During his sojourn2 at this court Tasso fell in love with Eleonora, sister of the duke, to whom he read the various parts of his epic as he completed them, and for whose sake he lingered at Ferrara, refusing offers of preferment at Paris and at Florence. Although he completed his epic in 1575, he did not immediately publish it, but sent copies to Rome and Padua for criticism. The learned men to whom he submitted his poem criticised it so freely that the poet's sensitive nature was greatly injured thereby4. Almost at the same time the duke discovered the poet's passion for his sister. Furious to think Tasso should have raised his eyes to a princess, yet afraid he should carry his talents elsewhere, the duke, pretending to deem him insane, placed him under close surveillance. While Tasso was thus a prisoner, sundry5 false accusations7 were brought against him and his poem was published without his consent.
Although Tasso contrived8 several times to escape from Ferrara, he invariably came back there, hoping to be reconciled to the duke. It was only in 1586 that he left this place for good and betook himself to Rome and Naples, where he was forced to live on charity. Just as he was about to be publicly crowned in Rome for his epic, he died there, at the age of fifty-two (1595).
The epic "Jerusalem Delivered" contains an account of the Crusade of 1099 and extends over a period of forty days. It is divided into twenty cantos, written in ottava rima, or eight-rhymed stanzas10, and, owing to its rhythmic11 perfection, is still sung by Italian bards12 to popular audiences.
Canto9 I. After stating exactly what task he proposes to perform in his poem, the poet describes how the Eternal Father, sitting on His heavenly throne, gazes down upon the plain of Tortosa, where the Crusaders are assembled. Six years have elapsed since they set out from Europe, during which time they have succeeded in taking Nicaea and Antioch, cities now left in charge of influential13 Crusaders. But Godfrey of Bouillon is pushing on with the bulk of the army, because he is anxious to wrest14 Jerusalem from the hands of the infidels and restore it to the worship of the true God. While he is camping on this plain, God sends Gabriel to visit him in sleep and inspire him with a desire to assemble a council, where, by a ringing speech, he will rouse the Christians16 to immediate3 action.
On awakening17 from this vision, Godfrey loses no time in convening18 such an assembly, and there eloquently19 urges the Christians to fight, declaring their efforts have failed hitherto mainly because they have lacked purpose and unity20. Hearing this, Peter the Hermit21 suggests the Crusaders should select one chief, whose orders they will obey, and thereupon the warriors23 present unanimously elect Godfrey of Bouillon as leader. Having secured this exalted24 post, Godfrey reviews his force, thus giving the poet an occasion to enumerate25 the leaders of the different corps26, or armies, and explain from what countries they come. Amongst other resounding27 names, the poet specially28 mentions Edward and his fair bride Gildippe, who, unwilling29 to be parted from her spouse30, has donned a man's armor and followed him to the Crusade. Among the bravest fighters there, he also quotes Tancred, who, however, seems listless, and has accomplished31 no deed of valor32 since he beheld33 near a fountain and fell in love with Clorinda, a fair Amazon.
To the same warbling of fresh waters drew,
Arm'd, but unmhelm'd and unforeseen, a maid;
She was a pagan, and came thither34 too
To quench35 her thirst beneath the pleasant shade;
Her beautiful fair aspect, thus display'd,
He sees; admires; and, touch'd to transport, glows
With passion rushing to its fountain head,
The heart; 'tis strange how quick the feeling grows;
Scarce born, its power in him no cool calm medium knows.
Another hero is Rinaldo (the same as the French Renaud de Montauban), who, although but a boy, escaped from his foster mother, Queen Mathilda, to go and fight for the deliverance of the Holy Sepulchre. His review completed, Godfrey of Bouillon orders his force to march on toward Jerusalem, whence he wishes to oust36 the Sultan Aladine (Saladin), who at present is sorely taxing the Christians to obtain funds enough to make war against the advancing Crusaders.
Canto II. Advised by the sorcerer Ismeno, Aladine steals the image of the Virgin37 from the Christian15 temple, and sets it up in his mosque38, where he resorts to all manner of spells and incantations to destroy her power. During the night, however, the Virgin's image disappears from the mosque and cannot be found, although Aladine offers great rewards for its restoration. Finally, he decrees that, unless the perpetrator of the theft denounces himself, he will slay39 all the Christians in the town. He is about to execute this cruel threat when Sophronia, a Christian maid, suddenly decides to sacrifice herself to save her co-religionists. She therefore appears before Aladine, declaring she stole the image from the temple, whereupon the sultan in anger orders her bound to the stake and burned alive.
Doom40'd in tormenting41 fire to die, they lay
Hands on the maid; her arms with rough cords twining,
Rudely her mantle42 chaste43 they tear away,
And the white veil that o'er her droop'd declining:
This she endured in silence unrepining,
Yet her firm breast some virgin tremors44 shook;
And her warm cheek, Aurora's late outshining,
Waned45 into whiteness, and a color took,
Like that of the pale rose or lily of the brook46.
Scarcely has Sophronia been fastened there, and while she is praying for God's aid to endure martyrdom without flinching47, Olindo, a young Christian, deeming it impossible to allow a girl to sacrifice her life, rushes forward, declaring he alone committed the crime, but that the maiden48, out of love for him, has assumed his guilt49 to save his life. Only then does he discover that the maiden tied to the stake is the very one he loves, but who hitherto has received his advances coldly! On hearing the youth accuse himself of having stolen the image, Aladine questions the maiden, who denies it, insisting she alone is to blame. Thereupon the sultan decrees both shall perish in the flames, and orders them tied to the stake back to back. It is in this position, and while in imminent50 peril51 of death, that the young man deplores52 the fact he is to die beside the one he hoped to marry and with whom he expected to spend a long and happy life. The executioners are about to set fire to the pyre where these generous young lovers are to end their days, when a young knight53 steps forward loudly proclaiming none of the Christians are to blame for the disappearance54 of the image, since Allah himself removed it from the temple because he considered it desecration55 to have such an image within its walls. This young knight turns out to be the warrior22 maid Clorinda, who not only convinces Aladine that the young people are guiltless, but bribes56 him to release them, in exchange for her services in the coming war. Touched by each other's devotion, the young couple marry as soon as released, and, instead of dying, live together as husband and wife.
Restored to life and liberty, how blest,
How truly blest was young Olindo's fate!
For sweet Sophronia's blushes might attest57,
That Love at length has touch'd her delicate
And generous bosom58; from the stake in state
They to the altar pass; severely59 tried,
In doom and love already made his mate,
She now objects not to become his bride,
And grateful live with him who would for her have died.
Meanwhile two ambassadors have come from Egypt to visit Godfrey in his camp, and try first by persuasions60 and then by threats to dissuade61 him from his projected attack upon Jerusalem. In spite of all Alethes and Argantes can say, Godfrey insists upon carrying out his purpose, and, after dismissing these ambassadors with a haughty62 speech, marches on with his host.
"Know, then, that we have borne all this distress63
By land and sea,—war, want, reverses—all!
To the sole end that we might gain access
To sacred Salem's venerable wall;
That we might free the Faithful from their thrall64,
And win from God His blessing65 and reward:
From this no threats our spirit can appal66,
For this no terms will be esteem'd too hard—
Life, honors, kingdoms lost, or dignity debarr'd."
Canto III. When they come within sight of Jerusalem, the Crusaders, overjoyed, hail the Holy City with cries of rapture67, and, falling on their knees, swear to deliver it from the hands of the infidels. Seeing them advance, the pagans make hasty preparations to oppose them, and Clorinda, at the head of a small force, volunteers to make a sortie and boldly attacks the vanguard of the Crusaders.
From the topmost tier of Jerusalem's ramparts, the Sultan Aladine watches their sortie, having beside him Erminia, daughter of the late king of Antioch, whom the Crusaders have sent on to Jerusalem, because they do not care to detain her a prisoner. During her sojourn in her father's town, Erminia has learned to know by sight all the Crusaders, and during her brief captivity68 she has fallen in love with Tancred, who was detailed69 to guard her. She can therefore give the Sultan Aladine all the information he wishes, and acts as cicerone while the battle is going on. From this point of vantage the sultan and princess watch Clorinda and Tancred meet, and behold70 how, after a lively encounter, Tancred strikes off the helmet of his opponent, whose sex is revealed by the streaming of her long golden hair. At sight of the wonderful maiden with whom he has fallen in love, Tancred refuses to continue the fight, although Clorinda urges him to strike. Undaunted by the fact that she is his foe71, Tancred not only refuses to strike, but immediately begins to sue the beautiful maiden, who refuses to listen to him, and is soon swept away by Saracen forces, which intervene between her and Tancred.
A battle now rages, in the course of which various knights72 perform great deeds, but, although Godfrey proves victor on this occasion, he loses Dudon, chief of his Adventurous73 Band and one of the bravest warriors in his army. While giving her explanations to Aladine in regard to the fight waged beneath their eyes, Erminia carefully explains she feels deadly hatred74 for Tancred, although the truth is she loves him dearly and is greatly relieved to see him escape from the fray75 uninjured.
Many people having died in the course of this action, a truce76 is agreed upon so that both sides may bury their dead, and so, many funerals are celebrated77 with all due pomp and ceremony. Next the crusading force decides that siege-engines and towers will be necessary to enable them to scale the high walls of Jerusalem. They therefore send out a force of woodsmen to hew78 the trees which are to serve for the construction of the required towers.
The duke, when thus his piety79 had paid
The fun'ral rites81, and shed his duteous tears,
Sent all his skill'd mechanics to invade
The forest, guarded by a thousand spears;
Veil'd by low hills it stood, the growth of years,—
A Syrian shepherd pointed82 out the vale,
And thither brought the camp-artificers
To fabricate the engines doom'd to scale
The City's sacred towers and turn her people pale.
Canto IV. The scene now changes to the infernal regions, where Satan deems it time to frustrate83 the Christians' aims, because it would ill-suit diabolical84 ends to have them recover possession of Jerusalem. Not only does Satan stimulate85 his hosts by reminding them of their forfeited86 bliss87, but he encourages them to thwart88 the Christians by reminding them of the great deeds they have already done. His eloquence89 is not expended90 in vain, for the fiends all approve of his suggestions, and, when the council is over, flit forth91, intent upon fomenting92 dissension among the leaders of the Crusade, and hindering their attempts in every other way possible.
One demon93 in particular is to determine a wizard to send his niece Armida to ensnare the Christians. This enchantress, decked out with all the charms beauty and toilet can bestow95, soon appears in the Christian camp, where, falling at Godfrey's feet, she proceeds to relate a tale of fictitious96 wrongs, claiming to be heiress of the city of Damascus, whence she has been ejected, and vowing98 if she could only secure the aid of a few knights she would soon recover her realm. In return for such aid as she implores99 from the Christians, she promises to do homage100 to them for her realm, and even pledges herself to receive baptism. Her artful speeches, the flattery which she lavishes102 upon Godfrey, and her languishing103 glances are all calculated to persuade him to grant her request; but the Crusader is so bent104 upon the capture of Jerusalem that nothing can turn him aside from his purpose.
But, although Godfrey himself is proof against all Armida's blandishments, his knights are not, and among those who succumb105 to the lady's charms is his own brother Eustace, who begs his permission to take ten knights and accompany the damsel to Damascus. Although Armida professes106 great gratitude107 for this help, she entices108 many other Crusaders to desert the camp, by casting languishing glances at them and making each man whom she looks upon believe she loves him only.
All arts th' enchantress practised to beguile109
Some new admirer in her well-spread snare94;
Nor used with all, nor always the same wile110,
But shaped to every taste her grace and air:
Here cloister'd is her eye's dark pupil, there
In full voluptuous111 languishment112 is roll'd;
Now these her kindness, those her anger bear,
Spurr'd on or check'd by bearing frank or cold,
As she perceived her slave was scrupulous113 or bold.
Canto V. Not content with beguiling114 many knights, Armida further foments115 a quarrel between Rinaldo and Gernando, Prince of Norway, in regard to the command of the Adventurous Band, which is now without a leader. In the course of this quarrel, Rinaldo is so sorely taunted116 by his opponent that, although the Crusaders are pledged not to fight each other, he challenges and slays117 Gernando. Then, afraid to be called to trial and sentenced to death for breaking the rules of the camp, Rinaldo flees to Egypt.
On perceiving how greatly his army is weakened by the desertion of so many brave men, Godfrey is dismayed—all the more so because he hears the Egyptian army is coming to attack him, and because the supplies which he expected have been cut off.
Canto VI. The Egyptian army boasts of no braver warrior than Argantes, who sallies forth to challenge the Christians, bidding Clorinda follow him at a short distance, and come to his rescue should it be necessary. Although Argantes has summoned Godfrey to come forth and fight him, it is Tancred who is chosen as champion for the Christians, but as he draws near his opponent a glimpse of the fair Clorinda's face makes him forget everything but her.
He noted118 not where the Circassian rear'd
His frightful119 face to the affronted120 skies,
But to the hill-top where his Love appear'd,
Turn'd, slack'ning his quick pace, his am'rous eyes,
Till he stood steadfast121 as a rock, all ice
Without, all glowing heat within;—the sight
To him was as the gates of Paradise;
And from his mind the mem'ry of the fight
Pass'd like a summer cloud, or dream at morning light.
One of the knights in his train, seeing he is not going to fight, spurs forward and meets Argantes, by whom he is defeated. On seeing this knight fall, Tancred, suddenly brought to his senses, starts forward to avenge122 him, and combats with such fury that Argantes' armor fairly rings with the blows which rain down upon him. Argantes, however, is nearly as brave as Tancred, so the battle rages until nightfall, when the heroes are separated by the heralds123, although both vow97 they will renew the struggle on the morrow. But, when they have ceased fighting and both discover they have serious wounds, their respective armies decree a six-days' truce and pledge themselves to await the result of the duel124.
The wounded Argantes has returned to Jerusalem, where Erminia uses her magic balsams to heal his wounds, secretly wishing meanwhile that she might lavish101 her care upon Tancred, whom she still loves. So ardent125 is her desire to behold him, that she finally appropriates Clorinda's armor and rides off to the Christian camp, sending a messenger ahead to announce a lady is coming to heal Tancred if he will give her a safe-conduct to his tent. Tancred immediately sends word the lady will be welcome, but meanwhile the Christians, catching126 a glimpse of the waiting Erminia, and mistaking her for Clorinda owing to her armor, endeavor to capture her.
Canto VII. To escape from her pursuers, Erminia flees into a trackless forest, where, after wandering some time, she meets a shepherd, who gives her an asylum127 in his hut. There she turns shepherdess, but does not forget Tancred, whose name she carves in many a tree. Meantime the news spreads through the camp that Clorinda has been seen and is even now closely pursued by a troop of Christians. Hearing this Tancred, disregarding his wounds, sets out to find her. While wandering thus in the forest, weakened by loss of blood, he is captured by Armida, the enchantress, who detains him in a dungeon128, where he eats his heart out for shame because he will not be able to respond when the trumpets129 sound for the renewal130 of his duel with Argantes.
The moment having come for this battle and the Crusaders' champion being absent, old Count Raymond volunteers to meet Argantes, and is about to get the better of him, when an archer131 from the wall suddenly discharges a shaft132 at him. Such treachery exasperates133 the Christians, who, exclaiming the truce has been broken, precipitate134 themselves upon their foes135, and in the general battle which ensues many deeds of valor are performed.
Canto VIII. During this battle a great storm arises, and the Christians, who, notwithstanding their courage, have been worsted, beat a retreat, finding on their return to camp that one of their companions, defeated and mortally wounded, has despatched a messenger to carry his sword to Rinaldo. The Italian force thereupon accuses Godfrey of having done away with Rinaldo, but he not only succeeds in refuting such an accusation6, but sentences his chief detractor to death.
Canto IX. Sultan Solyman of Nicae, who has joined Sultan Aladine of Jerusalem, now comes to attack the Christians by night, assisted by many fiends, but the archangel Michael warns the crusaders of what is coming and enables them to get the better of their foes by bringing back the troops which followed Armida to Damascus. In this encounter a Christian knight slays a page of the sultan, who, seeing this child dead, experiences such grief that, after avenging136 his death, he wishes to withdraw temporarily from the battle.
"Let Godfrey view once more, and smile to view
My second exile;—soon shall he again
See me in arms return'd, to vex137 anew
His haunted peace and never stable reign138:
Yield I do not; eternal my disdain139
Shall be as are my wrongs; though fires consume
My dust, immortal140 shall my hate remain;
And aye my naked ghost fresh wrath141 assume,
Through life a foe most fierce, but fiercer from the tomb!"
Canto X. The sultan, after journeying part way back to Egypt, pauses to rest, and is visited by a wizard, who spirits him over the battle-field and back to Jerusalem in a magic chariot. This pauses at a hidden cave, the entrance to an underground passage, by which they secretly enter the sultan's council chamber142.
Ismeno shot the lock; and to the right
They climb'd a staircase, long untrod, to which
A feeble, glimm'ring, and malignant143 light
Stream'd from the ceiling through a window'd niche144;
At length by corridors of loftier pitch
They sallied into day, and access had
To an illumined hall, large, round, and rich;
Where, sceptred, crown'd, and in dark purple clad,
Sad sat the pensive145 king amid his nobles sad.
Solyman, overhearing as he enters some of the nobles propose a disgraceful peace and the surrender of Jerusalem, hotly opposes such a measure, and thus infuses new courage into their breasts.
Canto XI. Meantime Godfrey of Bouillon, having buried his dead, questions the knights who were lured146 away by Armida, and they relate that, on arriving near the Dead Sea, they were entertained at a sumptuous147 banquet, where they were given a magic draught148, which transformed them for a time into sportive fishes. Armida, having thus demonstrated her power over them, threatened to use it to keep them prisoners forever unless they would promise to abjure149 their faith. One alone yielded, but the rest, delivered as prisoners to an emissary from Egypt, were met and freed from their bonds by the brave Rinaldo, who, instead of accompanying them back to camp, rode off toward Antioch.
The Christians now prepare for their final assault, and, advised by Peter the Hermit, walk in solemn procession to the Mount of Olives, where, after singing hymns150, all devoutly151 receive Communion. Thus prepared for anything that may betide, they set out on the morrow to scale the city walls, rolling ahead of them their mighty152 engines of war, by means of which they hope to seize the city.
Most of the Crusaders have laid aside their heavy armor and assumed the light gear of foot-soldiers the better to scale the walls, upon which Clorinda is posted, and whence she shoots arrow after arrow at the assailants. Wounded by one of the missiles flung from the wall, Godfrey seeks his tent, where, the physician failing to extract the barb153, an angel brings a remedy from heaven which instantly cures the wound.
Canto XII. After awhile, seeing she does not do as much execution as she would like, Clorinda proposes to Argantes that they steal out of the city by night, and by chemical means set fire to the engines with which the Christians are threatening to capture the city. Willingly Argantes promises to accompany her in this perilous154 venture, but her slave, hoping to dissuade her, now reveals to her for the first time, the story of her birth, and informs her she is the daughter of a Christian. He adds her dying mother besought155 him to have her child baptized, a duty he had failed to perform, although repeatedly warned by visions to repair his neglect. But, although similar visions have frequently haunted the dreams of Clorinda herself, she persists in her undertaking156 to set fire to the war machines.
She has no sooner done so, however, than the Christians, aroused, set out in pursuit of her and of her companions. Bravely covering their retreat so they can re-enter the city safely, Clorinda delays her own until the gates closed. But with great presence of mind, the warrior-maid, who is wearing black armor, mingles157 in the darkness with the Crusaders. None of these suspects she does not belong to their ranks, save Tancred, who follows her to a remote place beneath the walls, where he challenges her to a deadly fight, little divining who she is. The battle proves fierce, and both combatants strike until Tancred runs his sword through his opponent. Dying, Clorinda reveals her name and faintly begs Tancred to baptize her before life leaves her body.
"Friend! thou hast won; I pardon thee, and O
Forgive thou me! I fear not for this clay,
But my dark soul—pray for it, and bestow
The sacred rite80 that laves all stains away:"
Like dying hymns heard far at close of day,
Sounding I know not what in the sooth'd ear
Of sweetest sadness, the faint words make way
To his fierce heart, and, touch'd with grief sincere,
Streams from his pitying eye th' involuntary tear.
Such a request cannot be disregarded, so, although Tancred is frantic158 with grief at the thought of having slain159 his beloved, he hurries to a neighboring stream, draws water in his helmet, and, after baptizing his dying sweetheart, swoons over her body. His companions, finding him there, convey him and Clorinda's body to his tent, where they vainly try to rouse him, but he is so overcome with melancholy160 that he thinks of nothing but joining Clorinda in her tomb.
Canto XIII. Meantime the foe, having heard of Clorinda's death, vow to avenge her, while the Crusaders seek materials to reconstruct their towers. Hastening to a forest near by, they discover a wizard has cast such a spell upon it that all who try to enter are frightened away. Finally Tancred enters this place, and, although he is met by earthquakes and other portents161, he disregards them all, and starts to cut down a tree. But, when blood gushes162 from its stem, and when Clorinda's voice informs him he has wounded her again, he flees without having accomplished his purpose. Heat and drought now cause further desertions and discourage the Crusaders, until Godfrey, full of faith in the justice of their cause, prays so fervently163 that rain is vouchsafed164 them.
Canto XIV. In a dream Godfrey is now admonished165 to proceed, and told, if he can only persuade Rinaldo to return, Jerusalem will soon fall into the hands of the Christians. Because no one knows where Rinaldo has gone, Godfrey despatches two knights in quest of him. After some difficulty they interview a wizard, who, after exhibiting to them his magic palace, tells them Armida, to punish Rinaldo for rescuing his companions from her clutches, has captured him by magic means and borne him off to her wonderful garden in the Fortunate Isles166. The hermit then bestows167 upon them a golden wand which will defeat all enchantments168, and bids them hasten to the Fortunate Isles.
Canto XV. Hastening off to the sea-shore armed with this golden wand, these two knights find a magic vessel169, wherein they sail with fabulous170 speed over the sea, and through the Strait of Gibraltar, out into the western ocean, the nymph at the helm meanwhile informing them that this is the road Columbus is destined171 to travel. Sailing thus they reach the Fortunate Isles, where, notwithstanding many enchantments and temptations brought to bear to check their advance, they, thanks to the golden wand, force their way into Armida's wonderful garden.
Canto XVI.
These windings172 pass'd, the garden-gates unfold,
And the fair Eden meets their glad survey,—
Still waters, moving crystals, sands of gold,
Herbs, thousand flowers, rare shrubs173, and mosses174 gray;
Sunshiny hillocks, shady vales; woods gay,
And grottoes gloomy, in one view combined,
Presented were; and what increased their play
Of pleasure at the prospect175, was, to find
Nowhere the happy Art that had the whole design'd.
So natural seem'd each ornament176 and site,
So well was neatness mingled177 with neglect,
As though boon178 Nature for her own delight
Her mocker mock'd, till fancy's self was check'd;
The air, if nothing else there, is th' effect
Of magic, to the sound of whose soft flute179
The blooms are born with which the trees are deck'd;
By flowers eternal lives th' eternal fruit,
This running richly ripe, while those but greenly shoot.
Then, peeping cautiously through the trees, they behold Rinaldo reclining amid the flowers, his head resting in the enchantress' lap. Biding180 their time they watch Armida leave the enamoured knight, then step forward and bid him gaze into the magic mirror they have brought. On beholding181 in its surface a reflection of himself as he really is, Rinaldo, horrified182, is brought to such a sense of his depraved idleness, that he springs to his feet and proposes to leave immediately with his companions. They are about to depart without bidding farewell to the fair enchantress, when she pursues them, and, after vainly pleading with Rinaldo to stay with her, proposes to join him in any quality. When he abruptly183 rejects her advances and sails away, Armida, disappointed and infuriated because she has been scorned, hastens off to the Egyptian camp.
Canto XVII. There she joins the Christians' enemies, declaring she dreams of naught184 save slaying185 Rinaldo, and takes an important part in the review which the poet describes minutely. To compass her ends the artful Armida, whose charms have so lavishly186 been displayed that they have fired every breast, promises to belong to the warrior who will bring her Rinaldo's head. Meanwhile this hero has returned to Palestine, and is met by the wizard, who, after reproving him for his dalliance, gives him wonderful armor, and exhibits on the shield the great deeds of ancestors of the Duke of Ferrara.
Canto XVIII. Newly armed, Rinaldo now returns to the crusaders' camp, apologizes to Godfrey for breaking the rules of the crusade, relates his adventures, and, after humbly187 confessing his sins, starts forth to brave the spells of the magic forest. Not only does he penetrate188 within its precincts, but, undeterred by all Armida's enchantments, cuts down a tree, although, in hopes of staying his hand, her voice accuses him of cruelly wounding her! No sooner has this tree fallen than the spell is broken; so other trees are cut down without difficulty, engines built, and all is prepared for a new assault on Jerusalem.
Godfrey is particularly eager to make this new attempt immediately, because a carrier-pigeon has been caught bearing a message from the Egyptians to the Sultan of Jerusalem, apprising189 him that within five days they will come to his aid. During this assault of Jerusalem, a sorcerer on the walls, working against the Christians, is slain by a rock.
Soon after, thanks to the efforts of the Crusaders, the banner with the Cross floats over the walls of Jerusalem!
Then raised the Christians all their long loud shout
Of Victory, joyful190, resonant191, and high;
Their words the towers and temples lengthen192 out;
To the glad sound the mountains make reply:
* * * * *
Then the whole host pours in, not o'er the walls
Alone, but through the gates, which soon unclose,
Batter'd or burnt; and in wide ruin falls
Each strong defence that might their march oppose.
Rages the sword; and Death, the slaught'rer, goes
'Twixt Wo and Horror with gigantic tread,
From street to street; the blood in torrents193 flows,
And settles in lagoons194, on all sides fed,
And swell'd with heaps on heaps of dying and of dead.
Canto XIX. Tancred, scaling a fortress195, meets and slays Argantes, receiving at the same time so grievous a wound that he swoons on the battle-field. Meantime Godfrey has sent a spy to the Egyptian camp to find out whether the army is really coming on to Jerusalem. This spy, meeting Erminia there, induces her not only to reveal all the Egyptians' plans (including a plot to slay Godfrey), but to go back with him. While they journey along together to rejoin the Christian forces, Erminia relates her adventures, saying that while she was playing shepherdess, some freebooters seized her and carried her to the Egyptian camp, where she was placed under Armida's protection. Her story is just finished when they perceive what appears to be a lifeless warrior. By the red cross on his armor the spy recognizes a Christian, and further investigation196 enables him to identify Tancred. Erminia—who has owned she loves him—now takes possession of him, binds197 up his wounds with her hair (!), and vows198 she will nurse him back to health.
Canto XX. Warned by his spy that the Egyptians mean to send sundry of their number to mix, during the battle, with his body-guard and kill him, Godfrey changes the ensigns of his men, and thus discovers the conspirators199, who are promptly200 put to death. Seeing the Egyptian army advance, Godfrey, in a stirring speech, urges his men to do their best for the Holy Sepulchre, and thereby stimulates201 them to fight so bravely that many of them lose their lives. Among the slain are Gildippe and her husband, who, having fought together side by side throughout the campaign, die together and are buried in the same tomb. The other party, however, is far more unfortunate, for the Saracens lose the sultans Aladine and Solyman, the former slain by Godfrey and the latter by Rinaldo.
Meantime Armida, wavering between love and hate, tries to shoot Rinaldo, then flees, but, a little later, seeing him slay Solyman, she tries to kill herself. It is at this moment that Rinaldo approaches her, and offers to marry her provided she will be converted. Not only does she now promise conversion202 and marriage, but accompanies Rinaldo back to the camp.
The Crusaders having completely defeated their foes and secured possession of Jerusalem, march, with solemn hymns of praise to the Holy Sepulchre, where all kneel, thanking God for permitting them to deliver it from the hands of the heathen. It is with these thanks that the poem ends.
Thus conquer'd Godfrey; and as yet there glow'd
A flush of glory in the fulgent West,
To the freed City, the once loved abode203
Of Christ, the pious204 chief and armies press'd:
Arm'd as he was, and in his sanguine205 vest,
With all his knights in solemn cavalcade206,
He reach'd the Temple; there, supremely207 bless'd,
Hung up his arms, his banner'd spoils display'd,
And at the sacred Tomb his vow'd devotions paid.
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
epic
|
|
| n.史诗，叙事诗；adj.史诗般的，壮丽的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
sojourn
|
|
| v./n.旅居，寄居；逗留 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
immediate
|
|
| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
thereby
|
|
| adv.因此，从而 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
sundry
|
|
| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
accusation
|
|
| n.控告，指责，谴责 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
accusations
|
|
| n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
contrived
|
|
| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
canto
|
|
| n.长篇诗的章 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
stanzas
|
|
| 节，段( stanza的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
rhythmic
|
|
| adj.有节奏的，有韵律的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
bards
|
|
| n.诗人( bard的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
influential
|
|
| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
wrest
|
|
| n.扭，拧，猛夺；v.夺取，猛扭，歪曲 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
Christian
|
|
| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
Christians
|
|
| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
awakening
|
|
| n.觉醒，醒悟 adj.觉醒中的；唤醒的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
convening
|
|
| 召开( convene的现在分词 )； 召集； （为正式会议而）聚集； 集合 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
eloquently
|
|
| adv. 雄辩地(有口才地, 富于表情地) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
unity
|
|
| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
hermit
|
|
| n.隐士，修道者；隐居 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
warrior
|
|
| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
warriors
|
|
| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
exalted
|
|
| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
enumerate
|
|
| v.列举，计算，枚举，数 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
corps
|
|
| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
resounding
|
|
| adj. 响亮的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
specially
|
|
| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
unwilling
|
|
| adj.不情愿的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
spouse
|
|
| n.配偶(指夫或妻) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
accomplished
|
|
| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
valor
|
|
| n.勇气，英勇 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
beheld
|
|
| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
thither
|
|
| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
quench
|
|
| vt.熄灭，扑灭；压制 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
oust
|
|
| vt.剥夺，取代，驱逐 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
virgin
|
|
| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
mosque
|
|
| n.清真寺 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
slay
|
|
| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
doom
|
|
| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
tormenting
|
|
| 使痛苦的，使苦恼的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
mantle
|
|
| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
chaste
|
|
| adj.贞洁的；有道德的；善良的；简朴的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
tremors
|
|
| 震颤( tremor的名词复数 )； 战栗； 震颤声； 大地的轻微震动 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
waned
|
|
| v.衰落( wane的过去式和过去分词 )；（月）亏；变小；变暗淡 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
brook
|
|
| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
flinching
|
|
| v.（因危险和痛苦）退缩，畏惧( flinch的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
maiden
|
|
| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
guilt
|
|
| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
imminent
|
|
| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
peril
|
|
| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
deplores
|
|
| v.悲叹，痛惜，强烈反对( deplore的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
knight
|
|
| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
disappearance
|
|
| n.消失，消散，失踪 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
desecration
|
|
| n. 亵渎神圣, 污辱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
bribes
|
|
| n.贿赂( bribe的名词复数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂v.贿赂( bribe的第三人称单数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
attest
|
|
| vt.证明，证实；表明 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
bosom
|
|
| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
severely
|
|
| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
persuasions
|
|
| n.劝说，说服（力）( persuasion的名词复数 )；信仰 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
dissuade
|
|
| v.劝阻，阻止 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
haughty
|
|
| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
distress
|
|
| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
thrall
|
|
| n.奴隶；奴隶制 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
blessing
|
|
| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
appal
|
|
| vt.使胆寒，使惊骇 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
rapture
|
|
| n.狂喜；全神贯注；着迷；v.使狂喜 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
captivity
|
|
| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
detailed
|
|
| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
behold
|
|
| v.看，注视，看到 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
foe
|
|
| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
knights
|
|
| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
adventurous
|
|
| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
hatred
|
|
| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
fray
|
|
| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
truce
|
|
| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
celebrated
|
|
| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
hew
|
|
| v.砍；伐；削 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
piety
|
|
| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
rite
|
|
| n.典礼，惯例，习俗 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
rites
|
|
| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
pointed
|
|
| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
frustrate
|
|
| v.使失望；使沮丧；使厌烦 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
diabolical
|
|
| adj.恶魔似的，凶暴的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
stimulate
|
|
| vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
forfeited
|
|
| （因违反协议、犯规、受罚等）丧失，失去( forfeit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
bliss
|
|
| n.狂喜，福佑，天赐的福 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
thwart
|
|
| v.阻挠，妨碍，反对；adj.横(断的) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
eloquence
|
|
| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
expended
|
|
| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
forth
|
|
| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
fomenting
|
|
| v.激起，煽动（麻烦等）( foment的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
93
demon
|
|
| n.魔鬼，恶魔 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
snare
|
|
| n.陷阱，诱惑，圈套；（去除息肉或者肿瘤的）勒除器；响弦，小军鼓；vt.以陷阱捕获，诱惑 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
bestow
|
|
| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
fictitious
|
|
| adj.虚构的，假设的；空头的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
vow
|
|
| n.誓(言)，誓约；v.起誓，立誓 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
98
vowing
|
|
| 起誓，发誓（vow的现在分词形式） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
99
implores
|
|
| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
100
homage
|
|
| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
101
lavish
|
|
| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
102
lavishes
|
|
| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
103
languishing
|
|
| a. 衰弱下去的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
104
bent
|
|
| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
105
succumb
|
|
| v.屈服，屈从；死 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
106
professes
|
|
| 声称( profess的第三人称单数 )； 宣称； 公开表明； 信奉 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
107
gratitude
|
|
| adj.感激，感谢 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
108
entices
|
|
| 诱惑，怂恿( entice的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
109
beguile
|
|
| vt.欺骗，消遣 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
110
wile
|
|
| v.诡计，引诱；n.欺骗，欺诈 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
111
voluptuous
|
|
| adj.肉欲的，骄奢淫逸的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
112
languishment
|
|
| 衰弱，无力，呆滞 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
113
scrupulous
|
|
| adj.审慎的，小心翼翼的，完全的，纯粹的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
114
beguiling
|
|
| adj.欺骗的，诱人的v.欺骗( beguile的现在分词 )；使陶醉；使高兴；消磨（时间等） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
115
foments
|
|
| v.激起，煽动（麻烦等）( foment的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
116
taunted
|
|
| 嘲讽( taunt的过去式和过去分词 )； 嘲弄； 辱骂； 奚落 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
117
slays
|
|
| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
118
noted
|
|
| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
119
frightful
|
|
| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
120
affronted
|
|
| adj.被侮辱的，被冒犯的v.勇敢地面对( affront的过去式和过去分词 )；相遇 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
121
steadfast
|
|
| adj.固定的，不变的，不动摇的；忠实的；坚贞不移的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
122
avenge
|
|
| v.为...复仇，为...报仇 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
123
heralds
|
|
| n.使者( herald的名词复数 )；预报者；预兆；传令官v.预示( herald的第三人称单数 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
124
duel
|
|
| n./v.决斗；(双方的)斗争 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
125
ardent
|
|
| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
126
catching
|
|
| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
127
asylum
|
|
| n.避难所，庇护所，避难 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
128
dungeon
|
|
| n.地牢，土牢 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
129
trumpets
|
|
| 喇叭( trumpet的名词复数 )； 小号； 喇叭形物； （尤指）绽开的水仙花 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
130
renewal
|
|
| adj.(契约)延期，续订，更新，复活，重来 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
131
archer
|
|
| n.射手，弓箭手 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
132
shaft
|
|
| n.(工具的)柄，杆状物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
133
exasperates
|
|
| n.激怒，触怒( exasperate的名词复数 )v.激怒，触怒( exasperate的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
134
precipitate
|
|
| adj.突如其来的；vt.使突然发生；n.沉淀物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
135
foes
|
|
| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
136
avenging
|
|
| adj.报仇的，复仇的v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的现在分词 )；为…报复 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
137
vex
|
|
| vt.使烦恼，使苦恼 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
138
reign
|
|
| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
139
disdain
|
|
| n.鄙视，轻视；v.轻视，鄙视，不屑 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
140
immortal
|
|
| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
141
wrath
|
|
| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
142
chamber
|
|
| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
143
malignant
|
|
| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
144
niche
|
|
| n.壁龛；合适的职务(环境、位置等) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
145
pensive
|
|
| a.沉思的,哀思的,忧沉的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
146
lured
|
|
| 吸引，引诱（lure的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
147
sumptuous
|
|
| adj.豪华的，奢侈的，华丽的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
148
draught
|
|
| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
149
abjure
|
|
| v.发誓放弃 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
150
hymns
|
|
| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌( hymn的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
151
devoutly
|
|
| adv.虔诚地，虔敬地，衷心地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
152
mighty
|
|
| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
153
barb
|
|
| n.（鱼钩等的）倒钩，倒刺 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
154
perilous
|
|
| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
155
besought
|
|
| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
156
undertaking
|
|
| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
157
mingles
|
|
| 混合，混入( mingle的第三人称单数 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
158
frantic
|
|
| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
159
slain
|
|
| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
160
melancholy
|
|
| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
161
portents
|
|
| n.预兆( portent的名词复数 )；征兆；怪事；奇物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
162
gushes
|
|
| n.涌出，迸发( gush的名词复数 )v.喷，涌( gush的第三人称单数 )；滔滔不绝地说话 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
163
fervently
|
|
| adv.热烈地，热情地，强烈地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
164
vouchsafed
|
|
| v.给予，赐予( vouchsafe的过去式和过去分词 )；允诺 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
165
admonished
|
|
| v.劝告( admonish的过去式和过去分词 )；训诫；（温和地）责备；轻责 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
166
isles
|
|
| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
167
bestows
|
|
| 赠给，授予( bestow的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
168
enchantments
|
|
| n.魅力( enchantment的名词复数 )；迷人之处；施魔法；着魔 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
169
vessel
|
|
| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
170
fabulous
|
|
| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
171
destined
|
|
| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
172
windings
|
|
| （道路、河流等）蜿蜒的，弯曲的( winding的名词复数 )； 缠绕( wind的现在分词 )； 卷绕； 转动（把手） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
173
shrubs
|
|
| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
174
mosses
|
|
| n. 藓类, 苔藓植物 名词moss的复数形式 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
175
prospect
|
|
| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
176
ornament
|
|
| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
177
mingled
|
|
| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
178
boon
|
|
| n.恩赐，恩物，恩惠 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
179
flute
|
|
| n.长笛；v.吹笛 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
180
biding
|
|
| v.等待，停留( bide的现在分词 )；居住；（过去式用bided）等待；面临 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
181
beholding
|
|
| v.看，注视( behold的现在分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
182
horrified
|
|
| a.(表现出)恐惧的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
183
abruptly
|
|
| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
184
naught
|
|
| n.无，零 [=nought] | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
185
slaying
|
|
| 杀戮。 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
186
lavishly
|
|
| adv.慷慨地，大方地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
187
humbly
|
|
| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
188
penetrate
|
|
| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
189
apprising
|
|
| v.告知，通知( apprise的现在分词 )；评价 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
190
joyful
|
|
| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
191
resonant
|
|
| adj.(声音)洪亮的，共鸣的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
192
lengthen
|
|
| vt.使伸长，延长 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
193
torrents
|
|
| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
194
lagoons
|
|
| n.污水池( lagoon的名词复数 )；潟湖；（大湖或江河附近的）小而浅的淡水湖；温泉形成的池塘 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
195
fortress
|
|
| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
196
investigation
|
|
| n.调查，调查研究 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
197
binds
|
|
| v.约束( bind的第三人称单数 )；装订；捆绑；（用长布条）缠绕 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
198
vows
|
|
| 誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
199
conspirators
|
|
| n.共谋者，阴谋家( conspirator的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
200
promptly
|
|
| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
201
stimulates
|
|
| v.刺激( stimulate的第三人称单数 )；激励；使兴奋；起兴奋作用，起刺激作用，起促进作用 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
202
conversion
|
|
| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
203
abode
|
|
| n.住处，住所 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
204
pious
|
|
| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
205
sanguine
|
|
| adj.充满希望的，乐观的，血红色的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
206
cavalcade
|
|
| n.车队等的行列 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
207
supremely
|
|
| adv.无上地，崇高地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |