in the maxim156 Divide ut imperes. So, before the next ceremony of homage came around, they sent for the Sultan, pointed121 out to him the humiliation157 which he incurred158 in kneeling before the Susuhunan, and offered to provide him with a means of escaping this abasement159. Their offer was [95]as simple as it was ingenious—permission to wear the uniform of a Dutch official. This was by no means as empty an honor as it seemed, as the Sultan was quick to recognize, for one of the tenets of Holland's rule in the Indies is that no one who wears the Dutch uniform, whether European or native, shall impair160 the prestige of that uniform by kneeling in homage. The Sultan, needless to say, eagerly seized the opportunity thus offered, and, when the date for the next ceremony fell due he arrived at Ngawen arrayed in the blue and gold panoply161 of a Dutch official, but, instead of prostrating162 himself before the Susuhunan in the grovelling163 dodok, he coolly remained seated, as befitted a Dutch official and an independent prince.
The animosity thus ingeniously revived between the princely houses lasted for many years, which was exactly what the Dutch had foreseen. But, though the Susuhunan and the Sultan had been goaded164 into hating each other with true Oriental fervor165, they hated the Dutch even more. In order to divert this hostility toward themselves into safer channels, the Dutch evolved still another scheme, which consisted in installing at the court of the Susuhunan, as at that of the Sultan, a counter-irritant in the person of a rival prince, who, though theoretically a vassal, was in reality as independent as the titular166 ruler. And, as a final touch, the Dutch decreed that the cost of maintaining the elaborate establishments of these hated rivals must be defrayed from the privy167 purses of the Susuhunan and the Sultan. The "independent" prince [96]at Surakarta is known as the Pangeran Adipati Mangku Negoro; the one at Djokjakarta as the Pangeran Adipati Paku Alam. Both of these princes have received military educations in Holland, hold honorary commissions in the Dutch army, and wear the Dutch uniform; their handsome palaces stand in close proximity168 to those of the Susuhunan and the Sultan, and both are permitted to maintain small but well-drilled private armies, armed with modern weapons and organized on European lines. The "army" of Mangku Negoro consists of about a thousand men, and is a far more efficient fighting force than the fantastically uniformed rabble169 maintained by his suzerain, the Susuhunan. In certain respects this arrangement resembles the plan which is followed at West Point and Annapolis, where, if the appointee fails to meet the entrance requirements, the appointment goes to an alternate, who has been designated with just such a contingency170 in view. Both the Susuhunan and the Sultan are perfectly171 aware that the first sign of disloyalty to the Dutch on their part would result in their being promptly dethroned and the "independent" princes being appointed in their stead. So, as they like their jobs, which are well paid and by no means onerous—the Susuhunan receives an annual pension from the Dutch Government of some three hundred and fifty thousand dollars and has in addition one million dollars worth of revenues to squander172 each year—their conduct is marked by exemplary obedience173 and circumspection174.
[97]Ever since the Dipo Negoro rebellion of 1825, which was caused by the insulting behavior of an incompetent175 and tactless resident toward a native prince, to suppress which cost Holland five years of warfare176 and the lives of fifteen thousand soldiers, the Dutch Government has come more and more to realize that most of the disaffection and revolts in their Eastern possessions have been directly traceable to tactlessness on the part of Dutch officials, who either ignored or were indifferent to the customs, traditions, and susceptibilities of the natives. It is the recognition and application of this principle that has been primarily responsible for the peace, progress, and prosperity which, in recent years, have characterized the rule of Holland in the Indies. When a nation with a quarter the area of New York State, and less than two-thirds its population, with a small army and no navy worthy177 of the name, can successfully rule fifty million people of alien race and religion, half the world away, and keep them loyal and contented178, that nation has, it seems to me, a positive genius for colonial administration.
Some one has described the Dutch East Indies as a necklace of emeralds strung on the equator. To those who are familiar only with colder, less gorgeous lands, that simile179 may sound unduly180 fanciful, but to those who have seen these great, rich islands, festooned across four thousand miles of sea, green and scintillating181 under the tropic sun, the description will not [98]appear as far-fetched as it seems. A necklace of emeralds! The more I ponder over that description the better I like it. Indeed, I think that that is what I will call this chapter—The Emeralds of Wilhelmina.
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shipping
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| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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alluring
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| adj.吸引人的，迷人的 | |
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raffles
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| n.抽彩售物( raffle的名词复数 )v.以抽彩方式售（物）( raffle的第三人称单数 ) | |
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scanty
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ingratitude
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| n.忘恩负义 | |
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supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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administrative
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| adj.行政的，管理的 | |
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audacity
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| n.大胆，卤莽，无礼 | |
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9
insular
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| adj.岛屿的，心胸狭窄的 | |
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10
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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11
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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12
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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14
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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15
margin
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| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
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16
fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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17
prow
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| n.(飞机)机头，船头 | |
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18
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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19
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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20
legendary
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| adj.传奇（中）的，闻名遐迩的；n.传奇（文学） | |
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21
Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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22
beckoning
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| adj.引诱人的，令人心动的v.（用头或手的动作）示意，召唤( beckon的现在分词 ) | |
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23
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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24
fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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25
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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26
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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27
annexed
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| [法] 附加的，附属的 | |
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28
tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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29
imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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30
bribery
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|
| n.贿络行为，行贿，受贿 | |
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31
ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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32
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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33
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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34
subscribed
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|
| v.捐助( subscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；签署，题词；订阅；同意 | |
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35
grandiose
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|
| adj.宏伟的，宏大的，堂皇的，铺张的 | |
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36
flaunting
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|
| adj.招摇的，扬扬得意的，夸耀的v.炫耀，夸耀( flaunt的现在分词 )；有什么能耐就施展出来 | |
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37
cargoes
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|
| n.（船或飞机装载的）货物( cargo的名词复数 )；大量，重负 | |
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38
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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39
stabilize
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| vt.（使）稳定，使稳固，使稳定平衡；vi.稳定 | |
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40
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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41
amalgamate
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| v.(指业务等)合并，混合 | |
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42
authorized
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| a.委任的，许可的 | |
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43
prosecute
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| vt.告发；进行；vi.告发，起诉，作检察官 | |
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44
extinction
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| n.熄灭，消亡，消灭，灭绝，绝种 | |
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45
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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46
savory
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| adj.风味极佳的，可口的，味香的 | |
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47
intrigue
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| vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋 | |
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48
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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49
warships
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| 军舰，战舰( warship的名词复数 )； 舰只 | |
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50
dividend
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| n.红利，股息；回报，效益 | |
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51
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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52
communal
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| adj.公有的，公共的，公社的，公社制的 | |
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53
abominable
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| adj.可厌的，令人憎恶的 | |
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54
relinquish
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| v.放弃，撤回，让与，放手 | |
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55
tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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56
regaining
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| 复得( regain的现在分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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57
hampering
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| 妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的现在分词 ) | |
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58
coup
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| n.政变；突然而成功的行动 | |
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59
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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60
gateway
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|
| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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61
mare
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| n.母马，母驴 | |
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62
etymological
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|
| adj.语源的，根据语源学的 | |
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63
scattered
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|
| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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64
longitude
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| n.经线，经度 | |
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65
entity
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|
| n.实体，独立存在体，实际存在物 | |
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66
sparse
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| adj.稀疏的，稀稀落落的，薄的 | |
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67
notably
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| adv.值得注意地，显著地，尤其地，特别地 | |
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68
costly
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|
| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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69
subjugate
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| v.征服；抑制 | |
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70
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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71
eruption
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|
| n.火山爆发；（战争等）爆发；（疾病等）发作 | |
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72
rhinoceroses
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|
| n.钱，钞票( rhino的名词复数 )；犀牛(=rhinoceros)；犀牛( rhinoceros的名词复数 )；脸皮和犀牛皮一样厚 | |
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73
eerie
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| adj.怪诞的；奇异的；可怕的；胆怯的 | |
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74
narration
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| n.讲述，叙述；故事；记叙体 | |
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75
shrug
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| v.耸肩(表示怀疑、冷漠、不知等) | |
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76
pious
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|
| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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77
wailing
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| v.哭叫，哀号( wail的现在分词 )；沱 | |
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78
weird
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|
| adj.古怪的，离奇的；怪诞的，神秘而可怕的 | |
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79
monotonous
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|
| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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80
condemned
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|
| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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81
despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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82
ascertain
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|
| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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83
dub
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| vt.（以某种称号）授予，给...起绰号，复制 | |
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84
tribal
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|
| adj.部族的，种族的 | |
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85
solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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86
artillery
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|
| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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87
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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88
flora
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| n.(某一地区的)植物群 | |
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89
fauna
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| n.(一个地区或时代的)所有动物，动物区系 | |
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90
desecrate
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| v.供俗用，亵渎，污辱 | |
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91
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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92
mandate
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| n.托管地；命令，指示 | |
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93
predilection
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| n.偏好 | |
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94
enumeration
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| n.计数，列举；细目；详表；点查 | |
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95
conjectured
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| 推测，猜测，猜想( conjecture的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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96
vocation
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| n.职业，行业 | |
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97
plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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98
avocation
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| n.副业，业余爱好 | |
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99
scented
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| adj.有香味的；洒香水的；有气味的v.嗅到(scent的过去分词) | |
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100
isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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101
professing
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| 声称( profess的现在分词 )； 宣称； 公开表明； 信奉 | |
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102
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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103
vassal
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| n.附庸的；属下；adj.奴仆的 | |
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104
vassals
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| n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 )；（封建时代）诸侯；从属者；下属 | |
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105
sprawls
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| n.（城市）杂乱无序拓展的地区( sprawl的名词复数 )；随意扩展；蔓延物v.伸开四肢坐[躺]( sprawl的第三人称单数 )；蔓延；杂乱无序地拓展；四肢伸展坐着（或躺着） | |
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106
plural
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| n.复数；复数形式；adj.复数的 | |
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107
naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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108
botanist
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| n.植物学家 | |
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109
cursory
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| adj.粗略的；草率的；匆促的 | |
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110
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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111
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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112
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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113
docile
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| adj.驯服的，易控制的，容易教的 | |
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114
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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115
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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116
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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117
irreproachable
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| adj.不可指责的，无过失的 | |
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118
attainments
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| 成就，造诣； 获得( attainment的名词复数 )； 达到； 造诣； 成就 | |
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119
caliber
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| n.能力；水准 | |
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120
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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121
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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122
ascertains
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的第三人称单数 ) | |
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123
vacancies
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| n.空房间( vacancy的名词复数 )；空虚；空白；空缺 | |
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124
simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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125
eligibility
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| n.合格，资格 | |
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126
promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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127
evade
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| vt.逃避，回避；避开，躲避 | |
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128
certified
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| a.经证明合格的；具有证明文件的 | |
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129
conclusively
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| adv.令人信服地，确凿地 | |
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130
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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131
administrator
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| n.经营管理者，行政官员 | |
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132
adviser
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| n.劝告者，顾问 | |
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133
latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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134
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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135
diplomacy
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| n.外交；外交手腕，交际手腕 | |
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136
lavishly
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| adv.慷慨地，大方地 | |
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137
dual
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| adj.双的；二重的，二元的 | |
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138
curtailment
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| n.缩减，缩短 | |
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139
prerogatives
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| n.权利( prerogative的名词复数 )；特权；大主教法庭；总督委任组成的法庭 | |
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nominal
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| adj.名义上的；(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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gilded
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| a.镀金的，富有的 | |
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strings
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| n.弦 | |
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cumbersome
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| adj.笨重的，不便携带的 | |
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nominally
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| 在名义上，表面地； 应名儿 | |
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culminated
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| v.达到极点( culminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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arbitration
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| n.调停，仲裁 | |
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instigated
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| v.使（某事物）开始或发生，鼓动( instigate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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vassalage
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| n.家臣身份，隶属 | |
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breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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maxim
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| n.格言，箴言 | |
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humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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abasement
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| n.滥用 | |
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impair
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| v.损害，损伤；削弱，减少 | |
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panoply
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| n.全副甲胄，礼服 | |
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prostrating
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| v.使俯伏，使拜倒( prostrate的现在分词 )；（指疾病、天气等）使某人无能为力 | |
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grovelling
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| adj.卑下的，奴颜婢膝的v.卑躬屈节，奴颜婢膝( grovel的现在分词 )；趴 | |
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goaded
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| v.刺激( goad的过去式和过去分词 )；激励；（用尖棒）驱赶；驱使（或怂恿、刺激）某人 | |
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fervor
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| n.热诚；热心；炽热 | |
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titular
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| adj.名义上的，有名无实的；n.只有名义（或头衔）的人 | |
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privy
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| adj.私用的；隐密的 | |
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proximity
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| n.接近，邻近 | |
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rabble
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| n.乌合之众，暴民；下等人 | |
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contingency
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| n.意外事件，可能性 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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squander
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| v.浪费，挥霍 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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circumspection
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| n.细心，慎重 | |
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incompetent
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| adj.无能力的，不能胜任的 | |
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warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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simile
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| n.直喻，明喻 | |
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unduly
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| adv.过度地，不适当地 | |
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scintillating
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| adj．才气横溢的,闪闪发光的; 闪烁的 | |
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