Dietrich von Bern, one of the characters, is supposed to be Theodoric of Italy, while Etzel has been identified with Attila the Hun, and the Gunther with a king of the Burgundians who was destroyed with all his followers4 by the Huns in 436.
1st Adventure. Three Burgundian princes dwell at Worms on the Rhine, where, at the time when the poem opens their sister Kriemhild is favored by a vision wherein two eagles pursue a falcon5 and tear it to pieces when it seeks refuge on her breast.
A dream was dreamt by Kriemhild the virtuous6 and the gay,
How a wild young falcon she train'd for many a day,
Till two fierce eagles tore it; to her there could not be
In all the world such sorrow as this perforce to see.[30]
Knowing her mother expert at interpreting dreams, Kriemhild inquires what this means, only to learn that her future spouse7 will be attacked by grim foes8. This note of tragedy, heard already in the very beginning of the poem, is repeated at intervals11 until it seems like the reiterated12 tolling13 of a funeral bell. 2d Adventure. The poem now transfers us to Xanten on the Rhine, where King Siegmund and his wife hold a tournament for the coming of age of their only son Siegfried, who distinguishes himself greatly and in whose behalf his mother lavishes14 rich gifts upon all present.
The gorgeous feast it lasted till the seventh day was o'er;
Siegelind the wealthy did as they did of yore;
She won for valiant15 Siegfried the hearts of young and old
When for his sake among them she shower'd the ruddy gold.
3d Adventure. Hearing of the beauty of Kriemhild, Siegfried decides to go and woo her, taking with him only a troop of eleven men. His arrival at Worms causes a sensation, and Hagen of Tronje—a cousin of King Gunther—informs his master that this visitor once distinguished16 himself by slaying18 a dragon and that he is owner of the vast Nibelungen hoard19. This treasure once belonged to two brothers, who implored21 Siegfried to divide it between them, a task he undertook in exchange for the sword—Balmung—which lay on top of the heap of gold. But no sooner had he made the division than the brothers mortally wounded each other and died on their heaps of gold, leaving their treasure to Siegfried, who thus became the richest man in the world.
On hearing the new-comer announce he has come to challenge Gunther to a duel22, the Burgundians are dismayed, but they soon succeed in disarming23 their guest, and finally persuade him to remain with them a year, entertaining him with games and tournaments in which Siegfried distinguished himself greatly, to the satisfaction of Kriemhild who witnesses his prowess through a latticed window.
4th Adventure. Toward the end of Siegfried's visit, it is reported that the kings of Saxony and Denmark are advancing with four thousand men. The dismay of the Burgundians is such that Siegfried proposes to go forth24 and overpower the enemy with a force of merely one thousand men. Only too glad to accept this offer, Gunther allows Siegfried to depart, and is overjoyed when the young hero comes back with two prisoner monarchs26 in his train. The messenger who announces Siegfried's triumph is, moreover, richly rewarded by Kriemhild, who flushes with pleasure on hearing the praise bestowed28 upon her hero.
5th Adventure. After describing the tournament held at Worms in honor of this victory, the poet tells us how Siegfried and Kriemhild met there face to face, and how they fell in love with each other at first sight.
Now went she forth, the loveliest, as forth the morning goes
From misty30 clouds out-beaming; then all his weary woes31
Left him, in heart who bore her, and so, long time, had done.
He saw there stately standing33 the fair, the peerless one.
The result was of course an immediate34 proposal, which Gunther was glad to accept in his sister's name.
6th Adventure. He bargained, however, that before Siegfried claimed his bride he should go with him to Isenland, and help him win the hand of Brunhild, the finest woman in the world. Gunther needs Siegfried's help in his wooing, because Brunhild has vowed35 to marry only the man who can throw a spear and stone farther than she and surpass her in jumping. Siegfried, who apparently36 possesses some knowledge of this lady, vainly tries to dissuade37 Gunther, and, when he decides to accompany him in his quest, suggests that Hagen and another knight38 form their train. Kriemhild provides the travellers with suitable garments, made by her own hands, and the four embark39 on a small vessel40, in which they sail down the Rhine and out to sea, reaching Isenland only twelve days after their start. As they near this land, Siegfried strictly41 charges his companions to tell every one he is Gunther's vassal42, and immediately begins to act as if such were indeed his real station.
7th Adventure. Gazing out of her window, Brunhild perceives the approaching ship, and, recognizing within it Siegfried,—who visited her realm once before,—her heart beats with joy at the thought that he has come to woo her. She is, however, amazed to see him hold Gunther's stirrup when they land, and to learn it is the king of Burgundy who sues for her hand. In her disappointment Brunhild grimly warns the new-comer that, unless he prove successful, he and his men must die.
"He must cast the stone beyond me, and after it must leap,
Then with me shoot the javelin43; too quick a pace you keep;
Stop and awhile consider, and reckon well the cost,"
The warrioress made answer, "ere life and fame be lost."
Undeterred by this threat, Gunther volunteers to undergo the test, but he quails45 when he sees the heavy spear which Brunhild brandishes46 and when he perceives that twelve men stagger beneath the weight she proposes to throw. He is, however, somewhat reassured47 when Siegfried whispers he need but go through the motions, while his friend, concealed48 by the Tarncappe,—the cloak of invisibility which endows the wearer with the strength of twelve men,—will perform the required feats49 in his behalf.
Said he, "Off with the buckler and give it me to bear,
Now, what I shall advise thee, mark with thy closest care.
Be it thine to make the gestures, and mine the work to do."
Glad man was then king Gunther, when he his helpmate knew.
In the first test Brunhild casts a spear with such force that both Gunther and his invisible companion stagger and nearly fall, but, just as she is about to cry victory, Siegfried sends back the spear butt-end foremost and brings her to her knees. Veiling her dismay at this first defeat, Brunhild hurls51 the stone to a great distance and lands beside it with a flying leap. In Gunther's place the invisible Siegfried hurls the same stone much farther than Brunhild, and seizing Gunther by his belt jumps with him to the spot where it alighted. Having thus been outdone in all three feats of strength, Brunhild no longer refuses her hand to Gunther, who appears triumphant52, although his prospective53 bride looks strangely solemn and angry.
8th Adventure. Because Brunhild summons to her castle a large number of warriors55, under pretext56 of celebrating her nuptials57, Siegfried sails off unseen to the land of the Nibelungs, where he batters58 at his castle gate demanding admittance. As the wary59 dwarf60 guardian61 of the Nibelung hoard refuses to admit him, Siegfried fights him and after conquering him compels him to recognize his authority. Then he bids a thousand Nibelung warriors accompany him back to Isenland, and Brunhild, seeing this force approaching and learning from Gunther it is part of his suite62, no longer dares to resist.
9th Adventure. The fair bride, escorted by all these men, now sails across the sea and up the Rhine. As they near Burgundy, Gunther decides to send word of their arrival, and persuades Siegfried to act as his messenger by assuring him he will earn Kriemhild's gratitude63.
Said he, "Nay64, gentle Siegfried, do but this journey take,
Not for my sake only, but for my sister's sake.
You'll oblige fair Kriemhild in this as well as me."
When so implor'd was Siegfried, ready at once was he.
10th Adventure. Not only does Siegfried receive the fair lady's hearty65 thanks, but he acts as her escort when she hastens down to the bank to welcome her brother and his bride. The poem then describes the kissing, speeches, and grand tournament held to welcome Brunhild, as well as the banquet where Siegfried publicly reminds Gunther he promised him Kriemhild's hand as soon as Brunhild was won. Exclaiming this promise shall immediately be redeemed66, Gunther sends for his sister, although his new wife openly wonders he should bestow29 her hand upon a mere25 vassal. Silencing his bride's objections, Gunther confers Kriemhild's hand upon Siegfried, and thus two bridal couples sit side by side at the evening meal.
The hour having come for retiring, Gunther, attempting to embrace his bride, is dismayed to find himself seized, bound fast, and hung up on a peg68, where he dangles69 all night in spite of piteous entreaties70 to be set free. It is only a moment before the servants enter on the morrow that Brunhild consents to release her spouse, so when the bridegrooms appear in public, everybody notices that while Siegfried is radiant, Gunther's brow is clouded by a heavy frown. In course of the day, the King of Burgundy confides71 to his new brother-in-law the cause of his displeasure, whereupon Siegfried promises to don his cloud cloak that evening and compel Gunther's bride to treat her husband henceforth with due respect. True to this promise, Siegfried, unseen, follows Gunther and Brunhild into their apartment that night, and, the lights having been extinguished, wrestles72 with the bride until she acknowledges herself beaten. Although fancying she is yielding to Gunther, it is Siegfried who snatches her girdle and ring before leaving Gunther to reap the benefit of his victory, for Brunhild, having submitted to a man, loses her former fabulous73 strength. Meanwhile Siegfried returns to Kriemhild, imprudently relates how he has been occupied, and bestows74 upon her the girdle and ring.
11th Adventure. The wedding festivities finished, Siegfried returns to Xanten with his bride, who is escorted thither75 by her faithful henchman Ekkewart, who has vowed to follow her wherever she goes. Siegfried's parents not only receive the bride cordially, but relinquish76 their throne to the young couple, who live together most happily and are overjoyed at the advent1 of a son.
12th Adventure. Twelve whole years elapse ere Brunhild asks Gunther how it happens his vassal Siegfried has never yet come to Worms to do homage77? Although Gunther now assures his wife Siegfried is a king in his own right, she nevertheless insists her brother-in-law and his wife should be invited to Worms, a suggestion which Gunther is only too glad to carry out.
13th Adventure. Overjoyed at the prospect54 of revisiting the scene of their courtship, Siegfried and Kriemhild return to Worms, leaving their infant son at home, but taking with them Siegfried's father who has recently lost his wife. To honor her sister-in-law, Brunhild welcomes Kriemhild with the same state that heralded78 her own entrance at Worms. Banquets and tournaments also take place, whereat the two queens try to outshine each other. One day, while sitting together extolling79 their husband's virtues80, a quarrel arises, during which Brunhild curtly81 informs Kriemhild her husband can scarcely be as great as she pretends, seeing he is merely Gunther's vassal!
14th Adventure. Of course Kriemhild hotly denies this, and, when Brunhild insists, declares she will prove her husband's superiority by claiming precedence at the church door. Instigated82 by wrath83, both ladies deck themselves magnificently and arrive simultaneously84 to attend mass, escorted by imposing85 trains. Seeing Kriemhild make a motion as if to enter first, Brunhild bids her pause, and the two ladies begin an exchange of uncomplimentary remarks. In the heat of the quarrel, Kriemhild insinuates86 that Brunhild granted Siegfried bridal favors, and in proof thereof exhibits Brunhild's girdle and ring! Brunhild immediately sends for Gunther, who, helpless between two angry women, summons Siegfried. Bluntly declaring wives should be kept in order, Siegfried undertakes to discipline Kriemhild, provided Gunther will reduce Brunhild to subjection, and publicly swears he never approached the Burgundian queen in any unseemly way. In spite of this public apology, Brunhild refuses to be comforted, and, as her husband utterly87 refuses to take active measures to avenge88 her, she finally prevails upon her kinsman89 Hagen to take up her quarrel. Under the mistaken impression that she has been grievously wronged by Siegfried, Hagen urges Gunther to attack his brother-in-law, until the weak king yields to the pressure thus brought to bear by his angry wife and kinsman.
None urged the matter further, except that Hagen still
Kept ever prompting Gunther the guiltless blood to spill;
Saying, that, if Siegfried perish'd, his death to him would bring
The sway o'er many a kingdom. Sore mourn'd the wavering king.
15th Adventure. A cunning plan is now devised by Hagen whereby Siegfried is informed that the monarchs he once conquered have again risen up in rebellion. Of course Siegfried volunteers to subdue91 them once more, and Kriemhild, hearing he is about to start for war, expresses great anxiety for his safety. Under pretext of sympathy, Hagen inquires why Kriemhild feels any dread92, seeing her husband is invulnerable, and learns the secret that Siegfried can be injured in a spot between his shoulders, because a lime-leaf, sticking fast there, prevented the dragon's blood from touching93 that spot.[31]
"So now I'll tell the secret, dear friend, alone to thee
(For thou, I doubt not, cousin, will keep thy faith with me),
Where sword may pierce my darling, and death sit on the thrust,
See, in thy truth and honor how full, how firm my trust!"
Under pretext of protecting this vulnerable point, Hagen persuades Kriemhild to embroider94 a cross on her husband's garment over the fatal spot. Then, sure now of triumphing over this dreaded95 foe9, he feigns96 the kings have sent word they will submit, and proposes that instead of fighting they all go hunting in the Odenwald.
16th Adventure. Troubled by strange presentiments97, Kriemhild tries to prevent Siegfried from going to the chase, but, laughing at her fears, he departs joyfully98, although he is never to see her again. After describing the game slain100 in the course of this day's hunt, the poet declares Siegfried captured a live bear and playfully let it loose in amp, to the horror of his fellow hunters. Then, feeling thirsty, Siegfried loudly began to call for drink, and, discovering that owing to a mistake the wine has been conveyed to another part of the forest, proposes that he, Gunther, and Hagen should race to a neighboring spring, undertaking101 to perform the feat50 in full armor while his companions run in light undress. Although handicapped, Siegfried arrives first, but courteously102 steps aside to allow Gunther to take a drink, pretending he wishes to remove his armor before quenching104 his thirst. But, when he, in his turn, stoops over the fountain, Hagen, after slyly removing his weapons out of his reach, steals up behind him and runs a spear into the very spot where the embroidered105 cross shines on his doublet. Mortally wounded, Siegfried turns, and, grasping his shield, hurls it at the traitor106 with such force that he dashes it to pieces.
E'en to the death though wounded, he hurl'd it with such power
That the whirling buckler scatter'd wide a shower
Of the most precious jewels, then straight in shivers broke.
Full gladly had the warrior44 ta'en vengeance107 with that stroke.
Sinking to the ground after this effort, Siegfried expends108 his last breath in beseeching109 Gunther to watch over his wife. Gazing down at the corpse110, Gunther, afraid to acknowledge so dastardly a deed, suggests they spread the report that Siegfried was slain by brigands111 while hunting alone in the forest. Hagen, however, proud of his feat does not intend to subscribe112 to this project, and plots further villainy while following the body back to Worms.
17th Adventure. The funeral train arriving there at midnight, Hagen directs the bearers to lay Siegfried's body at Kriemhild's door, so that she may stumble over it when she comes out at dawn on her way to mass. On perceiving that the dead body over which she has fallen is that of her beloved spouse, Kriemhild faints, while her women raise a mournful cry.
Roused from his slumbers113 by the terrible news, old Siegmund joins the mourners, and he and the Nibelung knights114 carry the body to the minster, where Kriemhild insists all those who took part in the hunt shall file past it, for she hopes thereby115 to detect her husband's murderer. (Mediaeval tradition averred116 that a dead man's wounds bled whenever his murderer drew near.) Because Siegfried's wounds drop blood at Hagen's touch, Kriemhild publicly denounces him as her husband's slayer117.
It is a mighty118 marvel119, which oft e'en now we spy,
That, when the blood-stain'd murderer comes to the murder'd nigh,
The wounds break out a bleeding, then too the same befell,
And thus could each beholder120 the guilt90 of Hagen tell.
But, instead of showing remorse121, Hagen boldly proclaims he merely did his duty when he slew122 the man who cast a slur123 upon the honor of his queen.
18th Adventure. Having laid his beloved son to rest, old Siegmund returns home, after vainly urging Kriemhild to leave the place where Siegfried is buried and return to her son, for, although Kriemhild's mother and brothers try to show her every mark of sympathy, Brunhild reveals no pity.
Meanwhile sat misproud Brunhild in haughtiness124 uncheck'd;
Of Kriemhild's tears and sorrows her it nothing reck'd.
She pitied not the mourner; she stoop'd not to the low.
Soon Kriemhild took full vengeance, and woe32 repaid with woe.
19th Adventure. Three years elapse before Hagen suggests to Gunther that his sister send for the Nibelung hoard which was given her on her marriage. Intending to employ it to buy masses and avengers for Siegfried, Kriemhild gladly consents, and we are told twelve wagons125 travelled four nights and days to convey the store of gold from the Nibelung castle to the sea, whence it was carried to Kriemhild at Worms. With such a treasure at her disposal, the widowed queen proceeds to win so many adherents126 that Hagen, deeming this gold may prove dangerous, advises her brothers to take possession of it. No sooner have they done so than, fearing lest they may restore it to Kriemhild, Hagen buries it in the Rhine, telling none but his masters in what place it is hidden.
20th Adventure. Having lost his first wife, Etzel, king of Hungary, now deems it advisable to marry again and secure an heir to his realm. As no other woman seems so fitted for so exalted127 a station as Kriemhild, Etzel sends his chief nobleman, Rudiger, to Worms with his proposal. After tarrying a few days on the way with his wife and daughter, this ambassador hurries to Worms, where he is welcomed by Hagen, who had formerly128 spent several years as a hostage at Etzel's court. Rudiger having made his errand known, Gunther beseeches129 three days' time to ascertain130 his sister's wishes. Flattered by the prospect of such an alliance, Gunther hopes Kriemhild will accept Etzel's proposal, but Hagen rejoins that should she secure such powerful allies, she might in time punish them for Siegfried's death. At first the widowed Kriemhild refuses to listen to Etzel's offers, but, when Rudiger swears to her past or future ills, she suddenly announces her consent.
Then swore to her Sir Rudiger and all his knightly131 train
To serve her ever truly, and all her rights maintain,
Nor e'er of her due honors scant132 her in Etzel's land.
Thereto gave the good margrave th' assurance of his hand.
Then thought the faithful mourner, "with such a host of friends
Now the poor lonely widow may work her secret ends,
Nor care for what reflections the world on her may cast.
What if my lost beloved I may revenge at last?"
Then, still escorted by the faithful Ekkewart and carrying off with her the small portion of the Nibelungen treasure which she still retains, Kriemhild starts out for Hungary.
21st Adventure. The three Burgundian princes escort their sister to the Danube and, taking leave of her there, allow her to proceed with Rudiger to Passau, where her uncle, Bishop133 Pilgrin, gives her a warm welcome. Thence the travellers proceed to Rudiger's castle, where his wife and daughter entertain their future queen, who bestows upon them costly134 treasures. Resuming her journey, Kriemhild is now met on all sides by the ovations135 of her future subjects.
22d Adventure. When Etzel and his chief noblemen finally meet her, Kriemhild courteously kisses her future spouse, as well as the men whom he points out as worthy136 of such distinction. Among these is Dietrich of Bern, one of the heroes of the poem, and it is under his escort that the king and queen of Hungary proceed to Vienna, where their marriage festivities last seventeen days.
23d Adventure. Seven years elapse, and, although Kriemhild has a son by Etzel, she still grieves for Siegfried and continually broods over her wrongs. One day she suddenly suggests that King Etzel invite her kinsmen137 to Hungary, and, when he consents, gives special instructions to the bards139 who bear the message to make sure that Hagen accompanies her brothers.
24th Adventure. After fourteen days' journey the minstrels reach Worms and deliver their message. All are in favor of accepting this invitation save Hagen, who remarks that such friendliness140 seems suspicious. When his master retorts a guilty conscience harbors fear, Hagen stoutly141 avers142 he is ready to serve as guide, suggesting, however, that they journey fully99 armed, with an escort of a thousand men, so as to cope with treachery should such occur.
"Turn, while there's time for safety, turn, warriors most and least;
For this, and for this only, you're bidden to the feast,
That you perforce may perish in Etzel's bloody143 land.
Whoever rideth thither, Death has he close at hand."
25th Adventure. Dismissed with the old queen's blessing144, the Burgundians leave Brunhild and her son in charge of a steward145, and set out. As they are now sole possessors of the great Nibelung hoard, the poet terms them Nibelungs in the remainder of his work. Under the guidance of Hagen, who alone knows the way, the party reaches the banks of the Danube, where, finding no vessels146 to ferry them across, Hagen bids them wait until he provide means of transportation. Walking down the river, he surprises three swan-maidens bathing, and by capturing their garments induces them to predict the future. Although one promises him all manner of pleasant things to recover her plumes147, her companions, having secured theirs, warn Hagen that none but the priest will return safely to Burgundy, and inform him that he can secure a boat by assuring the ferry-man on the opposite bank that his name is Amalung.
Thanks to this hint, Hagen induces the ferry-man to cross the river and springs into his boat, before the man, discovering the trick, attacks him with his oar20. Forced to defend himself, Hagen slays148 the ferry-man, takes possession of his boat, and then proceeds to convey relays of the Burgundian army across the river. During his last trip, perceiving the chaplain on board and wishing to give the lie to the swan-maidens' prophecy, Hagen flings the priest into the water; but the long ecclesiastical garments buoy149 up their wearer and enable him to regain150 the bank which he has just left, whence he makes his way back to Burgundy. On perceiving the priest's escape, Hagen realizes none of the rest will return, so grimly destroys the boat as soon as he is through with it. Then he directs his friends to ride onward151, leaving him to guard their rear, for he knows the boatman's friends will pursue and attack them.
26th Adventure. Although Hagen's apprehensions152 are soon justified153, the Burgundians fight so bravely that their assailants are defeated. A little farther on they find a man sleeping by the roadside, and discover it is Ekkewart, lying in wait to warn them that Kriemhild cherishes evil intentions. But, undeterred by this warning also, the Burgundians continue their journey, and visit Bishop Pilgrin and Rudiger on their way.
27th Adventure. While at Rudiger's,—where the ladies welcome all save Hagen with a kiss, and where the host lavishes gifts upon his guests,—Hagen suggests that a marriage be arranged between Giseler, the youngest Burgundian prince, and Rudiger's daughter. In compliance154 with this suggestion, a formal betrothal155 takes place.
Then had the bride and bridegroom within a ring to stand,
For such was then the custom; a merry stripling band
Encircled the fair couple, and gaz'd on them their fill,
And thought the while as idly as think young people still.
This ceremony over, Rudiger prepares to guide the Burgundians to Etzel's court, where Kriemhild is rejoicing to think they will soon appear.
28th Adventure. So patent are Kriemhild's evil intentions, that Dietrich of Bern and his faithful henchman Hildebrand also caution the Burgundians to be on their guard. This second warning impresses the visitors, who at Hagen's suggestion announce they will retain their weapons for three days. When they arrive at the palace, Kriemhild cordially embraces her youngest brother, but refuses the same welcome to the two others, and grimly asks Hagen whether he has brought her gold. When he bluntly rejoins her treasures will remain in the Rhine until Doomsday, she abruptly156 turns her back upon him, and invites the rest to enter the palace, leaving their arms at the door. Thereupon Hagen announces his masters have vowed to spend the next three days in arms, a measure which Dietrich openly approves, informing Kriemhild to her very face that he is sure she means no good.
29th Adventure. Although the three royal brothers accompany Kriemhild into the palace, Hagen lingers at the door, and, inviting157 the minstrel Volker to sit on the bench beside him, confides to him his fears, entreating158 him to stand by him, and promising159 to do the same in his behalf should the need occur.
"Tell me now, friend Volker, will you stand me by,
If these men of Kriemhild's would my mettle160 try?
Show me, if you love me, faithful friend and true!
And when you need my service I'll do as much for you."
On seeing her foe so close at hand, Kriemhild summons four hundred warriors, and bids them attack Hagen, for at present he is the only one against whom she has sinister161 designs. To prove to the men that Hagen is guilty, she offers to meet and question her foe in their presence. On seeing her coming, Volker suggests they rise in token of respect, but Hagen grimly rejoins Kriemhild would merely take such politeness as a proof of weakness. Instead of rising, he therefore ostentatiously lays Siegfried's sword across his lap. After taunting162 Hagen with slaying her husband,—a charge he does not deny,—Kriemhild orders her men to slay17 him, but a single glance of his fiery163 eyes sends them back cringing164, and the queen cannot prevail upon them to renew the attack. Seeing this, Volker and Hagen boldly join their friends in the banquet-hall, where Etzel—who is depicted165 as an inoffensive, unsuspicious old man—cordially bids them welcome.
30th Adventure. On their way to their sleeping quarters that night, the Burgundians are jostled by some Huns, who, instigated by Kriemhild, are evidently seeking to provoke a quarrel. In spite of their efforts, however, the Burgundians reach their dormitory in safety, where Hagen and Volker watch all night at the door to guard against surprise. It is well for them they do so, because at midnight Kriemhild dispatches a force to attack them, but again the Huns shrink away appalled166 on meeting Hagen's menacing glance.
31st Adventure. At dawn the Burgundians, still fully armed, march off to church, and after service proceed with the king and queen to view a tournament held in their honor. In these games Rudiger and Dietrich both refuse to take part, lest an accident should occur. Their previsions are justified, for, when Volker inadvertently slays a Hun, Kriemhild loudly clamors for vengeance, although her husband implores167 that peace be maintained. Fomented168 by Kriemhild's secret efforts, such bad feelings have arisen among the Huns against their guests, that Etzel's own brother finally undertakes to compass their death. Meantime the old king, having invited the Burgundians to a banquet, is surprised to see the princes arrive fully armed, but tries to show his friendship by promising they shall bring up his son.
32d Adventure. While the Burgundians are banqueting with the king of Hungary, their men are resting in the hall where they slept, under the charge of Dankwart, Hagen's brother. There they are suddenly attacked by some Huns, and, although they manage to slay most of their first assailants, the deaths they deal kindle169 lasting170 animosity in the breast of the rest of the Huns. New forces therefore press into the hall, until all the Burgundians are slain, save Dankwart, who, cutting his way through the enemy's serried171 ranks, rushes into the hall where his brother is feasting, and reports what has occurred.
"Be stirring, brother Hagen, you're sitting all too long.
To you and God in heaven our deadly strait I plain;
Yeomen and knights together lie in their quarters slain."
33d Adventure. No sooner has this cry reached his ear, than Hagen, whipping out his sword, cuts off the head of Etzel's child, which bounces into its mother's lap. Then, calling to his brother to prevent any escape, Hagen shears172 off the hand of the minstrel who invited them to Hungary, before he begins slashing173 right and left. Paralyzed by the sight of their headless son, Etzel and Kriemhild sit immovable on their thrones, while Hagen despatches Volker to help Dankwart guard the door, and bids his masters make use of their weapons while they may. Although the Burgundians now slay ruthlessly, mindful of the kindness shown by Dietrich and Rudiger they refrain from attacking them or their men. When these noblemen therefore beg permission to pass out safely with their friends, their request is unquestionably granted. Grasping the king and queen by the hand, Dietrich then leads them out of the hall, closely followed by Rudiger and their respective men, while the Burgundians continue the massacre174 until not a living foe is left in the hall.
34th Adventure. Weary of slaughter175, the Burgundians now sit down for a moment to rest, but, finding the presence of so many corpses176 distasteful, they fling seven hundred victims down the steps, those who are merely wounded being killed by the fall. The Huns, who come to pick up their dead, now set up so loud and persistent177 a cry for revenge, that their monarch27 is compelled to prepare a force to oust178 the Burgundians from his banquet-hall. Seeing the aged10 monarch himself advance at the head of the troops, Hagen, who guards the door, loudly jeers179 at him, whereupon Kriemhild offers an immense reward to any one who will bring her his head.
35th Adventure. The first to try to earn this guerdon is a Dane, who not only succeeds in entering the hall but in effecting a retreat. When, emboldened180 by this first success, he advances a second time with a new force, he is killed as well as his men.
36th Adventure. After a second brief rest, the Burgundians prepare to meet a new assault directed by Kriemhild, whose wrath now involves all her kinsmen, although at first she meditated181 the death of Hagen alone. The murder of his child has incensed182 even Etzel, and the Huns plan a general massacre to avenge their slain. Although the Burgundians offer to meet Etzel's forces in fair fight provided they can return home unmolested if victorious183, Kriemhild urges her husband to refuse unless Hagen is delivered up to their tender mercies. Deeming it dishonorable to forsake184 a companion, the Burgundians reject these terms, whereupon Kriemhild, whose fury has reached a frantic185 point, orders the hall set on fire.
Although the queen fancies the Burgundians will be roasted alive, the hall being built of stone offers them a place of refuge, and, as they quench103 in blood all the sparks that enter, they succeed in maintaining their position.
'Twas well for the Burgundians that vaulted186 was the roof;
This was, in all their danger, the more to their behoof.
Only about the windows from fire they suffer'd sore.
Still, as their spirit impell'd them, themselves they bravely bore.
The intensity187 of the heat causes such thirst, however, that Hagen bids his companions quench that too in the blood of the slain. Thus, six hundred Burgundians are found alive when a new Hungarian force bursts into the hall.
37th Adventure. Having failed in this third attempt, Kriemhild reminds Rudiger of his solemn oath, and bids him redeem67 his promise by slaying the Burgundians. Although this nobleman pleads with the queen, offering instead to relinquish all he owns and leave her land a beggar, she insists upon his obedience188 to her commands. Fully armed, Rudiger, therefore, finally marches toward the hall and, arriving at the foot of the staircase, explains his position to the Burgundians. Knowing his generosity189, Hagen, whose shield has been cut to pieces, begs for the one Rudiger carries, and, after receiving it, declares he will give a good account of himself before he yields. The signal for battle is then given and Rudiger and his men enter the hall, where, after many have fallen on both sides, Gernot, one of Kriemhild's brothers, and Rudiger slay each other.
38th Adventure. A new batch190 of corpses having been flung down stairs, such a lament191 arises among the Huns that Dietrich of Bern inquires what it may mean. On learning that Rudiger has been slain, Dietrich bids Hildebrand go and claim his corpse, but, instead of acting192 merely as ambassador, this warrior first bandies words with Volker and then slays him. Seeing this, Hagen drives him down the stairs, and discovers that all the Burgundians have now been slain, and that he and Gunther alone remain alive in the hall. Meantime Hildebrand having reported to Dietrich all that has occurred, this chief, hearing most of his men have perished, sallies forth to avenge them.
39th Adventure. On approaching the hall, Dietrich summons Hagen and Gunther to surrender, promising to use his influence to secure their safe return home; but the two Burgundians, feeling sure Kriemhild will show no mercy, refuse to yield. A duel, therefore, takes place between Dietrich and the exhausted193 Hagen, in the course of which, by means of a sudden feint, Dietrich seizes and binds194 his foe. Then, leading him to Kriemhild, he implores her to be merciful to this prisoner, while he returns to secure Gunther also.
"Fair and noble Kriemhild," thus Sir Dietrich spake,
"Spare this captive warrior who full amends195 will make
For all his past transgressions196; him here in bonds you see;
Revenge not on the fetter'd th' offences of the free."
While Dietrich is securing Gunther in the same way, the queen, left alone with Hagen, again demands her treasures. Hagen rejoins that, having promised never to reveal their hiding-place as long as his lords live, he cannot reveal the secret to her. Hearing this statement, Kriemhild, whose cruelty now knows no bounds, orders Gunther—her last brother—slain, and herself carries his head to Hagen, as proof there is no more reason for guarding the secret. Proudly informing her, since it now depends upon him alone, it will remain secret forever, Hagen so exasperates197 Kriemhild that, drawing from its scabbard the sword which once belonged to Siegfried, she hews198 off her prisoner's head with one revengeful stroke! Although neither her husband nor Hildebrand have been quick enough to forestall199 this crime, the latter is so exasperated200 by Kriemhild's cruelty that he now slays her in his turn.
Hildebrand the aged, fierce on Kriemhild sprung;
To the death he smote201 her as his sword he swung.
Sudden and remorseless he his wrath did wreak202.
What could then avail her her fearful thrilling shriek203!
It is, therefore, in the presence of her corpse that Dietrich and
Etzel utter the loud lament with which the Nibelungenlied closes.
There is, however, another poem called the Nibelungenklage, or the Lament of the Nibelungs, wherein Etzel, Dietrich, Hildebrand, Bishop Pilgrin, and the rest utter successive laments204 over the slain. Then the spoil of the Burgundians is sent back to Worms, where these lamentations are continued, each mourner reciting the deeds of the man whose fate he bewails. This poem is, however, greatly inferior to the real Nibelungenlied, and was evidently not composed by the same bard138.
"'Tis more than I can tell you what afterward205 befell,
Save that there was weeping for friends belov'd so well
Knights and squires206, dames207 and damsels, were seen lamenting208 all.
So here I end my story. This is the Nibelungers' Fall."
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1
advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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stanzas
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| 节，段( stanza的名词复数 ) | |
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saga
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| n.(尤指中世纪北欧海盗的)故事，英雄传奇 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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falcon
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| n.隼，猎鹰 | |
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virtuous
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| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
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spouse
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| n.配偶(指夫或妻) | |
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foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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10
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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reiterated
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| 反复地说，重申( reiterate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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13
tolling
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| [财]来料加工 | |
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14
lavishes
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的第三人称单数 ) | |
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15
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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16
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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17
slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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18
slaying
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| 杀戮。 | |
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19
hoard
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| n./v.窖藏，贮存，囤积 | |
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20
oar
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| n.桨，橹，划手；v.划行 | |
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21
implored
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| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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22
duel
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| n./v.决斗；(双方的)斗争 | |
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23
disarming
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| adj.消除敌意的，使人消气的v.裁军( disarm的现在分词 )；使息怒 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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26
monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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28
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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29
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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30
misty
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| adj.雾蒙蒙的，有雾的 | |
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31
woes
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| 困境( woe的名词复数 )； 悲伤； 我好苦哇； 某人就要倒霉 | |
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32
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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33
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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34
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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35
vowed
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| 起誓，发誓（vow的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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36
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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37
dissuade
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| v.劝阻，阻止 | |
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38
knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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39
embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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40
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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41
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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42
vassal
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| n.附庸的；属下；adj.奴仆的 | |
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43
javelin
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| n.标枪，投枪 | |
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44
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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45
quails
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| 鹌鹑( quail的名词复数 )； 鹌鹑肉 | |
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46
brandishes
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| v.挥舞( brandish的第三人称单数 )；炫耀 | |
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47
reassured
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| adj.使消除疑虑的；使放心的v.再保证，恢复信心( reassure的过去式和过去分词) | |
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48
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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49
feats
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| 功绩，伟业，技艺( feat的名词复数 ) | |
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50
feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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51
hurls
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的第三人称单数 )；大声叫骂 | |
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52
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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53
prospective
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| adj.预期的，未来的，前瞻性的 | |
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54
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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55
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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56
pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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57
nuptials
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| n.婚礼；婚礼( nuptial的名词复数 ) | |
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58
batters
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| n.面糊（煎料）( batter的名词复数 )；面糊（用于做糕饼）；（ 棒球） 正在击球的球员；击球员v.连续猛击( batter的第三人称单数 ) | |
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59
wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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60
dwarf
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| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
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61
guardian
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| n.监护人；守卫者，保护者 | |
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62
suite
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| n.一套(家具)；套房；随从人员 | |
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63
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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64
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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65
hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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66
redeemed
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| adj. 可赎回的，可救赎的 动词redeem的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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67
redeem
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| v.买回，赎回，挽回，恢复，履行（诺言等） | |
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68
peg
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| n.木栓，木钉；vt.用木钉钉，用短桩固定 | |
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69
dangles
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| 悬吊着( dangle的第三人称单数 )； 摆动不定； 用某事物诱惑…； 吊胃口 | |
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70
entreaties
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| n.恳求，乞求( entreaty的名词复数 ) | |
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71
confides
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| v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的第三人称单数 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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72
wrestles
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| v.（与某人）搏斗( wrestle的第三人称单数 )；扭成一团；扭打；（与…）摔跤 | |
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73
fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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bestows
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的第三人称单数 ) | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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76
relinquish
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| v.放弃，撤回，让与，放手 | |
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77
homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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78
heralded
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| v.预示( herald的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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extolling
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| v.赞美( extoll的现在分词 )；赞颂，赞扬，赞美( extol的现在分词 ) | |
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80
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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81
curtly
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| adv.简短地 | |
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82
instigated
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| v.使（某事物）开始或发生，鼓动( instigate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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83
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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84
simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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85
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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86
insinuates
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| n.暗示( insinuate的名词复数 )；巧妙或迂回地潜入；（使）缓慢进入；慢慢伸入v.暗示( insinuate的第三人称单数 )；巧妙或迂回地潜入；（使）缓慢进入；慢慢伸入 | |
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87
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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88
avenge
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| v.为...复仇，为...报仇 | |
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89
kinsman
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| n.男亲属 | |
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90
guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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91
subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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92
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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93
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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94
embroider
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| v.刺绣于(布)上；给…添枝加叶，润饰 | |
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95
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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96
feigns
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| 假装，伪装( feign的第三人称单数 )； 捏造（借口、理由等） | |
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presentiments
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| n.（对不祥事物的）预感( presentiment的名词复数 ) | |
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joyfully
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| adv. 喜悦地, 高兴地 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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100
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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101
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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102
courteously
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| adv.有礼貌地，亲切地 | |
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103
quench
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| vt.熄灭，扑灭；压制 | |
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104
quenching
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| 淬火，熄 | |
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embroidered
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| adj．绣花的 | |
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traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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107
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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108
expends
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| v.花费( expend的第三人称单数 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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109
beseeching
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| adj.恳求似的v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的现在分词 ) | |
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110
corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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111
brigands
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| n.土匪，强盗( brigand的名词复数 ) | |
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112
subscribe
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| vi.(to)订阅，订购；同意；vt.捐助，赞助 | |
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113
slumbers
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| 睡眠，安眠( slumber的名词复数 ) | |
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114
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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115
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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116
averred
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| v.断言( aver的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；证明…属实；作为事实提出 | |
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117
slayer
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| n. 杀人者，凶手 | |
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118
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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119
marvel
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| vi.(at)惊叹vt.感到惊异；n.令人惊异的事 | |
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120
beholder
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| n.观看者，旁观者 | |
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121
remorse
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| n.痛恨，悔恨，自责 | |
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122
slew
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| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
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123
slur
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| v.含糊地说；诋毁；连唱；n.诋毁；含糊的发音 | |
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124
haughtiness
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| n.傲慢；傲气 | |
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125
wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
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126
adherents
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| n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙 | |
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127
exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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128
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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129
beseeches
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的第三人称单数 ) | |
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130
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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131
knightly
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| adj. 骑士般的 adv. 骑士般地 | |
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132
scant
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| adj.不充分的，不足的；v.减缩，限制，忽略 | |
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133
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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134
costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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135
ovations
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| n.热烈欢迎( ovation的名词复数 ) | |
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136
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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137
kinsmen
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| n.家属，亲属( kinsman的名词复数 ) | |
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138
bard
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| n.吟游诗人 | |
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139
bards
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| n.诗人( bard的名词复数 ) | |
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140
friendliness
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| n.友谊，亲切，亲密 | |
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141
stoutly
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| adv.牢固地，粗壮的 | |
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142
avers
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| v.断言( aver的第三人称单数 )；证实；证明…属实；作为事实提出 | |
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143
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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144
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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145
steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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146
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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147
plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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148
slays
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的第三人称单数 ) | |
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149
buoy
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| n.浮标；救生圈；v.支持，鼓励 | |
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150
regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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151
onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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152
apprehensions
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| 疑惧 | |
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153
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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154
compliance
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| n.顺从；服从；附和；屈从 | |
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155
betrothal
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| n. 婚约, 订婚 | |
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156
abruptly
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| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
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157
inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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158
entreating
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的现在分词 ) | |
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159
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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160
mettle
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| n.勇气，精神 | |
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161
sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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162
taunting
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| 嘲讽( taunt的现在分词 )； 嘲弄； 辱骂； 奚落 | |
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163
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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164
cringing
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| adj.谄媚，奉承 | |
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165
depicted
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| 描绘，描画( depict的过去式和过去分词 )； 描述 | |
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166
appalled
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| v.使惊骇，使充满恐惧( appall的过去式和过去分词)adj.惊骇的；丧胆的 | |
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167
implores
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| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的第三人称单数 ) | |
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168
fomented
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| v.激起，煽动（麻烦等）( foment的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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169
kindle
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| v.点燃，着火 | |
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170
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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171
serried
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| adj.拥挤的；密集的 | |
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172
shears
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| n.大剪刀 | |
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173
slashing
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| adj.尖锐的；苛刻的；鲜明的；乱砍的v.挥砍( slash的现在分词 )；鞭打；割破；削减 | |
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174
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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175
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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176
corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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177
persistent
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| adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的 | |
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178
oust
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| vt.剥夺，取代，驱逐 | |
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179
jeers
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| n.操纵帆桁下部（使其上下的）索具；嘲讽( jeer的名词复数 )v.嘲笑( jeer的第三人称单数 ) | |
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180
emboldened
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| v.鼓励，使有胆量( embolden的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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181
meditated
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| 深思，沉思，冥想( meditate的过去式和过去分词 )； 内心策划，考虑 | |
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182
incensed
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| 盛怒的 | |
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183
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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184
forsake
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| vt.遗弃，抛弃；舍弃，放弃 | |
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185
frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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186
vaulted
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| adj.拱状的 | |
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187
intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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188
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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189
generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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190
batch
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| n.一批(组，群)；一批生产量 | |
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191
lament
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| n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹 | |
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192
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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193
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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194
binds
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| v.约束( bind的第三人称单数 )；装订；捆绑；（用长布条）缠绕 | |
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195
amends
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| n. 赔偿 | |
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196
transgressions
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| n.违反，违法，罪过( transgression的名词复数 ) | |
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197
exasperates
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| n.激怒，触怒( exasperate的名词复数 )v.激怒，触怒( exasperate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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198
hews
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| v.（用斧、刀等）砍、劈( hew的第三人称单数 )；砍成；劈出；开辟 | |
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199
forestall
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| vt.抢在…之前采取行动；预先阻止 | |
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200
exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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201
smote
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| v.猛打，重击，打击( smite的过去式 ) | |
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202
wreak
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| v.发泄；报复 | |
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203
shriek
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| v./n.尖叫，叫喊 | |
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204
laments
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| n.悲恸，哀歌，挽歌( lament的名词复数 )v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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205
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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206
squires
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| n.地主，乡绅( squire的名词复数 ) | |
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207
dames
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| n.（在英国）夫人（一种封号），夫人（爵士妻子的称号）( dame的名词复数 )；女人 | |
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208
lamenting
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| adj.悲伤的，悲哀的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的现在分词 ) | |
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